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Free and compulsory primary education remains a priority area in the international policy perspective, starting from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 to the formulation of Sustainable Development Goals in 2015. Under the impact of globalization, an impressive expansion in the access to primary education has been observed in recent decades and the global trends in enrolment rates across the developing world have attested this fact. However, many developing countries, such as India, Brazil and South Africa (IBSA), are still struggling with the goal of quality primary education for all. The IBSA countries are emerging economies and very proactive in addressing past inequalities prevalent in their countries. With the cooperation of international organizations, national policy planning and other initiatives, these countries have performed quite well in the educational attainment. But even today, these countries have not achieved the goal of quality primary education for all. This paper reviews the attainment of free and compulsory primary education in these countries, along with the challenges faced in the achievement of universal primary education. These challenges may hinder the progress of these countries towards the achievement of Sustainable Development Goal.

Developmental exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs), e.g., bisphenol A (BPA) or genistein (GEN), causes longstanding epigenome effects. MicroRNAs (miRs) regulate which mRNAs will be translated to proteins and thereby serve as the final checkpoint in epigenetic control. Scant amount is known, however, whether EDCs affect neural miRNA (miR) patterns. We aimed to test the hypothesis that developmental exposure of California mice (Peromyscus californicus) to GEN, BPA, or both chemicals influences hypothalamic miR/small RNA profiles and ascertain the extent such biomolecular alterations correlate with behavioral and metabolic changes. California mice were developmentally exposed to GEN (250 mg/kg feed weight, FW), GEN (250 mg/kg FW)+BPA (5 mg/kg FW), low dose (LD) BPA (5 mg/kg FW), or upper dose (UD) BPA (50 mg/kg FW). Adult offspring were tested in a battery of behavioral and metabolic tests; whereupon, mice were euthanized, brains were collected and frozen, small RNAs were isolated from hypothalamic punches, and subsequently sequenced. California mice exposed to one or both EDCs engaged in one or more repetitive behaviors. GEN, LD BPA, and UD BPA altered aspects of ultrasonic and audible vocalizations. Each EDC exposure led to sex-dependent differences in differentially expressed miR/small RNAs with miR7-2, miR146, and miR148a being increased in all female and male EDC exposed groups. Current findings reveal that developmental exposure to GEN and/or BPA affects hypothalamic miR/small RNA expression patterns, and such changes correlate with EDC-induced behavioral and metabolic alterations. miR146 is likely an important mediator and biomarker of EDC exposure in mammals, including humans.

Iran's pursuit of a civilian nuclear program raises concerns over the potential security threat it poses to the United States and its Middle East allies. The US suspects that Tehran's lack of compliance with the Nuclear Non‐Proliferation Treaty signifies its intention to build atomic weapons. This article aims to examine the strategies implemented during the presidencies of Obama, Trump, and Biden to prevent Iran from acquiring nuclear arsenals. Employing a constructivist theory, the study examines how each administration constructed identities, perceptions, and norms regarding Iran, and how these shaped their diplomatic approaches. Drawing on a comprehensive data of primary and secondary sources, this research sheds light on the identities, perceptions, and power dynamics shaping US–Iran relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares ML and DL, two key areas of AI, to understand their strengths and weaknesses and facilitate model selection for different applications. ML includes approaches such as DT and SVM, which are suitable for smaller datasets and simpler tasks, while DL uses neural networks to tackle large datasets and complex tasks such as image detection & NLP. We evaluate their performance based on accuracy, speed and interpretability. We find that ML models are often faster and easier to understand, while DL models excel in accuracy for complex problems. Practical applications in industries like healthcare, finance & retail are examined, demonstrating the effectiveness of ML on predictive tasks and the superiority of DL on tasks requiring detailed data analysis. This study provides insights to help scholars select the appropriate AI models for particular demands and thus improve the application of AI in solving real-world challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harlequin syndrome (HS) is a rare disorder of the sympathetic nervous system which presents with unilateral decreased sweating and flushing of the face, neck, and chest in response to heat, exercise, or emotional factors. The contralateral side displays a compensatory overreaction to provide normal heat regulation of the face as a whole. In the literature, most of the cases are primary in nature and no underlying cause could be identified. Harlequin sign is used to denote these symptoms in patients who also exhibit associated oculosympathetic paresis, such as Horner syndrome, Adie syndrome, and Ross syndrome.We report a rare case of a 13-year-old boy who presented with complaints of flushing and sweating of the left side of the face after exertion, while the right side remained dry and maintained its normal color. No structural abnormality was identified on detailed work up. Thus, diagnosis of classic idiopathic HS was made. Despite the rarity of this syndrome, dermatologists should be acquainted with this distinctive entity and should refer the patient for complete ophthalmological and neurological examination.

Griscelli Syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by pigmentary dilution of the hair and skin (partial albinism). Three different types (1-3) caused by mutation in three different genes have been described. Patients with GS type 1 have primary central nervous system dysfunction; type 2 patients commonly develop hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and type 3 patients present with partial albinism only. Two siblings discussed here had silvery hair, eyebrows and eyelashes since birth with no features suggestive of immunodeficiency or neurological impairment, making it an even rarer presentation of Griscelli Syndrome, type 3. Diagnosis was confirmed on light microscopy (LM) of hair shafts. Both GS1 and GS2 have been described earlier. However, extensive search of the literature failed to reveal a similar presentation from Indian origin. This is the first ever report of GS-3 in non-identical siblings from India.