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Genome-wide gene expression maps with a high spatial resolution have substantially accelerated plant molecular science. However, the number of characterized tissues and growth stages is still small due to the limited accessibility of most tissues for protoplast isolation. Here, we provide gene expression profiles of the mature inflorescence stem of Arabidopsis thaliana covering a comprehensive set of distinct tissues. By combining fluorescence-activated nucleus sorting and laser-capture microdissection with next-generation RNA sequencing, we characterized the transcriptomes of xylem vessels, fibers, the proximal and distal cambium, phloem, phloem cap, pith, starch sheath, and epidermis cells. Our analyses classified more than 15,000 genes as being differentially expressed among different stem tissues and revealed known and novel tissue-specific cellular signatures. By determining overrepresented transcription factor binding regions in the promoters of differentially expressed genes, we identified candidate tissue-specific transcriptional regulators. Our datasets predict the expression profiles of an exceptional number of genes and allow hypotheses to be generated about the spatial organization of physiological processes. Moreover, we demonstrate that information about gene expression in a broad range of mature plant tissues can be established at high spatial resolution by nuclear mRNA profiling. Tissue-specific gene expression values can be accessed online at https://arabidopsis-stem.cos.uni-heidelberg.de/.

Item does not contain fulltext, Arabidopsis thaliana Col-0 plants were used in this study. The plants were grown in soil (Profi Substrat Classic CLT SM fein, Einheitserde, Sinntal-Altengronau, Germany, #10-00306-40) alone or mixed with perlite to 20% (PERLIGRAN Extra, Knauf Performance Materials, Dortmund, Germany) under short-day conditions (10-h light and 14-h darkness) for 3–5 weeks and transferred to long-day conditions (16-h light and 8-h darkness) for 3 weeks to induce reproductive growth. Light was provided by red and blue LED lights (GreenPower LED production DR/B LO, Phlips (Signify), Eindhoven, The Netherlands, #9290 004 871) at 70–120 µM photosynthetically active radiation. The SMXL5pro:H4-GFP (pIL53) line and the PXYpro:H4-GFP (pPS24) lines were described previously (Shi et al., 2019). Other transgenic lines were generated by the floral dip method using Agrobacterium tumefaciens (Clough and Bent, 1998). Analyses were performed using homozygous lines, except for promoter-reporter line analyses, where plants from the T1 or T2 generation were used. DNA vector construction An H4-GFP-containing construct was a gift from Daniel Schubert (Freie Universität Berlin, Germany). A vector containing the ANT promoter region (MT63, Schoof et al., 2000) was used as a template for PCR-based cloning (Supplemental Table 2). NST3pro:H4-GFP (pMS59), VND7pro:H4-GFP (pTOM61), APLpro:H4-GFP (pPS02), SCRpro:H4-GFP (pPS20), and LTP1pro:H4-GFP (pPS16) were cloned using the pGreen0229 vector (Hellens et al., 2000) as a backbone. Cloning of the APL promoter and terminator regions was described previously (Sehr et al., 2010). Primer sequences used to clone promoter and terminator regions of other genes and to amplify the H4-GFP sequence with the appropriate restriction enzyme sites are listed in Supplemental Table 2. Constructs for the YFP promoter-reporter lines were generated using a modified pGreen0229 vector as a backbone containing a sequence encoding the enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP) targeted to

In this chapter, I consider the claim for pluralism commonly advanced in political philosophy as a claim concerning the standards, methods, and norms for forming belief and judgment about certain kinds of facts. After distinguishing between descriptive and normative epistemic pluralism, I contend that in this context pluralism needs to rest on grounds that are stronger than fallibilism yet weaker than relativism in order to enjoy a distinct standing. The idea of reasonable pluralism seems to devise a variety of normative pluralism designed to meet this demand. I argue, however, that this is an unstable position and suggest that an epistemic view of deliberation may be better suited to making sense of political justification. The latter view, though, is bound to dispense with normative pluralism.

© 2001-2011 IEEE. Enterprise resilience plays an important role to prevent business services from disruptions caused by human-induced disasters such as failed change implementations and software bugs. Traditional expert-centric approach has difficulty to maintain continued critical business functions because the disasters can often only be handled after their occurrence. This paper introduces a data-analytics approach, which leverages system monitoring data for the enterprise resilience. With the power of data mining and machine learning techniques, we build an intelligent business analytics system to detect the potential disruptions proactively, and to assist the operational team for enterprise resilience enhancement. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on a real enterprise system monitoring dataset in simulation.