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Until recently, the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases was dependent only on clinical expression, the definitive confirmation of which was possible only post- mortem. Currently, biofluid biomarkers represent a reliable source for the diagnosis of serious neurodegenerative diseases already during the patient's lifetime. The identification of reliable biomarkers is essential for increasing diagnostic accuracy, monitoring the clinical condition, more precise selection of individuals for clinical trials and the associated development of causal treatment. The aim of the bachelor's thesis was to conduct a thorough literature review focusing on clinically and experimentally used biological markers in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and their role in the pathophysiology of these diseases. Key words: Neurodegenerative diseases, biomarkers, proteinopathies, neurocognitive impairment, cognition