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Este estudo foi desenvolvido para avaliar a resposta hematológica dos animais submetidos aos tratamentos com Typha domingensis Pers (taboa) e Operculina hamiltonii (batata-de-purga), in natura, no controle das helmintoses gastrintestinais de caprinos naturalmente infectados. Foram utilizados 30 caprinos da raça moxotó. O rizoma da taboa e a raiz batata-de-purga foram usados para realização da fitoquímica. Os animais foram distribuídos em cinco tratamentos, com o grupo I tratados com moxidectina 0,2% em dose única de 0,5 mg/Kg; grupo II com taboa na dose 10 g/20 Kg peso vivo; grupo III com batata-de-purga na dose de (09 g/20 Kg); grupo IV com taboa (10 g/20 Kg) associada a batata-de-purga (09 g/20 Kg), durante três dias consecutivos e o grupo V foi o grupo controle. As fezes foram coletadas nos dias zero, sete e 25 para realização dos OPGs e para os exames hematológicos foram coletados sangue aos sete, 14 e 28 dias pós-tratamento, sendo avaliados hematócrito, hemoglobina, VGM e CHGM. Os valores do VGM, eritrócitos, hematócrito e hemogoblina ficaram dentro da normalidade para caprinos. Os tratamentos não afetaram os valores de VGM e CHGM. Quanto aos eritrócitos, hematócrito e hemogoblina houve interação entre período de coletas. Com a metodologia utilizada, o fornecimento de T. domingensis e O. hamiltonii não interferiu na resposta hematológica dos animais tratados. This study evaluated the hematological response of animals submitted to treatments with Typha domingensis Pers and Operculina hamiltonii, in natura, in the control of gastrointestinal helminthiasis in goats naturally infected. Thirty moxotó goats were used. The rhizome and root of T. domingensis and O. hamiltonii, were used in the phytochemistry analysis. The animals were divided into five treatments with the group I treated with moxidectin 0.2% in a single dose of 0.5 mg/kg, group II with T. domingensis using 10 g/20 Kg body weight, group III O. hamiltonii with a dosage of 09 g/20 Kg, group IV with T. domingensis (10 g/20 Kg) associated with O. hamiltonii (09 g/20 Kg) during three consecutive days and the group V as the control. Feces were collected on days zero, seven and 25 for the FECs and for the hematological tests blood was collected at seven, 14 and 28 days post-treatment, for the evaluation of hematocrit, hemoglobin, MGV and MGHC. The values of MGV, erythrocytes, hematocrit and hemogoblin were within the normality for goats. The treatments had no effect on MGV and MGHC. Regarding the erythrocytes, hematocrit and hemoglobin, there was an interaction among periods of sampling. Using this methodology, the supply of T. domingensis and O. hamiltonii had no affect on the hematology response of treated animals.

Devido ao aparecimento de populações de parasitos resistentes, as drogas farmacêuticas, alternativas de controle, estão sendo pesquisadas utilizando plantas medicinais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade antibacteriana e realizar a análise fitoquímica do extrato etanólico de duas espécies do semi-árido paraibano, Solanum paniculatum Lam. e Operculina hamiltonii (G. Don) D. F. Austin & Staples. As referidas espécies são muito utilizadas pela população rural contra verminoses gastrintestinais de ovinos. A prospecção fitoquímica foi obtida a partir dos extratos etanólicos para análise dos constituintes químicos existentes nas duas espécies. As análises dos extratos indicaram a presença de taninos flobabênicos, flavononóis, flavononas e alcalóides em ambas as espécies. A atividade antibacteriana foi determinada inicialmente pelo método de difusão em cavidade. A espécie S. paniculatum apresentou atividade contra Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 12692), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 15442), no entanto O. hamintonii não demonstrou atividade contra as linhagens bacterianas testadas.

PROFILE OF THE IN-VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF EXTRACTS OF JUREMA PRETA AND NEEM AGAINST STAPHYLOCOCCUS SP. ISOLATED FROM MASTITE IN BUFFALOES. Buffaloes ranching presents illnesses similar to those of cattle, such as mastitis, causing losses for the producers, in regard to therapeutics. The improper antibiotic use of antibiotics increases the bacteria’s resistance, making it increasingly more difficult to treat mastitis, owing to the need to discover new effective compounds. The present study was aimed to evaluate the alternative control of mastitis with plants of the semi-arid region of Paraiba State, Brazil: jurema preta [Mimosa tenuiflora (Wild) Poiret] and neem (Azadiracta indica). The leaves of neem were collected on farms in the county of Patos, and the bark of jurema preta was collected from the farm of the Federal University of Campina Grande UFCG, Campus of Patos, with subsequent preparation of the ethanolic extract. The samples of Staphylococcus sp. were collected from milk of buffaloes with subclinical mastitis and sown in Petri plates containing agar-base complemented by 8% of defibrinated sheep blood. The plates were incubated in a bacteriological chamber at 37o C, and the reading was carried out at 24 and 48 hs. The assays were carried out in duplicate, and the final result was determined by the arithmetic mean of halo inhibition. The ethanolic extract of jurema preta was efficient when compared with that of neem, on coagulasenegative Staphylococcus isolated from cases of subclinical mastitis in buffaloes.

The increase of microbial resistance to antibiotics has led to a continuing search for newer and more effective drugs. Antimicrobial peptides are generally found in animals, plants, and microorganisms and are of great interest to medicine, pharmacology, and the food industry. These peptides are capable of inhibiting pathogenic microorganisms. They can attack parasites, while causing little or no harm to the host cells. The defensins are peptides found in granules in the polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) and are responsible for the defense of the organism. Several animal defensins, like dermaseptin, antileukoprotease, protegrin, and others, have had their activities and efficacy tested and been shown to be effective against bacteria, fungi, and protists; there are also specific defensins from invertebrates, e.g., drosomycin and heliomicin; from plants, e.g., the types A and B; and the bacteriocins, e.g., acrocin, marcescin, etc. The aim of the present work was to compile a comprehensive bibliographic review of the diverse potentially antimicrobial peptides in an effort to systematize the current knowledge on these substances as a contribution for further researches. The currently available bibliography does not give a holistic approach on this subject. The present work intends to show that the mechanism of defense represented by defensins is promising from the perspective of its application in the treatment of infectious diseases in human, animals and plants.

It was evaluated four levels of silk flower (Calotropis procera S.W.) hay (SFH) as a substitute of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) hay (SBH) in diet for lambs. Nutritional value of silk-flower hay was determined based on aparent digestibility and on metabolic, productive and economical performance of Santa Inês lambs. It was used twenty-four castrated males at 15.72 ± 1.92 kg body weight randomly distributed in four diets with silk-fklower and sorghum hay ratios (100:0, 66:33, 33:66, 0:100), and supplemented with a concentrate mixture based on 50% roughage:50% concentrate (weight/weight). Increase in the levels of silk-flower hay in the diet reduced weight gain and nutrient intake and it increased feed conversion and digestibility coeficients of all the nutrients. Nitrogen balance was similar in all levels of silk-flower hay, although there was a tendency of reduction in nitrogen retention at levels 66% and 100% of silk-flower hay. At the levels 0 and 33% of silk-flower hay in the diet, dry matter ingestion (170 and 180 g/day), daily average weight gain (84 and 89 g/kg0.75)and feed conversion (4.99 and 5.02) were satisfactory. Silk-flower hay can represent up to 16.5% of the total food ingestion or 33% of the roughage in diet for lambs. Avaliaram-se quatro níveis de feno de flor-de-seda (Calotropis procera S.W.) em substituição ao feno de sorgo (Sorghum bicolor) na dieta de cordeiros. O valor nutricional do feno de flor-de-seda foi determinado com base na digestibilidade aparente e no desempenho metabólico, produtivo e econômico de cordeiros Santa Inês. Utilizaram-se 24 machos castrados com peso corporal de 15,72 kg ± 1,92 kg distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro dietas com relações entre feno de flor-de-seda e de sorgo (100:0, 66:33, 33:66 e 0:100) e suplementadas com uma mistura concentrada à base de 50% de volumos e 50% de concentrado (peso/peso). O aumento nos níveis de feno de flor-de-seda na dieta diminuiu o ganho de peso e a ingestão de nutrientes e aumentou a conversão alimentar e o coeficiente de digestibilidade de todos os nutrientes. O balanço de nitrogênio foi semelhante em todos os níveis de feno de flor-de-seda, embora tenha havido tendência de redução na retenção do nitrogênio nos níveis 66 e 100% de feno de flor-de-seda. Nos níveis 0 e 33% de feno de flor-de-seda na dieta, a ingestão de matéria seca (170 e 180 g/dia), o ganho médio diário de peso (84 e 89 g/kg0,75) e a conversão alimentar (4,99 e 5,02) foram satisfatórios. O feno de flor-de-seda pode representar até 16,5% da ingestão total ou 33% do volumoso da dieta de cordeiros.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a atividade anti-fungica (in vitro) do neem (Azadiracta indica A. Juss.) e de jurema preta (Mimosa tenuiflora (Wild) Poir.) sobre cepas de Candida spp. isoladas de casos de mastite subclínica em vacas no Estado de Pernambuco. As folhas do neem foram coletadas em árvores de fazendas do município de Patos-PB e a casca da jurema-preta foi coletada na UFCG, Campus de Patos e preparados extratos etanólicos. As amostras de Candida spp. foram coletadas de leite de vacas com mastite subclínica e semeadas em placas de Petri contendo ágar-base acrescido de 5% de sangue desfibrinado de ovino Sabouraud. As placas foram incubadas em estufa bacteriológica a 37 ºC e a leitura foi realizada com 24 e 48 h. Os ensaios foram realizados em duplicata e o resultado final foi determinado pela média aritmética dos halos de inibição. A avaliação microbiológica destes ensaios demonstrou que o extrato da casca da jurema-preta apresentou atividade antifúngica bastante satisfatória sobre a levedura de C. albicans, proporcionando resultado superior aos obtidos com o extrato do neem e fluconazol. The leaves of neem were collected on farms of the city of Patos-PB, and the bark of jurema-preta was collected in the UFCG - Campus of Patos-PB, and the extracts were prepared from the ethanol. The samples of Candida spp. were collected in milk of cows with subclinical mastitis and sown in plates of Petri containing agar-base 5% increased of de-fiber blood of sheep Sabouraud. The plates were incubated in bacteriological greenhouse 37 ºC and the reading was carried through with 24 and 48 h. The assays were carried through in duplicate and the final result was determined by the arithmetic mean of inhibition halos. The microbiological evaluation of these assays demonstrated that the extract from the bark of jurema-preta showed antifungal activity quite satisfactory on the yeast C. albicans, providing superior results to those obtained with the extract of neem and fluconazol.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a sensibilidade do Staphylococcus aureus ao extrato da jurema-preta (Mimosa tenuiflora (Wild) Poir.). Foram isoladas 25 cepas de S. aureus de amostras de leite de vacas com histórico de mastite clínica e subclínica, submetidas ao teste de atividade antimicrobiana do extrato de M. tenuiflora. Os testes de sensibilidade in vitro foram realizados utilizando o método de difusão em meio sólido. Em seguida foram inoculados 50 μL do extrato nas seguintes diluições 1:1; 1:2; 1:4; 1:8; 1:16; 1:32; 1:64; 1:128; 1:256; 1:512. As placas foram incubadas a 37 °C, por um período de 24 a 48 h. Os ensaios foram realizados em triplicata. Observou-se halos de inibição entre 6 e 25 mm de diâmetro. O percentual de sensibilidade das amostras testadas foi distribuido em: 1:1 a 1:32 (100%); 1:64 (92%); 1: 128 (72%); 1:256 (28%); 1:512 (0%). O estudo da M. tenuiflora sobre as amostras de S. aureus testadas demonstrou que a planta tem ação antimicrobiana. The aim of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of the S.aureus to the extract of Mimosa tenuiflora (Wild) Poir. (jurema-preta). Twenty five strains of S. aureus were isolated from milk samples with description of clinical and subclinical mastitis and submitted to antimicrobial activity test of the M. tenuiflora extract. The sensitivity in vitro tests were carried out using the agar difusion method (well diffusion method). After that, 50μL of the extract were inoculated in the following dilutions: 1:1; 1:2; 1:4; 1:8; 1:16; 1:32; 1:64; 1:128; 1:256; 1:512. The plates were incubated at 37 ºC during 24 and 48 h. The tests were made in triplicate. Halos of inhibition were observed between 6 and 25 mm of diameter. The percentage of sensitivity of the tested samples was distributed in: 1:1 to 1:32 (100%), 1:64 (92%); 1: 128 (72%); 1:256 (28%); 1:512 (0%). The study of M. tenuiflora on the tested S. aureus samples it demonstrated that the plant has antimicrobial action.