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The senior year in college is a pivotal time for emerging adults as they plan and make career decisions for their post-college lives. During this challenging transition, parents may be a safeguard; however, little research identifies how parents are involved in their emerging adult’s career development. The present study examined career-related parental involvement (CRPI; for mothers and fathers separately) from the perspective of graduating seniors in India and the US to develop and validate a new CRPI scale. Participants (India n = 1544; US n = 247) completed the CRPI scale and other related measures. Findings suggest that the 20-item CRPI scale represents three dimensions of career involvement across cultures and parents: Support, Interference, and Disengagement. Results supported the scale’s convergent and concurrent validity (e.g., negative association between disengagement and parent-emerging adult relationships). Notable role differences between parents were observed across cultures. Implications include the use of this scale across diverse cultures.

A positive relationship with parents contributes to well-being during emerging adulthood, the developmental period that bridges adolescence and adulthood (Arnett, J. J. [2015]. Emerging adulthood: ...

Introduction Bariatric surgery offers superior benefits for weight loss, quality of life and a spectrum of metabolic diseases. Despite these benefits, studies so far have shown varying results on its effect on renal function. Aim In this study, we aim to look at bariatric surgery’s effect on renal function at one, two and three year post operation (post-op). Methods This is a retrospective cross-sectional single-center study of patients who underwent bariatric surgery between 11/2008 and 06/2018. Renal function was calculated by using Cockroft-Gault equation, expressed as Creatinine Clearance (CrCl). Statistical analysis used was one-way ANOVA (Welch’s) with Games-Howell Post-Hoc Test. Results From 307 patients who underwent bariatric surgery within the time period, 145 were studied. 30.3% (n=44) were male. The average age and body mass index (BMI) at referral were 48.1±8.6 years and 47.96±7.9 kgm-2 respectively, while the average age and BMI at surgery were 49.1±8.8 years and 40.62±4.2 kgm-2 respectively. Mean CrCl at surgery, year 1, year 2, and year 3 post-op were 172.35±53.29 mL/min, 179.20±57.87 mL/min, 142.35±46.05 mL/min, and 119.56±42.46 mL/min. Marginal improvement of CrCl at year one post-op (172.35±53.29mL/min to 179.20±57.87mL/min) was statistically insignificant (p=0.731). Meanwhile, there was statistically significant CrCl decline observed from year 1 to year 3 post-op (p

Although parental psychological control has been consistently linked with negative outcomes in the child and adolescent literature, little is known about how it functions during the developmental time frame of emerging adulthood, which is characterized by increased freedom and instability. Consequently, this study examined the extent to which paternal and maternal psychological controls were directly and indirectly (via self-esteem) related to hallmarks of emerging adult adjustment, notably risky behaviors, life satisfaction, and feelings about adulthood status. Recruited via MTurk, participants were 310 emerging adults ( M age = 25.37; 56% female) across the U.S. who completed an online survey. Results revealed paternal psychological control had a direct effect on risky behaviors and self-esteem, whereas maternal psychological control solely had a direct effect on risky behaviors. Results also indicated indirect effects of paternal psychological control. Increases in paternal psychological control were linked to declines in self-esteem, which in turn was associated with decreased life satisfaction and endorsement of adulthood status. Altogether, findings suggest that even low levels of parental psychological control were linked to detrimental outcomes in an age-representative sample—encompassing the full age range of emerging adulthood from 18 years to 29 years—of emerging adults. Thus, findings contribute to a better understanding of parent–child relationships and the consequences of parental control during the third decade of life, which has important implications for informing parenting strategies across emerging adulthood.

Grounded in the theoretical frameworks of emerging adulthood and intergenerational ambivalence, parental concerns about their child’s attainment of adulthood was investigated as the focal predictor of the likelihood of monetary conflict between American parents and emerging adults. A national sample of 791 parents (51% female; 73% White) of emerging adults (18-29 years old) completed surveys. Results showed that 43% of parents experienced monetary conflict with their emerging adult, and one in five were “very concerned” that their child would not attain adulthood. Additionally, the odds of monetary conflict were 3.11 times higher when parents endorsed greater concerns about attaining adulthood (e.g., might never become fully adult). This association was the strongest beyond key demographic, parental well-being, and parent–emerging adult relationship factors. Findings help illuminate the basis of monetary conflict in emerging adulthood and indicate parents’ fears of “failure to launch” may have very real consequences, suggesting implications for financial socialization.

Using self-determination theory and the theory of emerging adulthood as frameworks, the present study investigated dyadic associations for the effect of parental support on college student–athletes’ need satisfaction, and the effect of need satisfaction on student–athletes’ adjustment. Fifty NCAA Division I student–athletes and a corresponding parent ( N = 50) completed online surveys. Student–athletes’ and parents reported parental support (i.e., parental responsiveness and basic needs satisfaction) and student–athletes’ reported college adjustment (i.e., academic self-efficacy, athletic satisfaction, and individuation). Interpersonal models demonstrated both parent and student–athlete reported parental responsiveness was associated with higher levels of need satisfaction. Student–athlete reports of need satisfaction was related to reduced emotional independence, while parental reports of need satisfaction were related to enhanced academic self-efficacy. Findings support the central role of parental support for student–athletes in college; however, negotiating the balance between providing support and encouraging emotional independence remains a challenge for parents.

The transition to college is a salient ecological shift in emerging adults’ lives that has important implications for renegotiating parental involvement as youth gain independence while navigating the world of higher education. However, the construct of parental involvement itself lacks clear characterization in literatures spanning higher education and developmental psychology, which is of significant concern given the universality of parental programming across college campuses nationwide. Therefore, the current article aimed to review and integrate theoretical and empirical literatures across higher education and developmental psychology to suggest a definition of parental involvement that is appropriate for the developmental period of emerging adulthood and the context of the college transition. We define parental involvement as a multidimensional construct composed of parental support giving, parent-student contact, and parental academic engagement, and provide a unified theoretical perspective on how changes in parental involvement are inherently linked to emerging adults’ development of self-sufficiency via integration into the autonomy-supportive context of college. We conclude with a brief review of research linking parental involvement and student outcomes, with a focus on identifying key limitations to formulate practical suggestions for future work, notably the need to consistently adhere to a clear and appropriate definition of parental involvement.

Youth sport occurs primarily through the complex and repeated interactions of multiple individuals in the youth sport ecosystem. Among the many individuals who engage with youth in sport, parents have arguably the most significant impact on athletes’ early experiences. As parents continue to invest a growing percentage of resources into their children's sport participation, what constitutes “appropriate” and “optimal” parent involvement has become an important area of debate among researchers, stakeholders, coaches, and parents. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight parent involvement in youth sport as an important group dynamics process that occurs across the three formative life stages of childhood, adolescence, and emerging adulthood. In pursuing this aim, the chapter focuses on how interdisciplinary research on families has informed the study of parent involvement in youth sport and explicates how this work may be extended via a group dynamics lens.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are a lymphocyte subset with intrinsic immunosuppressive properties that can be expanded in large numbers ex vivo and have been shown to prevent allograft rejection and promote tolerance in animal models. To investigate the safety, applicability, and biological activity of autologous Treg adoptive transfer in humans, we conducted an open‐label, dose‐escalation, Phase I clinical trial in liver transplantation. Patients were enrolled while awaiting liver transplantation or 6‐12 months posttransplant. Circulating Tregs were isolated from blood or leukapheresis, expanded under good manufacturing practices (GMP) conditions, and administered intravenously at either 0.5‐1 million Tregs/kg or 3‐4.5 million Tregs/kg. The primary endpoint was the rate of dose‐ limiting toxicities occurring within 4 weeks of infusion. The applicability of the clinical protocol was poor unless patient recruitment was deferred until 6‐12 months posttransplant. Thus, only 3 of the 17 patients who consented while awaiting liver transplantation were dosed. In contrast, all six patients who consented 6‐12 months posttransplant received the cell infusion. Treg transfer was safe, transiently increased the pool of circulating Tregs and reduced anti‐donor T cell responses. Our study opens the door to employing Treg immunotherapy to facilitate the reduction or complete discontinuation of immunosuppression following liver transplantation., CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells isolated from either patients awaiting liver transplantation or recently transplanted recipients can be expanded in large numbers ex vivo and safely infused into recipients on immunosuppression.

Background High‐resolution esophageal manometry (HREM), derived esophageal pressure topography metrics (EPT), integrated relaxation pressure (IRP), and distal latency (DL) are influenced by age and size. Combined pressure and intraluminal impedance also allow derivation of metrics that define distension pressure and bolus flow timing. We prospectively investigated the effects of esophageal length on these metrics to determine whether adjustment strategies are required for children. Methods Fifty‐five children (12.3 ± 4.5 years) referred for HREM, and 30 healthy adult volunteers (46.9 ± 3.8 years) were included. Studies were performed using the MMS system and a standardized protocol including 10 × 5 mL thin liquid bolus swallows (SBM kit, Trisco Foods) and analyzed via Swallow Gateway (http://www.swallowgateway.com). Esophageal distension pressures and swallow latencies were determined in addition to EGJ resting pressure and standard EPT metrics. Effects of esophageal length were examined using partial correlation, correcting for age. Adult‐derived upper limits were adjusted for length using the slopes of the identified linear equations. Key Results Mean esophageal length in children was 16.8 ± 2.8 cm and correlated significantly with age (r = 0.787, P = .000). Shorter length correlated with higher EGJ resting pressure and 4‐s integrated relaxation pressures (IRP), distension pressures, and shorter contraction latencies. Ten patients had an IRP above the adult upper limit. Adjustment for esophageal length reduced the number of patients with elevated IRP to three. Conclusions & Inferences We prospectively confirmed that certain EPT metrics, as well as potential useful adjunct pressure‐impedance measures such as distension pressure, are substantially influenced by esophageal length and require adjusted diagnostic thresholds specifically for children., Esophageal length has a significant impact on key esophageal pressure topography metrics and other novel metrics, such as bolus distension pressure (DP), which may be a useful adjunct measure of outflow obstruction. These effects must be considered in the pediatric setting.

Despite emerging evidence of a link between parental involvement and student-athletes’ (SA) experiences, and the desire for educational programming for parents of these SAs, previous research has been limited to the Division I level. This has prevented the ability to inform, develop, and deliver parent programming across the NCAA’s diverse membership. The present study was designed to descriptively assess SA reports of parental involvement (i.e., support, contact, academic engagement, athletic engagement) across NCAA Division I, II, and III member institutions and examine the potential impact of this involvement on SAs’ experiences (i.e., academic self-efficacy, athletic satisfaction, well-being, individuation). Participants were 455 SAs (53% female; 81% Caucasian; Mage = 19.81, SD = 1.65) from DI (30%), DII (37%), and DIII (33%) institutions, who completed an online survey with items assessing parental involvement and SA experiences. Regarding academic classification, 32% were freshmen, 24% sophomores, 22% juniors, and 22% seniors. Results provide novel evidence for an absence of division-wide differences in average levels of involvement and no variability in links between involvement and SA experiences across divisions. Results complement and extend previous research by offering a clearer understanding of differential associations between involvement and SAs’ experiences regardless of division, notably that involvement bolstered well-being but also strongly detracted from individuation. Findings highlight the importance of developing programs to promote positive and developmentally-appropriate parental involvement across the spectrum of intercollegiate athletics, especially given the absence of evidence-based resources presently offered by the NCAA.

// Niloufar Safinia 1,* , Trishan Vaikunthanathan 1,* , Henrieta Fraser 1 , Sarah Thirkell 1 , Katie Lowe 1 , Laura Blackmore 2 , Gavin Whitehouse 2 , Marc Martinez-Llordella 2 , Wayel Jassem 2 , Alberto Sanchez-Fueyo 2 , Robert I. Lechler 1 and Giovanna Lombardi 1 1 MRC Centre for Transplantation, Division of Transplantation Immunology and Mucosal Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK 2 Institute of Liver Studies, King’s College Hospital, London, UK * Co-first author Correspondence to: Niloufar Safinia, email: // Giovanna Lombardi, email: // Keywords : regulatory T cells, tolerance, immunotherapy, immunosuppression, liver transplantation, Immunology and Microbiology Section, Immune response, Immunity Received : July 26, 2015 Accepted : January 01, 2016 Published : January 17, 2016 Abstract Strategies to prevent organ transplant rejection whilst minimizing long-term immunosuppression are currently under intense investigation with regulatory T cells (Tregs) nearing clinical application. The clinical trial, ThRIL, recently commenced at King’s College London, proposes to use Treg cell therapy to induce tolerance in liver transplant recipients, the success of which has the potential to revolutionize the management of these patients and enable a future of drug-free transplants. This is the first report of the manufacture of clinical grade Tregs from prospective liver transplant recipients via a CliniMACS-based GMP isolation technique and expanded using anti-CD3/CD28 beads, IL-2 and rapamycin. We report the enrichment of a pure, stable population of Tregs (>95% CD4 + CD25 + FOXP3 + ), reaching adequate numbers for their clinical application. Our protocol proved successful in, influencing the expansion of superior functional Tregs, as compared to freshly isolated cells, whilst also preventing their conversion to Th17 cells under pro-inflammatory conditions. We conclude with the manufacture of the final Treg product in the clinical research facility (CRF), a prerequisite for the clinical application of these cells. The data presented in this manuscript together with the much-anticipated clinical results from ThRIL, will undoubtedly inform the improved management of the liver transplant recipient.

The present study examined the extent to which perceived racial/ethnic discrimination at school was directly and indirectly (via parenting practices) related to academic adjustment among racial and ethnic minority adolescents. Participants (58% female) were 208 minority students (63% African American, 19% Latino, 18% Multiracial) in grades 6–8 from an urban middle school in the Midwestern United States. In the fall (Time 1) and subsequent spring (Time 2) of the school year, youth completed in-school surveys with items on discrimination experiences, parental monitoring, and academic outcomes (intrinsic motivation, school self-esteem, commitment to learning, school bonding). Results from mediation analyses revealed that experiences with discrimination were in part related to academic outcomes through their effect on parental monitoring, and showed that exposure to discrimination predicted lower levels of parental monitoring, which in turn predicted lower levels of academic motivation and school engagement.

Parental educational involvement during middle school has received increased attention from researchers and policymakers because of its links to a variety of academic outcomes. Despite this increased attention, parental involvement has been inconsistently linked to academic outcomes among adolescents, indicating different types and levels of involvement that may be more beneficial for adolescents. Therefore, this study examined the nonlinear associations between parental involvement (home-based involvement and academic socialization) and academic motivation in an effort to better understand the nature of parental involvement in middle school. Using data from an ethnically diverse (57 % Black/African American, 19 % multiracial, 18 % White/Caucasian, 5 % Hispanic or Latino, and 1 % Asian American) sample of 150 adolescents (56 % female) in grades 6 through 8, findings showed no associations between home-based involvement and intrinsic or extrinsic motivation. There was, however, a significant nonlinear association between academic socialization and both types of motivation. More specifically, the positive association between academic socialization and intrinsic motivation was attenuated at high levels of academic socialization. There was no association between academic socialization and extrinsic motivation at low and moderate levels, but there was a positive association at high levels of academic socialization. These findings suggest that different types of involvement and greater amounts of parental involvement may not always benefit adolescents’ academic motivation.

Guided by developmental and sociological frameworks, the present study investigated two interrelated research questions, namely, (a) is helicopter parenting (HP) a unidimensional or multidimensional construct and (b) is parental payment of college education associated with freshmen’s reports of HP? Participants (58% female) included 190 first-semester freshmen (70% Caucasian) who completed a survey with items on parenting (proportion of parental payment for college education, HP behaviors). Results indicated HP was a singular form of overinvolvement and that most freshmen reported low levels of HP. As hypothesized, parental payment of college education was positively associated with HP, and this association was strongest among freshmen without a scholarship. Challenges to the popularized perception that most parents of college students are overinvolved, and implications regarding educational expenses linking parents and emerging adults in the college context are discussed.

This study explored trajectories of African American youths' academic functioning and assessed whether changes in parent-adolescent relationships were associated with changes in youths' academic functioning. The data were drawn from a three-year longitudinal study of gender socialization and development in two-parent African American families and included 197 families. Findings revealed gender differences in achievement trajectories and indicated that boys not only had lower levels of academic achievement compared to girls, but also experienced steeper declines in school self-esteem during adolescence. Changes in parent-adolescent relationship quality were linked to changes in academic functioning: Increases in conflict were related to decreases in GPA, school bonding, and school self-esteem and increases in warmth were related to increases in school bonding and school self-esteem.

Guided by the integrative model of parenting, the present study investigated the relationship between parental monitoring and racial/ethnic minority adolescents' school engagement and academic motivation as a function of parental warmth, and explored whether these associations varied for boys and girls. Participants (60 % female) were 208 sixth through eighth grade students (63 % African American, 19 % Latino, 18 % Multiracial) from an urban middle school in the Midwestern United States. Youth completed an in-school survey with items on parenting (parental monitoring, mothers'/fathers' warmth), cognitive engagement (school self-esteem), behavioral engagement (school trouble), and academic motivation (intrinsic motivation). As hypothesized, mothers' warmth enhanced the association between parental monitoring and youths' engagement and motivation. No gender differences in these associations emerged. Fathers' warmth strengthened the negative association between parental monitoring and school trouble, and this association was stronger for boys. Implications regarding the importance of sustaining a high level of monitoring within the context of warm parent-adolescent relationships to best support academic outcomes among minority youth are discussed.

Dendritic cells (DCs) have the ability to generate peptide epitopes for MHC class I molecules derived from apoptotic tumour cells for direct recognition by cytotoxic T cells. This function has lead to DCs being used in vaccine strategies. In this study, we investigate the effect of inducing apoptosis in tumour cell lines using IFN-γ and poly(I:C), the subsequent maturation of the endocytosing DC and its ability to direct the resulting T cell response. We show that uptake of poly(I:C)-induced apoptotic tumour cells leads to DC maturation and activation with a Th1 cell polarising capacity. In contrast, these effects are not seen by DCs loaded with γ-irradiated apoptotic tumour cells. We propose that the manner in which tumour cells are induced to die can have a profound effect on the endocytosing DC and the resulting T cell response.

In this article, we examine the disposition for critical thinking (CT) from three perspectives and analyse the underlying constructs of the disposition for CT, such as one’s ability, sensitivity and inclination to engage in critical, mindful thought. Environmental factors that enhance or inhibit the development of a generalisable disposition for critical thought are discussed. Finally, we present a set of empirically-verified classroom practices that can help to foster a disposition for CT.

Classroom context and school engagement are significant predictors of academic achievement. These factors are especially important for academically at-risk students. Grounded in an ecological systems perspective, this study examined links between classroom context, school engagement, and academic achievement among early adolescents. We took a multidimensional approach to the measurement of classroom context and school engagement, incorporating both observational and self-reported assessments of various dimensions of classroom context (instruction quality, social/emotional climate, and student-teacher relationship) and school engagement (psychological and behavioral engagement). Using data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, we tested whether school engagement mediated the link between classroom context and academic achievement among 5th grade students, and whether these pathways were the same for students with previous achievement difficulties identified in 3rd grade. Participants included 1,014 children (50% female) in 5th grade (mean age = 11). The majority of the participants were white (77%) and 23% were children of color. Results indicated that psychological and behavioral engagement mediated the link between classroom context and academic achievement for students without previous achievement difficulties. However, for students with previous achievement difficulties psychological and behavioral engagement did not mediate the link between classroom context and academic achievement. These results suggest that improving classroom quality may not be sufficient to improve student engagement and achievement for students with previous achievement difficulties. Additional strategies may be needed for these students.

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are an essential component of the cellular immune response, occupying a key role in maintaining immunological tolerance and present an attractive therapeutic target in a range of immunopathologies. Comprehensive analysis of the human Treg compartment has been restricted due to technical limitations. The advent of mass cytometry enables simultaneous assessment of vastly increased phenotypic parameters at single-cell resolution. In this study, we used mass cytometry to examine the complexity of human Tregs using an extensive panel of surface markers associated with Treg function and phenotype. We applied unsupervised clustering analysis, revealing 22 distinct subpopulations of Tregs, representing previously identified and novel subpopulations. Our data represent the most in-depth phenotypic description of the human Treg compartment at single-cell resolution and show a hitherto unrecognized degree of phenotypic complexity among cells of the regulatory lineage.

Objectives To determine which objective pressure-impedance measures of pharyngeal swallowing function correlated with clinically assessed severity of oropharyngeal dysphagia (OPD) symptoms. Study design Forty-five children with OPD and 34 control children without OPD were recruited and up to 5 liquid bolus swallows were recorded with a solid-state high-resolution manometry with impedance catheter. Individual measures of pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter (UES) function and a swallow risk index composite score were derived for each swallow, and averaged data for patients with OPD were compared with those of control children without OPD. Clinical severity of OPD symptoms and oral feeding competency was based on the validated Dysphagia Disorders Survey and Functional Oral Intake Scale. Results Those objective measures that were markers of UES relaxation, UES opening, and pharyngeal flow resistance differentiated patients with and without OPD symptoms. Patients demonstrating abnormally high pharyngeal intrabolus pressures and high UES resistance, markers of outflow obstruction, were most likely to have signs and symptoms of overt Dysphagia Disorders Survey (OR 9.24, P = .05, and 9.7, P = .016, respectively). Conclusion Pharyngeal motor patterns can be recorded in children by the use of HRIM and pharyngeal function can be defined objectively with the use of pressure-impedance measures. Objective measurements suggest that pharyngeal dysfunction is common in children with clinical signs of OPD. A key finding of this study was evidence of markers of restricted UES opening.

Clinical use of low volume cellular therapeutics requires closed system medical devices for storage, transport, and delivery. The regulatory T cells have been considered as key regulators in various immunological processes and there has been a great interest in using them as immunotherapy. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the use of CellSeal ® Closed-System Cryogenic Vial (Cook Medical, IN, USA) for the application of short-term low volume storage of separated and expanded regulatory T cells and preparation for clinical studies. The CellSeal cryogenic vial is a newly CE Marked medical device intended for the freezing and storage of tissue, cells, blood and blood components for the purpose of introduction into the body by means of infusion or other means of administration. The CellSeal cryogenic vial is made of materials that are stable and durable during freezing and low temperature storage. The design of the CellSeal cryogenic vial has an loading port for ease of loading, a microbial barrier vent to prevent pressure from building up in the vial during loading and to allow air back into the vial during retrieval, tubing that can be sealed to create a functionally closed system, and a retrieval port allowing maximum recovery of the stored volume. The retrieval port on CellSeal offers seamless transfer at the point of care to standard delivery needles or infusion sets for delivery to patients. The current study provides supportive data for use of a single dose of autologous regulatory T cells cryopreserved using CellSeal vials to be injected in vivo to induce prolongation of organ allograft survival. For cryopreservation, separated and expanded regulatory T cells were counted and resuspended in Cryostor CS10 (BioLife Solutions Inc., WA, USA). The cell concentration per single dose was calculated so the volume of the final dose (3 × 10 6 /kg of patient’s body weight) was frozen and stored in 2 mL CellSeal cryogenic vials using a controlled rate freezer and stored in vapor phase of liquid nitrogen. After cryopreservation, the cells were thawed, resuspended in 5% human serum albumin, and evaluated for viability, phenotype, potency and recovery. After 12 weeks of storage, the phenotype and the potency of the cells remained stable. The viability of the cells was complied with the release criteria of the study (>70%). The cells also had a high degree of recovery. The current results indicate that CellSeal cryogenic vials met expectations in preparation for two clinical trials using regulatory T cells. We conclude that the CellSeal cryogenic vials can be highly suitable for low volume storage in clinical trial settings in cellular therapy.