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1. Modernization, collectivism, and gender equality predict love experiences in 45 countries

Author

Piotr Sorokowski, Marta Kowal, Robert J. Sternberg, Toivo Aavik, Grace Akello, Mohammad Madallh Alhabahba, Charlotte Alm, Naumana Amjad, Afifa Anjum, Kelly Asao, Chiemezie S. Atama, Derya Atamtürk Duyar, Richard Ayebare, Daniel Conroy-Beam, Mons Bendixen, Aicha Bensafia, Boris Bizumic, Mahmoud Boussena, David M. Buss, Marina Butovskaya, Seda Can, Antonin Carrier, Hakan Cetinkaya, Ilona Croy, Rosa María Cueto, Marcin Czub, Daria Dronova, Seda Dural, Izzet Duyar, Berna Ertugrul, Agustín Espinosa, Ignacio Estevan, Carla Sofia Esteves, Tomasz Frackowiak, Jorge Contreras Garduño, Karina Ugalde González, Farida Guemaz, Mária Halamová, Iskra Herak, Marina Horvat, Ivana Hromatko, Chin-Ming Hui, Jas Laile Jaafar, Feng Jiang, Konstantinos Kafetsios, Tina Kavčič, Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair, Nicolas Kervyn, Truong Thi Khanh Ha, Imran Ahmed Khilji, Nils C. Köbis, Aleksandra Kostic, Hoang Moc Lan, András Láng, Georgina R. Lennard, Ernesto León, Torun Lindholm, Trinh Thi Linh, Giulia Lopez, Nguyen Van Luot, Alvaro Mailhos, Zoi Manesi, Rocio Martinez, Sarah L. McKerchar, Norbert Meskó, Marija Pejičić, Girishwar Misra, Conal Monaghan, Emanuel C. Mora, Alba Moya-Garófano, Bojan Musil, Jean Carlos Natividade, George Nizharadze, Elisabeth Oberzaucher, Anna Oleszkiewicz, Mohd Sofian Omar-Fauzee, Ike E. Onyishi, Baris Özener, Ariela Francesca Pagani, Vilmante Pakalniskiene, Miriam Parise, Farid Pazhoohi, Annette Pisanski, Katarzyna Pisanski, Edna Ponciano, Camelia Popa, Pavol Prokop, Muhammad Rizwan, Mario Sainz, Svjetlana Salkičević, Ruta Sargautyte, Ivan Sarmány-Schuller, Susanne Schmehl, Anam Shahid, Shivantika Sharad, Razi Sultan Siddiqui, Franco Simonetti, Meri Tadinac, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Luis Diego Vega, Kathryn V. Walter, Dwi Ajeng Widarini, Gyesook Yoo, Marta Zaťková, Maja Zupančič, and Agnieszka Sorokowska

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract Recent cross-cultural and neuro-hormonal investigations have suggested that love is a near universal phenomenon that has a biological background. Therefore, the remaining important question is not whether love exists worldwide but which cultural, social, or environmental factors influence experiences and expressions of love. In the present study, we explored whether countries’ modernization indexes are related to love experiences measured by three subscales (passion, intimacy, commitment) of the Triangular Love Scale. Analyzing data from 9474 individuals from 45 countries, we tested for relationships with country-level predictors, namely, modernization proxies (i.e., Human Development Index, World Modernization Index, Gender Inequality Index), collectivism, and average annual temperatures. We found that mean levels of love (especially intimacy) were higher in countries with higher modernization proxies, collectivism, and average annual temperatures. In conclusion, our results grant some support to the hypothesis that modernization processes might influence love experiences.

Published
2023
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3. Predictors of enhancing human physical attractiveness: Data from 93 countries

Author

Marta Kowal, Piotr Sorokowski, Katarzyna Pisanski, Jaroslava V. Valentova, Marco A.C. Varella, David A. Frederick, Laith Al-Shawaf, Felipe E. García, Isabella Giammusso, Biljana Gjoneska, Luca Kozma, Tobias Otterbring, Marietta Papadatou-Pastou, Gerit Pfuhl, Sabrina Stöckli, Anna Studzinska, Ezgi Toplu-Demirtaş, Anna K. Touloumakos, Bence E. Bakos, Carlota Batres, Solenne Bonneterre, Johanna Czamanski-Cohen, Jovi C. Dacanay, Eliane Deschrijver, Maryanne L. Fisher, Caterina Grano, Dmitry Grigoryev, Pavol Kačmár, Mikhail V. Kozlov, Efisio Manunta, Karlijn Massar, Joseph P. McFall, Moises Mebarak, Maria Rosa Miccoli, Taciano L. Milfont, Pavol Prokop, Toivo Aavik, Patrícia Arriaga, Roberto Baiocco, Jiří Čeněk, Hakan Çetinkaya, Izzet Duyar, Farida Guemaz, Tatsunori Ishii, Julia A. Kamburidis, Hareesol Khun-Inkeeree, Linda H. Lidborg, Hagar Manor, Ravit Nussinson, Mohd Sofian B. Omar-Fauzee, Farid Pazhoohi, Koen Ponnet, Anabela Caetano Santos, Oksana Senyk, Ognen Spasovski, Mona Vintila, Austin H. Wang, Gyesook Yoo, Oulmann Zerhouni, Rizwana Amin, Sibele Aquino, Merve Boğa, Mahmoud Boussena, Ali R. Can, Seda Can, Rita Castro, Antonio Chirumbolo, Ogeday Çoker, Clément Cornec, Seda Dural, Stephanie J. Eder, Nasim Ghahraman Moharrampour, Simone Grassini, Evgeniya Hristova, Gözde Ikizer, Nicolas Kervyn, Mehmet Koyuncu, Yoshihiko Kunisato, Samuel Lins, Tetyana Mandzyk, Silvia Mari, Alan D.A. Mattiassi, Aybegum Memisoglu-Sanli, Mara Morelli, Felipe C. Novaes, Miriam Parise, Irena Pavela Banai, Mariia Perun, Nejc Plohl, Fatima Zahra Sahli, Dušana Šakan, Sanja Smojver-Azic, Çağlar Solak, Sinem Söylemez, Asako Toyama, Anna Wlodarczyk, Yuki Yamada, Beatriz Abad-Villaverde, Reza Afhami, Grace Akello, Nael H. Alami, Leyla Alma, Marios Argyrides, Derya Atamtürk, Nana Burduli, Sayra Cardona, João Carneiro, Andrea Castañeda, Izabela Chałatkiewicz, William J. Chopik, Dimitri Chubinidze, Daniel Conroy-Beam, Jorge Contreras-Garduño, Diana Ribeiro da Silva, Yahya B. Don, Silvia Donato, Dmitrii Dubrov, Michaela Duračková, Sanjana Dutt, Samuel O. Ebimgbo, Ignacio Estevan, Edgardo Etchezahar, Peter Fedor, Feten Fekih-Romdhane, Tomasz Frackowiak, Katarzyna Galasinska, Łukasz Gargula, Benjamin Gelbart, Talia Gomez Yepes, Brahim Hamdaoui, Ivana Hromatko, Salome N. Itibi, Luna Jaforte, Steve M.J. Janssen, Marija Jovic, Kevin S. Kertechian, Farah Khan, Aleksander Kobylarek, Maida Koso-Drljevic, Anna Krasnodębska, Valerija Križanić, Miguel Landa-Blanco, Alvaro Mailhos, Tiago Marot, Tamara Martinac Dorcic, Martha Martinez-Banfi, Mat Rahimi Yusof, Marlon Mayorga-Lascano, Vita Mikuličiūtė, Katarina Mišetić, Bojan Musil, Arooj Najmussaqib, Kavitha Nalla Muthu, Jean C. Natividade, Izuchukwu L.G. Ndukaihe, Ellen K. Nyhus, Elisabeth Oberzaucher, Salma S. Omar, Franciszek Ostaszewski, Ma. Criselda T. Pacquing, Ariela F. Pagani, Ju Hee Park, Ekaterine Pirtskhalava, Ulf-Dietrich Reips, Marc Eric S. Reyes, Jan P. Röer, Ayşegül Şahin, Adil Samekin, Rūta Sargautytė, Tatiana Semenovskikh, Henrik Siepelmeyer, Sangeeta Singh, Alicja Sołtys, Agnieszka Sorokowska, Rodrigo Soto-López, Liliya Sultanova, William Tamayo-Agudelo, Chee-Seng Tan, Gulmira T. Topanova, Merve Topcu Bulut, Bastien Trémolière, Singha Tulyakul, Belgüzar N. Türkan, Arkadiusz Urbanek, Tatiana Volkodav, Kathryn V. Walter, Mohd Faiz Mohd Yaakob, Marcos Zumárraga-Espinosa, Kowal, M, Sorokowski, P, Pisanski, K, Valentova, J, Varella, M, Frederick, D, Al-Shawaf, L, García, F, Giammusso, I, Gjoneska, B, Kozma, L, Otterbring, T, Papadatou-Pastou, M, Pfuhl, G, Stöckli, S, Studzinska, A, Toplu-Demirtaş, E, Touloumakos, A, Bakos, B, Batres, C, Bonneterre, S, Czamanski-Cohen, J, Dacanay, J, Deschrijver, E, Fisher, M, Grano, C, Grigoryev, D, Kačmár, P, Kozlov, M, Manunta, E, Massar, K, Mcfall, J, Mebarak, M, Miccoli, M, Milfont, T, Prokop, P, Aavik, T, Arriaga, P, Baiocco, R, Čeněk, J, Çetinkaya, H, Duyar, I, Guemaz, F, Ishii, T, Kamburidis, J, Khun-Inkeeree, H, Lidborg, L, Manor, H, Nussinson, R, Omar-Fauzee, M, Pazhoohi, F, Ponnet, K, Santos, A, Senyk, O, Spasovski, O, Vintila, M, Wang, A, Yoo, G, Zerhouni, O, Amin, R, Aquino, S, Boğa, M, Boussena, M, Can, A, Can, S, Castro, R, Chirumbolo, A, Çoker, O, Cornec, C, Dural, S, Eder, S, Moharrampour, N, Grassini, S, Hristova, E, Ikizer, G, Kervyn, N, Koyuncu, M, Kunisato, Y, Lins, S, Mandzyk, T, Mari, S, Mattiassi, A, Memisoglu-Sanli, A, Morelli, M, Novaes, F, Parise, M, Banai, I, Perun, M, Plohl, N, Sahli, F, Šakan, D, Smojver-Azic, S, Solak, Ç, Söylemez, S, Toyama, A, Wlodarczyk, A, Yamada, Y, Abad-Villaverde, B, Afhami, R, Akello, G, Alami, N, Alma, L, Argyrides, M, Atamtürk, D, Burduli, N, Cardona, S, Carneiro, J, Castañeda, A, Chałatkiewicz, I, Chopik, W, Chubinidze, D, Conroy-Beam, D, Contreras-Garduño, J, da Silva, D, Don, Y, Donato, S, Dubrov, D, Duračková, M, Dutt, S, Ebimgbo, S, Estevan, I, Etchezahar, E, Fedor, P, Fekih-Romdhane, F, Frackowiak, T, Galasinska, K, Gargula, Ł, Gelbart, B, Yepes, T, Hamdaoui, B, Hromatko, I, Itibi, S, Jaforte, L, Janssen, S, Jovic, M, Kertechian, K, Khan, F, Kobylarek, A, Koso-Drljevic, M, Krasnodębska, A, Križanić, V, Landa-Blanco, M, Mailhos, A, Marot, T, Dorcic, T, Martinez-Banfi, M, Yusof, M, Mayorga-Lascano, M, Mikuličiūtė, V, Mišetić, K, Musil, B, Najmussaqib, A, Muthu, K, Natividade, J, Ndukaihe, I, Nyhus, E, Oberzaucher, E, Omar, S, Ostaszewski, F, Pacquing, M, Pagani, A, Park, J, Pirtskhalava, E, Reips, U, Reyes, M, Röer, J, Şahin, A, Samekin, A, Sargautytė, R, Semenovskikh, T, Siepelmeyer, H, Singh, S, Sołtys, A, Sorokowska, A, Soto-López, R, Sultanova, L, Tamayo-Agudelo, W, Tan, C, Topanova, G, Bulut, M, Trémolière, B, Tulyakul, S, Türkan, B, Urbanek, A, Volkodav, T, Walter, K, Yaakob, M, Zumárraga-Espinosa, M, UCL - SSH/LouRIM - Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação, RS: FPN WSP II, and Section Applied Social Psychology

Subjects
Objectification Theory, REDES SOCIAIS, SEX-DIFFERENCES, Self-modification, Evolution, Humanidades::Outras Humanidades [Domínio/Área Científica], Facial Attractiveness, Ciências Médicas::Ciências da Saúde [Domínio/Área Científica], Social Sciences, Experimental and Cognitive Psychology, Ciências Sociais::Psicologia [Domínio/Área Científica], Evolutionary Perspective, Self-Objectification, Pathogen stress, EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVE, Social media usage, Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous), Behavior and Systematics, ddc:150, Womens Body-Image, Mating market perspective, Ciências Naturais::Ciências Biológicas [Domínio/Área Científica], WOMENS BODY-IMAGE, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, OBJECTIFICATION THEORY, M-PSI/05 - PSICOLOGIA SOCIALE, Evolutionary theory, Appearance, Gender-Role, Ecology, MATE PREFERENCES, Samfunnsvitenskap: 200 [VDP], Mate Preferences, PERSONAL ORNAMENTS, SELF-OBJECTIFICATION, GENDER-ROLE, Settore M-PSI/05 - PSICOLOGIA SOCIALE, Social Media Use, SOCIAL MEDIA USE, Sex-Differences, VDP::Samfunnsvitenskap: 200, FACIAL ATTRACTIVENESS, Ciências Naturais::Ciências da Terra e do Ambiente [Domínio/Área Científica], Pathogen stre, Personal Ornaments
Abstract

People across the world and throughout history have gone to great lengths to enhance their physical appearance. Evolutionary psychologists and ethologists have largely attempted to explain this phenomenon via mating preferences and strategies. Here, we test one of the most popular evolutionary hypotheses for beauty-enhancing behaviors, drawn from mating market and parasite stress perspectives, in a large cross-cultural sample. We also test hypotheses drawn from other influential and non-mutually exclusive theoretical frameworks, from biosocial role theory to a cultural media perspective. Survey data from 93,158 human participants across 93 countries provide evidence that behaviors such as applying makeup or using other cosmetics, hair grooming, clothing style, caring for body hygiene, and exercising or following a specific diet for the specific purpose of improving ones physical attractiveness, are universal. Indeed, 99% of participants reported spending >10 min a day performing beauty-enhancing behaviors. The results largely support evolutionary hypotheses: more time was spent enhancing beauty by women (almost 4 h a day, on average) than by men (3.6 h a day), by the youngest participants (and contrary to predictions, also the oldest), by those with a relatively more severe history of infectious diseases, and by participants currently dating compared to those in established relationships. The strongest predictor of attractiveness-enhancing behaviors was social media usage. Other predictors, in order of effect size, included adhering to traditional gender roles, residing in countries with less gender equality, considering oneself as highly attractive or, conversely, highly unattractive, TV watching time, higher socioeconomic status, right-wing political beliefs, a lower level of education, and personal individualistic attitudes. This study provides novel insight into universal beauty-enhancing behaviors by unifying evolutionary theory with several other complementary perspectives., National Science Center, Poland [2019/33/N/HS6/00054]; Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University); Basic Research Program at HSE University, RF; FCT [UID/PSI/03125/2021, SFRH/BD/126304/2016]; UTAR Research Centre Excellence Award; Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman [2019 -CAP (6401/0019)], This work is the result of the research project funded by the National Science Center, Poland (2019/33/N/HS6/00054). Dmitry Grigoryev was supported by the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE University).; Dmitrii Dubrov was supported by the Basic Research Program at HSE University, RF.; Patricia Arriaga was supported by the FCT through funds from the research center UID/PSI/03125/2021. Anabela C. Santos was supported by the FCT through funds from a PhD grant SFRH/BD/126304/2016. Kavitha Nalla Muthu and Chee-Seng Tan were supported by the UTAR Research Centre Excellence Award 2019 -CAP (6401/0019) from the Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman.

Published
2022

4. Sex differences in human mate preferences vary across sex ratios

Author

Ernesto León, Trinh Thi Linh, Ike E. Onyishi, Tomasz Frackowiak, Piotr Sorokowski, Marco Antonio Correa Varella, Hakan Cetinkaya, Stanislava Stoyanova, Richard Ayebare, Rosa María Cueto, Annette Pisanski, Berna Ertuğrul, Alvaro Mailhos, Luis Diego Vega, Boris Bizumic, Imran Ahmed Khilji, Afifa Anjum, Mario Sainz, Truong Thi Khanh Ha, Mohd Sofian Omar-Fauzee, Petra Gyuris, Svjetlana Salkičević, Carla Sofia Esteves, Marina Butovskaya, Derya Atamtürk Duyar, Katarzyna Pisanski, Carlota Batres, Ivana Hromatko, Kelly Asao, Bojan Musil, Kathryn V. Walter, Nicolas Kervyn, Jas Laile Suzana Binti Jaafar, Zoi Manesi, András Láng, Daniel Conroy-Beam, Naumana Amjad, Luxi Fang, Gyesook Yoo, Marta Zaťková, Emanuel C. Mora, Ignacio Estevan, Edna Lúcia Tinoco Ponciano, Sarah L. McKerchar, Maja Zupančič, George Nizharadze, Antonin Carrier, Farid Pazhoohi, Franco Simonetti, Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair, Ilona Croy, Agnieszka Sorokowska, Anna Oleszkiewicz, Seda Can, Agustín Espinosa, Torun Lindholm, Hoang Moc Lan, Grace Akello, Mons Bendixen, Farida Guemaz, Ruta Sargautyte, Katarzyna Cantarero, Toivo Aavik, Tina Kavčič, Feng Jiang, Razi Sultan Siddiqui, Konstantinos Kafetsios, Girishwar Misra, Elisabeth Oberzaucher, Marina Horvat, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Meri Tadinac, Jorge Contreras Garduño, Giulia Lopez, İzzet Duyar, Ivan Sarmány-Schuller, Muhammad Rizwan, Daria Dronova, Nils C. Köbis, Mahmoud Boussena, Camelia Popa, Norbert Meskó, Susanne Schmehl, Agnieszka Niemczyk, Karina Ugalde González, Chin Ming Hui, Charlotte Alm, Seda Dural, Ariela Francesca Pagani, Rocio Martinez, Miriam Parise, Iskra Herak, Georgina R. Lennard, Dwi Ajeng Widarini, Chiemezie S. Atama, Mohammad Madallh Alhabahba, Nguyen Van Luot, Aicha Bensafia, Conal Monaghan, Vilmante Pakalniskiene, Marcin Czub, Jean Carlos Natividade, Pavol Prokop, Barış Özener, David M. Buss, Mária Halamová, Shivantika Sharad, Alba Moya-Garófano, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Camelia Popa, Luis Vega, Jas Laile Jaafar, Tina Kavcic, Agnieszka Sorokowska, Berna Ertugrul Ozener, Antonin Carrier, Kathryn Walter, Carla Sofia Esteves, David Buss, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Pavol Prokop, Rosa Maria Cueto, Ilona Croy, Gyesook Yoo, Marco Antonio Correa Varella, Nicolas Kervyn, Boris Bizumic, Agustín Espinosa, Barış Özener, Katarzyna Cantarero, JAS LAILE SUZANA JAAFAR, Stanislava Stoyanova, Seda Dural, Ivana Hromatko, Konstantinos Kafetsios, Ignacio Estevan, Hakan Çetinkaya, C. Sofia Esteves, Norbert Meskó, Ariela F. Pagani, Jean Natividade, Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica Portuguesa, UCL - SSH/LouRIM - Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations, Social & Organizational Psychology, and IBBA

Subjects
cognition, sex differences, Male, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Relative power, Choice Behavior, [SCCO]Cognitive science, 0302 clinical medicine, cross-cultural, Marriage, 10. No inequality, Research Articles, Ciências Agrárias::Outras Ciências Agrárias [Domínio/Área Científica], General Environmental Science, Ciências Médicas::Medicina Básica [Domínio/Área Científica], 0303 health sciences, Sex Characteristics, SDG 5 - Gender Equality, Ciências Médicas::Medicina Clínica [Domínio/Área Científica], 4. Education, Reproduction, General Medicine, Settore M-PSI/05 - PSICOLOGIA SOCIALE, Sexual Partners, mate preferences, Female, General Agricultural and Biological Sciences, Sex ratio, Sex characteristics, Attractiveness, Biology, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology, 03 medical and health sciences, evolution, Animals, Humans, Behaviour, Ciências Naturais::Ciências Biológicas [Domínio/Área Científica], mating market, Human mating strategies, 030304 developmental biology, General Immunology and Microbiology, behaviour mate preferences, mate preferences, sex ratio, sex differences, cross-cultural, mating market, sex ratio, Ciências Médicas::Outras Ciências Médicas [Domínio/Área Científica], Ciências Naturais::Ciências da Terra e do Ambiente [Domínio/Área Científica], Sex differences, sex ratios, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Demography
Abstract

This material is based on work supported by the National Science Foundation under grant no. 1845586. The work of T.T.K.H. was supported by grant no. 501.01-2016.02 from the Vietnam National Foundation for Science and Technology Development (NAFOSTED). A.O. was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education (grant no. 626/STYP/12/2017). A.S. and P.S. were supported by National Science Center-Poland (grant no. 2014/13/B/HS6/02644). Marina Butovskaya and D.D. were supported by State assignment project No. 01201370995 of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Moscow, Russia. P.G., A.L. and N.M. were supported by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund-(OTKA; grant no. K125437). F.J. was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (grant no. 71971225). G.A. was supported by UKRI/GCRF Gender, Justice, Security Grant (grant no. AH/S004025/1)., A wide range of literature connects sex ratio and mating behaviours in non-human animals. However, research examining sex ratio and human mating is limited in scope. Prior work has examined the relationship between sex ratio and desire for short-term, uncommitted mating as well as outcomes such as marriage and divorce rates. Less empirical attention has been directed towards the relationship between sex ratio and mate preferences, despite the importance of mate preferences in the human mating literature. To address this gap, we examined sex ratio’s relationship to the variation in preferences for attractiveness, resources, kindness, intelligence and health in a long-term mate across 45 countries (n = 14 487). We predicted that mate preferences would vary according to relative power of choice on the mating market, with increased power derived from having relatively few competitors and numerous potential mates. We found that each sex tended to report more demanding preferences for attractiveness and resources where the opposite sex was abundant, compared to where the opposite sex was scarce. This pattern dovetails with those found for mating strategies in humans and mate preferences across species, highlighting the importance of sex ratio for understanding variation in human mate preferences., National Science Foundation (NSF) 1845586, National Foundation for Science & Technology Development (NAFOSTED) 501.01-2016.02, Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland, European Commission 626/STYP/12/2017, National Science Centre, Poland 2014/13/B/HS6/02644, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Moscow, Russia 01201370995, Orszagos Tudomanyos Kutatasi Alapprogramok (OTKA) K125437, National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) 71971225, UKRI/GCRF Gender, Justice, Security Grant AH/S004025/1

Published
2021
Full Text
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5. Sex differences in human mate preferences vary across sex ratios

Author

UCL - SSH/LouRIM - Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations, Walter, Kathryn V. Walter, Kervyn de Meerendré, Nicolas, Herak, Iskra, UCL - SSH/LouRIM - Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations, Walter, Kathryn V. Walter, Kervyn de Meerendré, Nicolas, and Herak, Iskra

Abstract

A wide range of literature connects sex ratio and mating behaviours in non-human animals. However, research examining sex ratio and human mating is limited in scope. Prior work has examined the relationship between sex ratio and desire for short-term, uncommitted mating as well as outcomes such as marriage and divorce rates. Less empirical attention has been directed towards the relationship between sex ratio and mate preferences, despite the importance of mate preferences in the human mating literature. To address this gap, we examined sex ratio's relationship to the variation in preferences for attractiveness, resources, kindness, intelligence and health in a long-term mate across 45 countries (n = 14 487). We predicted that mate preferences would vary according to relative power of choice on the mating market, with increased power derived from having relatively few competitors and numerous potential mates. We found that each sex tended to report more demanding preferences for attractiveness and resources where the opposite sex was abundant, compared to where the opposite sex was scarce. This pattern dovetails with those found for mating strategies in humans and mate preferences across species, highlighting the importance of sex ratio for understanding variation in human mate preferences.

Published
2021

6. Sex differences in mate preferences across 45 countries: a large-scale replication

Author

Seda Can, Svjetlana Salkičević, Pavol Prokop, Alvaro Mailhos, Derya Atamtürk Duyar, Kelly Asao, Gyesook Yoo, Truong Thi Khanh Ha, Luis Diego Vega, İzzet Duyar, Nicolas Kervyn, Tina Kavčič, Jorge Contreras Garduño, Farida Guemaz, Jas Laile Suzana Binti Jaafar, Ruta Sargautyte, Camelia Popa, András Láng, Grace Akello, Annette Pisanski, Daniel Conroy-Beam, Carlota Batres, Naumana Amjad, Muhammad Rizwan, Franco Simonetti, Leif Edward Ottesen Kennair, Chin Ming Hui, Norbert Meskó, Susanne Schmehl, Katarzyna Cantarero, Stanislava Stoyanova, Konstantinos Kafetsios, Seda Dural, Ariela Francesca Pagani, Agnieszka Niemczyk, Farid Pazhoohi, Karina Ugalde González, Feng Jiang, Tomasz Frackowiak, Rocio Martinez, Miriam Parise, Marta Zat’ková, Agustín Espinosa, Agnieszka Sorokowska, Anna Oleszkiewicz, Boris Bizumic, Maja Zupančič, Antonin Carrier, Aicha Bensafia, Conal Monaghan, Meri Tadinac, Berna Ertuğrul, Ilona Croy, Torun Lindholm, Afifa Anjum, Hoang Moc Lan, Marina Horvat, Carla Sofia Esteves, Kathryn V. Walter, Ivana Hromatko, Giulia Lopez, Christin-Melanie Vauclair, Razi Sultan Siddiqui, Girishwar Misra, Mahmoud Boussena, Hakan Cetinkaya, Daria Dronova, Elisabeth Oberzaucher, Rosa María Cueto, Bojan Musil, Edna Lúcia Tinoco Ponciano, Nils C. Köbis, Mario Sainz, Iskra Herak, George Nizharadze, Marina Butovskaya, Marco Antonio Correa Varella, Mons Bendixen, Petra Gyuris, Georgina R. Lennard, Piotr Sorokowski, Zoi Manesi, Toivo Aavik, Richard Ayebare, Dwi Ajeng Widarini, Luxi Fang, Emanuel C. Mora, Ignacio Estevan, Ivan Sarmány-Schuller, Nguyen Van Luot, Katarzyna Pisanski, Shivantika Sharad, Alba Moya-Garófano, David M. Buss, Mária Halamová, Jean Carlos Natividade, Barış Özener, Ike E. Onyishi, Imran Ahmed Khilji, Mohd Sofian Omar-Fauzee, Ernesto León, Trinh Thi Linh, Vilmante Pakalniskiene, Marcin Czub, Sarah L. McKerchar, Chiemezie S. Atama, Mohammad Madallh Alhabahba, Charlotte Alm, UCL - SSH/LouRIM - Louvain Research Institute in Management and Organizations, and Social & Organizational Psychology

Subjects
Attractiveness, sex differences, biosocial role theory, SDG 5 - Gender Equality, Perspective (graphical), Physical attractiveness, open data, Ciências Sociais::Psicologia [Domínio/Área Científica], Evolutionary psychology, Settore M-PSI/05 - PSICOLOGIA SOCIALE, Biosocial theory, preregistered, Open data, Cross-cultural psychology, mate preferences, sex differences, cross-cultural studies, evolutionary psychology, biosocial role theory, open data, preregistered, mate preferences, Cross-cultural, cross-cultural studies, evolutionary psychology, Psychology, General Psychology, Demography
Abstract

Considerable research has examined human mate preferences across cultures, finding universal sex differences in preferences for attractiveness and resources as well as sources of systematic cultural variation. Two competing perspectives-an evolutionary psychological perspective and a biosocial role perspective-offer alternative explanations for these findings. However, the original data on which each perspective relies are decades old, and the literature is fraught with conflicting methods, analyses, results, and conclusions. Using a new 45-country sample (N = 14,399), we attempted to replicate classic studies and test both the evolutionary and biosocial role perspectives. Support for universal sex differences in preferences remains robust: Men, more than women, prefer attractive, young mates, and women, more than men, prefer older mates with financial prospects. Cross-culturally, both sexes have mates closer to their own ages as gender equality increases. Beyond age of partner, neither pathogen prevalence nor gender equality robustly predicted sex differences or preferences across countries. info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersion

Published
2020
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