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1. Optimising child outcomes from parenting interventions: fathers’ experiences, preferences and barriers to participation

Author

Lucy A. Tully, Patrycja J. Piotrowska, Daniel A. J. Collins, Kathleen S. Mairet, Nicola Black, Eva R. Kimonis, David J. Hawes, Caroline Moul, Rhoshel K. Lenroot, Paul J. Frick, Vicki Anderson, and Mark R. Dadds

Subjects
Externalising disorders, Parent–child relationships, Intervention research, Parenting, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Abstract Background Early childhood interventions can have both immediate and long-term positive effects on cognitive, behavioural, health and education outcomes. Fathers are underrepresented in interventions focusing on the well-being of children. However, father participation may be critical for intervention effectiveness, especially for parenting interventions for child externalising problems. To date, there has been very little research conducted to understand the low rates of father participation and to facilitate the development of interventions to meet the needs of fathers. This study examined fathers’ experiences of, and preferences for, parenting interventions as well as perceptions of barriers to participation. It also examined how these factors were associated with child externalising behaviour problems, and explored the predictors of participation in parenting interventions. Methods A community sample of 1001 fathers of children aged 2–16 years completed an online survey about experiences with parenting interventions, perceived barriers to participation, the importance of different factors in their decision to attend, and preferred content and delivery methods. They also completed ratings of their child’s behaviour using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Results Overall, 15% of fathers had participated in a parenting intervention or treatment for child behaviour, with significantly higher rates of participation for fathers of children with high versus low levels of externalising problems. Fathers rated understanding what is involved in the program and knowing that the facilitator is trained as the two most important factors in their decision to participate. There were several barriers to participation that fathers of children with high-level externalising problems were more likely to endorse, across practical barriers and help-seeking attitudes, compared to fathers of children with low-level externalising problems. Almost two-thirds of fathers of children with high-level externalising behaviour had not participated in a parenting intervention or treatment. The only significant predictors of intervention participation were severity of child externalising behaviour problems and child age. Conclusions The findings have important implications for services seeking to increase father engagement and highlight a number of strategies to enhance the promotion and delivery of parenting interventions to fathers. These strategies include more public health messaging about parenting programs and the importance of father participation.

Published
2017
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2. Study protocol: evaluation of an online, father-inclusive, universal parenting intervention to reduce child externalising behaviours and improve parenting practices

Author

Lucy A. Tully, Patrycja J. Piotrowska, Daniel A. J. Collins, Kathleen S. Mairet, David J. Hawes, Eva R. Kimonis, Rhoshel K. Lenroot, Caroline Moul, Vicki Anderson, Paul J. Frick, and Mark R. Dadds

Subjects
Online parenting interventions, Parenting, Fathers, Child externalising problems, Psychology, BF1-990
Abstract

Abstract Background Parenting interventions that focus on enhancing the quality and consistency of parenting are effective for preventing and reducing externalising problems in children. There has been a recent shift towards online delivery of parenting interventions in order to increase their reach and impact on the population prevalence of child externalising problems. Parenting interventions have low rates of father participation yet research suggests that father involvement may be critical to the success of the intervention. Despite this, no online parenting interventions have been specifically developed to meet the needs and preferences of fathers, as well as mothers. This paper describes the protocol of a study examining the effectiveness of an online, father-inclusive parenting intervention called ‘ParentWorks’, which will be delivered as a universal intervention to Australian families. Methods/design A single group clinical trial will be conducted to examine the effectiveness of ParentWorks for reducing child externalising problems and improving parenting, as well as to explore the impact of father engagement (in two-parent families) on child outcomes. Australian parents/caregivers with a child aged 2–16 years will be recruited. Participants will provide informed consent, complete pre-intervention measures and will then complete the intervention, which consists of five compulsory video modules and three optional modules. The primary outcomes for this study are changes in child externalising behaviour, positive and dysfunctional parenting practices and parental conflict, and the secondary outcome is changes in parental mental health. Demographic information, satisfaction with the intervention, and measures of parental engagement will also be collected. Questionnaire data will be collected at pre-intervention, post-intervention and three-month follow-up, as well as throughout the program. Discussion This paper describes the study protocol of a single group clinical trial of a national, online, father-inclusive parenting intervention. The results from this study could be used to inform public policy about providing support to parents of children with behaviour problems, and enhancing the engagement of fathers in parenting interventions. Trial registration ACTRN12616001223426 , registered 05/09/2016

Published
2017
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3. Examining Practitioner Competencies, Organizational Support and Barriers to Engaging Fathers in Parenting Interventions

Author

Kathleen S. Mairet, Patrycja J. Piotrowska, Lucy A. Tully, Eva R. Kimonis, Caroline Moul, Daniel A. J. Collins, Rhoshel K. Lenroot, Paul J. Frick, Vicki Anderson, David J. Hawes, and Mark R. Dadds

Subjects
Male, Social Workers, Parenting interventions, Logistic regression, Fathers, Professional Competence, Surveys and Questionnaires, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Humans, Psychology, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Father-Child Relations, Competence (human resources), Father-child relations, Social work, Parenting, 05 social sciences, Attendance, Professional competence, Psychiatry and Mental health, Logistic Models, 050902 family studies, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Father engagement, Original Article, Practitioner competence, Female, 0509 other social sciences, 050104 developmental & child psychology, Clinical psychology
Abstract

Evidence-based parenting interventions have been developed and evaluated largely with mothers. This study examined practitioner reports of rates of father attendance, barriers to engagement, organizational support for father-inclusive practice, participation in training in father engagement, and competencies in working with fathers. It also explored predictors of practitioner competence and rates of father attendance. Practitioners (N = 210) who delivered parenting interventions completed an online survey. Participants reported high levels of confidence in engaging fathers, but only one in three had participated in training and levels of father attendance in parenting interventions were low. Logistic regressions showed that high levels of practitioner competence were predicted by participation in training. Moderate levels of father attendance (vs. low levels) were predicted by greater number of years of experience while high levels of attendance (vs. low levels) were predicted by greater experience, higher levels of competence and higher levels of organizational support. The implications of the findings to informing policy and practice for enhancing father engagement are discussed.

Published
2017

4. Optimising child outcomes from parenting interventions: fathers' experiences, preferences and barriers to participation

Author

David J. Hawes, Mark R. Dadds, Nicola Black, Vicki Anderson, Caroline Moul, Daniel A. J. Collins, Patrycja J. Piotrowska, Kathleen S. Mairet, Rhoshel K. Lenroot, Eva R. Kimonis, Paul J. Frick, and Lucy A. Tully

Subjects
Adult, Male, Family therapy, 050103 clinical psychology, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Psychological intervention, Child Behavior, Poison control, Child Behavior Disorders, Suicide prevention, Externalising disorders, Developmental psychology, Parent–child relationships, Fathers, Surveys and Questionnaires, Injury prevention, Humans, Medicine, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Early childhood, Child, Father-Child Relations, Intervention research, Parenting, business.industry, lcsh:Public aspects of medicine, 05 social sciences, Australia, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Human factors and ergonomics, lcsh:RA1-1270, Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, Middle Aged, Child, Preschool, Family Therapy, Female, business, Research Article, 050104 developmental & child psychology
Abstract

Background Early childhood interventions can have both immediate and long-term positive effects on cognitive, behavioural, health and education outcomes. Fathers are underrepresented in interventions focusing on the well-being of children. However, father participation may be critical for intervention effectiveness, especially for parenting interventions for child externalising problems. To date, there has been very little research conducted to understand the low rates of father participation and to facilitate the development of interventions to meet the needs of fathers. This study examined fathers’ experiences of, and preferences for, parenting interventions as well as perceptions of barriers to participation. It also examined how these factors were associated with child externalising behaviour problems, and explored the predictors of participation in parenting interventions. Methods A community sample of 1001 fathers of children aged 2–16 years completed an online survey about experiences with parenting interventions, perceived barriers to participation, the importance of different factors in their decision to attend, and preferred content and delivery methods. They also completed ratings of their child’s behaviour using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Results Overall, 15% of fathers had participated in a parenting intervention or treatment for child behaviour, with significantly higher rates of participation for fathers of children with high versus low levels of externalising problems. Fathers rated understanding what is involved in the program and knowing that the facilitator is trained as the two most important factors in their decision to participate. There were several barriers to participation that fathers of children with high-level externalising problems were more likely to endorse, across practical barriers and help-seeking attitudes, compared to fathers of children with low-level externalising problems. Almost two-thirds of fathers of children with high-level externalising behaviour had not participated in a parenting intervention or treatment. The only significant predictors of intervention participation were severity of child externalising behaviour problems and child age. Conclusions The findings have important implications for services seeking to increase father engagement and highlight a number of strategies to enhance the promotion and delivery of parenting interventions to fathers. These strategies include more public health messaging about parenting programs and the importance of father participation.

Published
2017

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