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Spinal cord is the major communicating system between the brain and the body, injury to the spinal cord will completely cut or damage the information and signal exchanges between brain and different parts of the body. Spinal cord injury (SCI) regulates the physical, cellular, and molecular function of the body. SCI could cause impairment in blood flow, breathing, temperature, body pressure and sensory appendages. Thus, serious steps must be taken to prevent and heal SCI in human body by severe damages and shocks. Nanoparticles are emerging in the field of biomedicine and gained attention as drug carriers, imaging, mediator for supportive chemical and accelerating the immunes cells. In recent time, nanoparticles are gaining interest towards improving or modifying the immune system for the treatment of SCI. The drug delivery efficacy of nanoparticles makes them easy to incorporate and load with molecules used for the treatment of SCI, also it enhances the recovery time by targeting localization, altering the signalling pathways and cellular uptake. Researchers are using nanoparticles with different synthesis methods, morphology, incorporating materials, stability and site of target. But exploring the ability of nanoparticles towards improving the healing mechanism, regeneration of SCI and accelerating the treatment time is the major necessity. Thus considering the lesser exposure of nanoparticles in the area of spinal cord injury and regeneration of cells, the present review give a brief knowledge about the different types of nanoparticles and its role in SCI therapy.

Combustion experts are in search of some alternative fuel from last few decades owing to diminishing petroleum products and unexpected variations in habitat, which are result of venomous emissions from the CI engines. The present investigation intended to assess the performance and emission parameters of a diesel engine by fueling it with pilot fuel (blends of diesel and n-butanol) and primary fuel (Biogas). Results revealed that BTE, HC and CO increases whilst NOx and smoke emissions were reduced by using the pilot and primary fuel together in relation with natural diesel. Experimentation was done using Taguchi L9 orthogonal array design. The engine load, flow rate of biogas and butanol in fuel blend percentage were selected as input parameters whereas brake thermal efficiency (BTE) and emission characteristics i.e., HC, CO, NOx and smoke were chosen as response variables. ANOVA was carried out for the responses by utilizing MINITAB software. The higher value of raw data and S/N ratio for BTE was noted with high engine load, low flow rate of biogas and butanol blend percent. For the emission characteristics i.e., HC, CO and smoke, lower raw data and high S/N ratio values were attained in the order of rank engine load > butanol blend percent > biogas flow rate while the similar values for NOx were attained in the rank engine load > biogas flow rate > butanol blend percent. Taguchi design was noted to be an effective tool for the optimization of various response parameters and the optimum levels of input parameters were calculated after analysis. Full engine load for BTE and HC, Biogas flow rate of 15 lpm for BTE, HC and CO, and 20 % of butanol blend for HC, CO and smoke were found to be the optimum conditions for the conducted experimentation. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd

Cannabinoids are the major chemical constituents of the plant Cannabis sativa L. and are known to exhibit a wide range of pharmacological effects viz., psychotropic, analgesic, anticancer, antiinflammatory, antidiabetic, anticonvulsive, antibacterial and antifungal etc. The use of cannabis, cannabinoids and their products is restricted in several countries due to the high risk of misuse. Recently, cannabinoids have regained the interest of the researchers due to their therapeutic applications. Ever since the discovery of the cannabinoids, most of the studies carried out on the evaluation of their biological activities were limited to only preclinical levels. The quality of the preclinical data still remains only low to moderate, thus, leaving behind an uncertainty in their use for therapeutic applications. Problems associated with the solubility, stability and bioavailability of the cannabinoid drugs are also a major concern in the quality of the study. Nanoparticle based drug delivery system could be a potential method to increase the reliability of the data. While considering the immense pharmacological properties of the cannabinoids, there is an urgency to perform intensive clinical trials and to know their mechanism of action in various disease conditions, evaluate their efficacy and safety, and register them as drug candidates. This review highlights the chemistry, types and biological activities of the cannabinoids such as THC, CBD and CBN in focus with their anticancer activity, neuroprotective effect and nanoformulating the cannabinoid drugs.

In the current study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been synthesized from aqueous extracts of wild plants (WCJ) and tissue cultured plants (TCCJ) of Ceropegia juncea, which is an endangered medicinal plant. AgNPs were synthesized using this method and validated by UV–visible spectrophotometry, FTIR analysis, XRD measurements, EDX and SEM analysis. Visual observation of the UV/visible spectrum and UV–visible spectra of WCJ and TCCJ after they were treated with Ag precursors revealed the development of yellowish-brown and dark brown colors, respectively. FTIR analysis identified flavonoids and terpenoids as the compounds responsible for capping and stabilizing AgNPs. It is evident from the XRD results that the synthesized AgNPs are crystallized. The optical absorption peaks observed in the EDX samples of WCJ and TCCJ AgNPs were both approximately 3 keV indicating the presence of elemental silver. Furthermore, SEM analysis verified that WCJ and TCCJ AgNPs had sizes of approximately 3–32 μm and 8.28–13.82 μm, respectively. According to the results of anti-bacterial activity, both samples inhibited bacterial growth in a dose-dependent manner. WCJ and TCCJ AgNPs altered the vascular system, suppressing the creation of new blood vessels and causing distortions of existing vessels as detected in the angiogenesis study. AgNPs exhibited noteworthy cytotoxicity against HT-29 cells at 250 g/mL concentration, with 74.4 and 82.95% cell death against WCJ and TCCJ AgNPs with IC50 value of 92. 99 and 97.42 µg/mL, respectively.

Amalgamation of nanoparticles using “Green Technology” is an intensive field of research due to the increase in the need for the development of new antimicrobial materials. This method is meritorious both in environmental and economic aspects. In the present study, synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) was done using the aqueous extract of Laurus nobilis (bay leaf). The characterization was done using UV–visible absorption spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), particle size, and zeta potential analyses. Successful production of nanoparticles was confirmed by the presence of spherical-shaped TiO2 NPs with the size of ~ 100 nm. The nanoparticles were tested against pathogens to determine their antibacterial and antifungal activities. The antimicrobial and antifungal activities with various concentrations for the generated TiO2 NPs were investigated and the results showed that the synthesised nanoparticles manifested a good inhibitory activity against both the tested bacteria and the fungal strain. Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger showed better zone of inhibition against nanoparticle. The observation is that the inhibition zone increases proportionately with the increased nanoparticles concentration. The as-prepared nanoparticles were also subjected to free radical scavenging ability using DPPH and hydrogen peroxide assays. TiO2 NPs revealed a strong antioxidant activity when compared with ascorbic acid standard. Current study concludes that the concocted TiO2 NPs, using L. nobilis bay leaf, can be scaled up for large-scale industrial production, which would be eco-friendly, economic with a high productivity.

Nanoparticles synthesis from green chemistry method is gaining a lot of attention due to their non-toxic, low cost and facile. In this study, a copper oxide nanoparticle (CuO NPs) was synthesized using Sida cordifolia aqueous leaf extract and incorporated chitosan biomolecules to potential enhancing of biological properties. The CuO NPs and chitosan (CS) embedded nanocomposite was noted as CuO-CS nanocomposite, its was physicochemical characterized by using of UV-Visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) with Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. Bio-functionalized CuO-CS nanocomposite was performed antibacterial efficiency against both Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis) and Gram negative (Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli) bacteria through the Mueller Hinton agar (MHA) well diffusion techniques. The highest bactericidal activity was revealed Gram positive of B. subtilis and Gram negative of S. typhi bacteria, respectively. Further, the cytotoxicity effect of biosynthesized nanocomposite was an examined against human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 and lung cancer A549 cell lines. The half maximal inhibitory concentration is showed at 2 μg/mL for MDA-MB-231and 4 μg/mL was A549 cells. Live/dead cells were detected by fluorescence microscopic observation at the IC50 concentration. In furthermore, bio-functionalized CuO-CS nanocomposite was performed photocatatlytic dye degradation against for industrial dyes of crystal violet (CV) and malachite green (MG). From the results, synergic bio-functionalized CuO-CS nanocomposite was suggested potential suitable for biomedical applications as well as industrial wastewater treatment.

Modifying wide band gap ZnO nanoparticles surface by combine narrow bandgap semiconductors is a novel route to promote the ZnO to diverse applications. Herein, different metal sulfides (CdS, Ag

Biosynthesis of nanoparticles is ecofriendly, cost effective and safer than the physical and chemical methods of fabrication of nanoparticles. Phoenix dactylifera (Date palm) was used for the fabrication of Cobalt (II) oxide nanoparticles. The produced cobalt oxide nanoparticles were characterized using UV visible absorption spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, Scanning Electron Microscopy, particle size and zeta potential measurements. The UV visible absorption spectrum of the produced cobalt (II) oxide nanoparticles revealed a peak at 530 nm. SEM image showed the agglomeration of particles, which were spherical with the mean size of ~ 80 nm. The produced cobalt (II) oxide nanoparticles showed a zeta potential value of − 30.8 mV. The antimicrobial property of different concentrations of the produced cobalt oxide nanoparticles was examined. The results showed the cobalt (II) oxide nanoparticles having a good antibacterial activity against both gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli). The fabricated cobalt oxide nanoparticles also showed better antifungal activity against Aspergillus niger. Photocatalytic activity of the synthesized cobalt oxide nanoparticle was determined by the decreasing concentration of Congo red dye and the results showed better degradation of 92.45% after 70 min under solar radiation. Thus, the present study has revealed that the cobalt oxide nanoparticles can be synthesized using P. dactylifera seed extract in a cost effective and ecofriendly manner and can be used for photocatalytic and antimicrobial applications.

Wound healing is one of the major complications in clinical industries. It is delaying due to various factors and organisms. The current study emphasizes on preparing anti-microbial wound fabrics treated with silver nanoparticles, sodium alginate and labdanum oil. The modification of the wound fabrics was done through the dip coating method. The physio-chemical properties of the synthesized silver nanoparticles were analyzed with the following techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, SEM, zeta potential and DLS and the prepared wound fabrics were checked for the impregnation of the silver nanoparticles by SEM analysis, respectively. The synthesized nanoparticles were spherical, stable in nature and around 200 nm in diameter. The developed wound fabrics and the silver nanoparticles were also analyzed for antimicrobial activity and an enhanced antimicrobial activity was observed.

The green biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles using natural sources is always eco-friendly and attractive. The current study has focused on the production of ZrO2 nanoparticles using the aqueous leaf extract of Laurus nobilis (bay leaf). The structural and morphological properties of ZrO2 nanoparticles were investigated through UV–visible absorption spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The characterization techniques confirmed the formation of ZrO2 nanoparticles with the diameter from 20 to 100 nm. FTIR spectra also demonstrated the formation of ZrO2 in the crystalline phase. The narrow and edged peaks obtained from XRD symbolized a notable increase in the crystalline index of the obtained zirconium nanoparticles. The SEM micrographs revealed the morphology as spherical shaped. Various concentrations of the obtained zirconium nanoparticles were tested to check their inhibitory action against certain microorganisms such as Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and a fungus. The inhibitory actions against the tested microorganisms were directly proportional to the concentration of the obtained zirconium nanoparticles. Consequently, the dispersion properties of ZrO2 nanoparticles in the aqueous solution increased considerably, which might have contributed to the antimicrobial activity. Hence, the synthesized ZrO2 nanoparticles of L. nobilis can serve as an antimicrobial agent, which may play a vital role in medical industry.

Metal oxide nanoparticles attract huge attention nowadays. In the current study, zirconium nanoparticles were prepared and impregnated on cotton gauze fabrics by the reduction of zirconium oxychloride. The synthesized zirconium nanoparticles (ZrNPs) were analyzed using UV–Vis absorption, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results revealed that the ZrNPs were spherical in shape and crystalline in nature and ranged in size from 10 to 80 nm. Cotton gauze fabrics containing ZrNPs were studied for antimicrobial properties. ZrNPs were uniformly distributed and a high deposition density was observed on the surface of the cotton. Cotton fabrics loaded with the synthesized ZrNPs showed remarkable antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Therefore, the current work may aid to further investigate the zirconium nanoparticles synthesized using Piper betel for their potential applications in wound dressings.

Non-enzymatic glycation of biomolecules results in advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are responsible for secondary complications in diabetes. Inhibiting methyl glyoxal (MGO) induced advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation is the only way to alleviate diabetic complications. This study aimed to look into the abilities of herbal extract Kigelia africana and K. africana synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) to inhibit the emergence of MG-derived AGEs. The study intended to determine antioxidant and AGE inhibition of the plant extract and ZnONPs. ZnONPs were tested for the efficiency of anti-diabetic activity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wister rats. We discovered that the MGO-trapping effects on the prevention of AGE production were mediated by the downregulation of the amplification of MGO-trapping impacts on the hypoglycemic and antihyperlipidemic mechanisms of ZnONPs. According to histological findings, the treatment with ZnONPs also successfully lowers inflammation in the hepatic and renal tissues. Overall, future mechanistic research could establish ZnONPs potential anti-diabetic properties.

The current study demonstrated a green, friendly, low-cost biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Kigelia africana leaves (Lam.) Benth. extract (KAE) as both a major capping and reducing agent. The produced AgNPs were characterized using a variety of analytical methods, like the X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), HRTEM, Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), and UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The formation of AgNPs with maximum absorbance at max = 435 nm was endorsed by surface plasmon resonance. FTIR analysis revealed that biological macromolecules of KAE were involved in the stabilization and synthesis of AgNPs. At the same time, HRTEM images revealed that the average particle size of the spherical AgNPs ranged from about 25 nm to 35 nm. Further, cytotoxicity assessment of AgNPs was done using the RINm5F insulinoma cell line with an MTT assay. Followed by, the RINm5F insulinoma cells treated with AgNPs and KAE, the expression of the Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) gene was accessed. The results showed gene expression was upregulated in the RINm5F insulinoma cell line thus confirming AgNPs and KAE anti-diabetic efficacy. Furthermore, the findings show that nanotechnology has enhanced the effectiveness of current methodologies in gene expression and regulation which has contributed to the emergence of different forms of advanced regulatory systems.

The main focus of the study was to witness the effects of chicken waste-based biodiesel blends along with constant hydrogen injection in a modified diesel engine. Furthermore, the nanoparticle multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) effects on the engine efficiency were also examined. A series of tests was conducted in the single cylinder, water cooled engine fuelled with diesel, CB100N, CB10N, CB30N, and CB50N. Throughout the entire run, constant hydrogen injection of 5 LPM has been maintained. The parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, heat release rate and the emissions of different pollutants were determined for a variety of engine speeds. ASTM standards were applied to measure the viscosity, density and calorific value. From the reported findings, it was clear that the addition of the chicken waste biodiesel could be a sustainable substitute for the existing fossil fuels. Although the emission of the pollutants was dropped significantly, there was a massive drop in the BTE values. To compensate such shortage of power, the biodiesel was dispersed with MWCNT at the concentration of 80 ppm. Compared to the regular biodiesel, MWCNT inclusion increased the BTE by 14%. Further, the consumption of the fuel was also reduced marginally. Considering the pollutants, the catalytic activity of the MWCNT reduced the emissions of CO, NOx, and HC at various engine speeds. Besides, 10% reduction in NOx had been reported at lower engine speeds and was reduced to 8% at higher speed regimes. Compiling all together, increasing the concentration of the biodiesel blends obviously reduced the performance values and however, there was a great advantage in terms of the emission magnitudes irrespective of the engine operating conditions.

The current finding reports on the development of highly ordered closely packed TiO

Indian traditional medicinal plants are important sources of phytotherapeutic agents. Plants with antimicrobial properties have been involved in the treatment of infectious diseases and also, in mitigating the side effects produced by the synthetic antimicrobial agents. Hence, the present work has been focused on the study the antimicrobial activity of Thespesia populnea extract-coated nano-zirconium on cotton gauze fabrics. UV–Vis spectroscopy showed the strong peaks produced by Zr nanoparticle after 200 nm, which indicated that T. populnea-coated Zr nanoparticles would possess antimicrobial activity. The crystalline nature of the nanoparticles was confirmed by XRD analysis and the smaller size of the nanoparticles about 10 nm was observed using TEM analysis. The antimicrobial activity of T. populnea extract-coated Zr nanoparticles was studied by well diffusion against pathogens such as E. coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the Zr nanoparticles showed a high toxicity against the bacterial species studied. The antimicrobial activity suggests that the synthesized nanoparticles can be used in wounds dressings.

Over the past few decades, many of the phytochemicals have been shown to possess extraordinary anticancer effects, clinical tested, approved as drugs, and currently in use. A considerable number of phytochemicals either as a single-agent or combined with existing anticancer drugs at pre-clinical and clinical levels have been evaluated to date. However, the clinical trials on phytochemical evaluations against the world's top-ranked cancer, NSCLC, was found to be a very little. Some of the phytochemicals that showed significant anticancer activity against NSCLC in vitro and/or in vivo at the preclinical levels are highlighted in this review article. There are several impediments such as poor solubility, poor bioavailability, low stability, a requirement of high doses, safety and toxicity that limits the wide-spread use of phytochemicals in clinical oncology. Nanotherapeutic systems can help to overcome the aforementioned issues and wide open the gates to focus on phyto-oncotherapy, in particular NSCLC. The current review aims to summarize the importance of phytochemicals as anticancer agents, with a special mention on nano-formulations to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

The focus of the study is to investigate effects of corn blends on exhaust emissions using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach. A series of experiments were conducted on the water-cooled multi-cylinder engine to calibrate the emissions of CO, THC, and NOx. The biodiesel was prepared using the transesterification process. Furthermore, the MgO nanoparticles of 10, 15, 20 and 30 ppm was added to the corn blends through ultrasonication. The ANN is developed to anticipate the emission characteristics of the compression ignition engine. As engine load increases, the emission of carbon monoxide and total hydrocarbons decreases significantly. On the contrary, the emission of NOx gases spiked at higher load. The ANN back propagation algorithm is developed with four input network and one output network to predict the results. The blends C10, C15, C20, and C30 were studied with the developed ANN by varying the engine load. Besides, the highest and lowest value of mean square errors and correlation coefficient were found for CO, THC, and NOx. Meanwhile, the optimized regression coefficients for the emission parameters ranged between 0.8875 and 0.9858. The predicted correlation coefficients for CO, THC, and NOx were 0.9985, 0.9978 and 0.9986, respectively.

The availability of fossil fuels is a major factor that determines the economy of a country. However, possible exhaustion of fossil fuel deposits as well as increased pollution, and other adverse effects on the environment has prompted us to search for alternative fuels. This resulted in the development of hythane, a blend of hydrogen with methane, at concentrations of 10%–30%. The breakdown of organic substrates using sequential dark fermentation (DF) and anaerobic digestion (AD) leads to biohythane production. The quality and quantity of biohythane can be improved by altering the following aspects: selection, development, and/or genetic engineering of suitable microbial consortium; the use of cheap, appropriate substrates; improved design of bioreactors; and the implementation of two-stage fermentation system. This review focusses on the mechanism of biohythane production and the different aspects involved in increasing both its production rate and quality. A comparative study has also been done to demonstrate the superiority of biohythane over other biofuels.