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A new experiment, called the PHAse Space MApping (PHASMA) experiment, features laser induced fluorescence diagnostics for ion measurements, Thomson scattering diagnostics for electron velocity distribution function measurements, and a microwave scattering system for turbulence measurements. PHASMA is designed to enable the direct measurement of ion and electron vdfs in space-relevant plasma phenomena including reconnection, shocks, and turbulence. To create the conditions necessary for different experimental regimes, PHASMA employs a 2 kW, steady-state helicon source capable of generating variable-density background hydrogen, helium, argon, krypton, and xenon plasmas with controllable plasma pressure (relative to the magnetic pressure), collisionality, and azimuthal flow shear. Reconnecting flux ropes arise through the merging of discharges from two pulsed plasma guns.

Using incoherent Thomson scattering, electron heating and acceleration at the electron velocity distribution function (EVDF) level are investigated during electron-only reconnection in the PHAse Space MApping (PHASMA) facility. Reconnection arises during the merger of two kink-free flux ropes. Both push and pull type reconnection occur in a single discharge. Electron heating is localized around the separatrix, and the electron temperature increases continuously along the separatrix with distance from the X-line. The local measured gain in enthalpy flux is up to 70% of the incoming Poynting flux. Notably, non-Maxwellian EVDFs comprised of a warm bulk population and a cold beam are directly measured during the electron-only reconnection. The electron beam velocity is comparable to, and scales with, electron Alfvén speed, revealing the signature of electron acceleration caused by electron-only reconnection. The observation of oppositely directed electron beams on either side of the X-point provides “smoking-gun” evidence of the occurrence of electron-only reconnection in PHASMA. 2D particle-in-cell simulations agree well with the laboratory measurements. The measured conversion of Poynting flux into electron enthalpy is consistent with recent observations of electron-only reconnection in the magnetosheath [Phan et al., Nature 557, 202 (2018)] at similar dimensionless parameters as in the experiments. The laboratory measurements go beyond the magnetosheath observations by directly resolving the electron temperature gain.

In laboratory plasmas, arrays of probes have typically been used to measure the evolution of the magnetic field topology. Here, we present initial image-based measurements of the magnetic topology in a low-temperature plasma using a purely optical diagnostic. Laser induced fluorescence measurements of neutral velocity distribution functions are made using a fast camera, imaging the Zeeman splitting of σ-peaks in neutral argon. The separation of σ-peaks provides spatially resolved magnetic field magnitude measurements with a detection threshold on the order of 10 G.