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Transparency is a widely used but poorly defined term within the explainable artificial intelligence literature. This is due, in part, to the lack of an agreed definition and the overlap between the connected - sometimes used synonymously - concepts of interpretability and explain ability. We assert that transparency is the overarching concept, with the tenets of interpretability, explainability, and predictability subordinate. We draw on a portfolio of definitions for each of these distinct concepts to propose a human-swarm-teaming transparency and trust architecture (HST3-Architecture). The architecture reinforces transparency as a key contributor towards situation awareness, and consequently as an enabler for effective trustworthy human-swarm teaming (HST).

As the world embraces the evolution of cognitive cyber–physical systems, there is an emergence of systems with the ability to comprehend and act on information efficiently while also supporting human operators to achieve ethically aligned mission objectives consistently. This human‐autonomy teaming (HAT) relationship will evolve with technology and increasing levels of autonomy. It is essential to identify the role of trust and systematically develop to that role to minimize challenges in HAT relationships. Life‐learning processes are needed to guide system developers to assess meaningful interactions and to refine the critical contexts that require trust continuously. By assessing the presence of trust, cognitive competence, and meaningful interactions, human factors specialists and human systems engineers will also be able to assess the sociotechnical system evolution. This chapter first defines trust, both as a concept and for use in HAT. It then proposes processes for how to assess trust, especially to meet recently proposed IEEE standards and United Nations articles concerning meaningful human control. The chapter then examines how our research program on the herding of sheep using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) is validating HAT concepts and the proposed processes. The program is concerned with teaming farmers with smart autonomous capabilities to assure meaningful farmers' control. Meaningfulness needs to account for public obligations and ethical responsibilities. This application area potentially solves extant ethical challenges in shepherding in Australia concerning the use of dogs and timely monitoring and action in vast sheep stations while also allowing the investigation of ethical challenges around continually evolving artificial intelligence in the system. Ethically designed HAT systems are about pragmatic trade‐offs with prior processes, yet in this future context of life learning of intelligent systems, can now be revised through‐life with changing expectations and improvements.

Cyber has evolved in the Information Age to penetrate and threaten all aspects of society. Arguably, undergraduate education needs to prepare graduates for cyber security as it does in communication and logic. Yet, most universities are so far only including cyber security as a new discipline. One university in 2015 made cyber security a general education subject. This research reports that the university’s first major curricular and pedagogical re- form for the general cyber security subject to be more realisable and appreciated by students. It also exemplifies the importance of well-designed laboratories for student appreciation and understanding within this new field and thus within educational research.

This chapter considers the evolution of a shepherding agent from the traditional sheep dog to a UAV capable of fostering the welfare of sheep throughout the shepherding task. Dorper sheep have been exposed to a single Sky Shepherd, with results of such screening tests discussed. Behaviours identified include an alert response, whereby flock members display curiosity toward the UAV. As testing progressed, flocks displayed synchronous alert and drive behaviour responses, with some sheep, hypothesised to be leader sheep, pausing periodically and displaying curiosity towards the UAV.