1. Boo-boos as the building blocks of pain expression: An observational examination of parental responses to everyday pain in toddlers
- Author
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Barbara A. Morrongiello, Kate Aubrey, Chris Moore, Patrick J. McGrath, Jennifer A. Parker, Christine T. Chambers, Melanie Noel, Natalie L. Yanchar, Carl L. von Baeyer, and Perri R. Tutelman
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05 social sciences ,Socialization ,acute pain ,distress ,parents ,050401 social sciences methods ,Original Articles ,humanities ,Formative assessment ,everyday pain ,03 medical and health sciences ,Distress ,0302 clinical medicine ,Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine ,0504 sociology ,Pain expression ,Observational study ,Early childhood ,toddlers ,Psychology ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Acute pain ,Research Article ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Background Everyday pain experiences (minor bumps/scrapes) are common in early childhood and create frequent opportunities for socialization of pain behaviors. Nevertheless, everyday pain during the formative toddler period has been largely overlooked. Aims The aim of the current study was to describe the frequency and nature of toddlers’ everyday pain experiences, child and parent responses, and the relationship between child characteristics (age, sex, temperament) and responses. Methods Fifty-two children aged 12–32 months and their parents were observed at an indoor play facility. Using an observational checklist, trained observers recorded children’s everyday pain incidents and associated child and parent responses. Results Overall, 101 pain incidents were observed, the majority of which evoked low levels of pain and distress, which resolved after 1 min. Pain incidents occurred at a rate of 1.02 incidents/child/hour, with 81% of children experiencing at least one incident, which is higher than previous research with preschoolers and daycare staff. Common parent responses included a range of verbal (reassurance) and nonverbal (staying closer, hugging/kissing child) behaviors. Boys were more likely to not exhibit any protective behaviors. Parents were more likely to pick up older toddlers. Conclusions Future research should examine the link between self-reported and observed parent responses to child pain in everyday and clinical contexts.
- Published
- 2018
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