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Abstract Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) is implicated in both mesothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (MMT) and cellular senescence of human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs). We previously showed that senescent HPMCs could spontaneously acquire some phenotypic features of MMT, which in young HPMCs were induced by TGF-β. Here, we used electron microscopy, as well as global gene and protein profiling to assess in detail how exposure to TGF-β impacts on young and senescent HPMCs in vitro. We found that TGF-β induced structural changes consistent with MMT in young, but not in senescent HPMCs. Of all genes and proteins identified reliably in HPMCs across all treatments and states, 4,656 targets represented overlapping genes and proteins. Following exposure to TGF-β, 137 proteins and 46 transcripts were significantly changed in young cells, compared to 225 proteins and only 2 transcripts in senescent cells. Identified differences between young and senescent HPMCs were related predominantly to wound healing, integrin-mediated signalling, production of proteases and extracellular matrix components, and cytoskeleton structure. Thus, the response of senescent HPMCs to TGF-β differs or is less pronounced compared to young cells. As a result, the character and magnitude of the postulated contribution of HPMCs to TGF-β-induced peritoneal remodelling may change with cell senescence.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death all over the world. The majority (80-85 %) of lung cancer cases are classified as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Within NSCLC, adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are the most often recognized. The histological and immunohistochemical examination of NSCLC is a basic diagnostic tool, but insufficient for comprehensive therapeutic decisions. In some NSCLC patients, mainly adenocarcinoma, molecular alterations in driver genes, like EGFR, KRAS, HER2, ALK, MET, BRAF, RET, ROS1, and NTRK are recognized. The frequency of some of those changes is different depending on race, and between smokers and non-smokers. The molecular diagnostics of NSCLC using modern methods, like next-generation sequencing, is essential in estimating targeted, personalized therapy. In recent years, a breakthrough in understanding the importance of molecular studies for the precise treatment of NSCLC has been observed. Many new drugs were approved, including tyrosine kinase and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Clinical trials testing novel molecules like miRNAs and trials with CAR-T cells (chimeric antigen receptor – T cells) dedicated to NSCLC patients are ongoing.

The main aim of Martín Caparrós' El interior, as indicated in the prologue, is to capture the essence of what can be understood as "Argentina." Subsequently, the narrative strongly adopts a spatial dimension. Leveraging the spatial theories proposed by Lefebvre (1974), Soja (1985), and de Certeau (2000), this article endeavors to examines how Caparrós portrays this social-spatial construct, which embodies a country, within his text. Additionally, it investigates how Caparrós employs the space within the reportage to relate his own life, his inner own journey. Utilizing theories that explore autobiographical concepts, this analysis scrutinizes the correlation between the reporter and historical intellectual and travelers, particularly Sarmiento, emphasizing the influence of said position on the spatial representation within the book. Furthermore, it explores the reporter’s stance on the center/periphery binary, highlighting the "camaraderie" evident in his text and its relevance to his interlocutors. Lastly, considering that Caparrós' narrative primarily seeks the imaginary, the article will delve into the theme of tropographic representation (Andermann 2000) of space, analyzing the symbols of popular mythology present in the text.

Abstract Background Cognitive impairment is a common complication of the acute phase of stroke, which can be transient and resolve while still in the hospital. This study evaluated the prevalence and risk factors for transient cognitive impairment and their impact on long-term prognosis in a population of acute-phase stroke patients. Methods Consecutive patients admitted to a stroke unit with acute stroke or transient ischemic attack were screened twice for cognitive impairment using the parallel version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment: the first time between the first and third day and the second time between the fourth and seventh day of hospitalization. If the second test score increased by two or more points, transient cognitive impairment was diagnosed. Patients were scheduled for follow-up visits three and 12 months after stroke. Outcome assessment included place of discharge, current functional status, dementia, or death. Results Four hundred forty-seven patients were included in the study, 234 (52.35%) were diagnosed with transient cognitive impairment. Delirium was the only independent risk factor for transient cognitive impairment (OR 2.417, 95%CI 1.096–5.333, p = 0.029). In the analysis of effects on three- and twelve-month prognosis, patients with transient cognitive impairment had a lower risk of hospital or institution stay 3 months after stroke compared with patients with permanent cognitive impairment (OR 0.396, 95%CI 0.217–0.723, p = 0.003). There was no significant effect on mortality, disability or risk of dementia. Conclusions Transient cognitive impairment, which often occurs in the acute phase of stroke, does not increase the risk of long-term complications.

Background: The introduction of elements of the circular economy requires major structural changes in economies, the involvement of a wide range of actors, including primarily businesses. However, it is worth noting the importance of other organizations, including the so-called third sector. Research objectives: The purpose of this article is to introduce the issue of cooperation of business and the third sector entities for the development of the circular economy. Research design and methods: For the purpose of the research paper, the following research method was used: a classic literature review and case study. Results: Collaboration between business and third sector providers has enormous potential for development and innovation. Conclusions: In Polish conditions the benefits and possibilities of cooperation between business and the third sector are not properly appreciated, and they are connected with a huge potential for the entities themselves and the possibilities of implementing the circular economy.

Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni is famous for sweetness due to the content of steviol glycosides (SG). This study aimed to determine the effect of SG (stevioside, rebaudioside A) and steviol on adipogenesis and lipogenesis in the 3T3-L1 model. Test compounds were also analysed for their ability to affect glucose uptake in hypertrophied insulin-resistant 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The most active compound in modulating adipogenesis, lipogenesis and insulin resistance was steviol, SG metabolism product. Steviol (10 μM, 100 μM) significantly down-regulated the expression of adipogenic transcription factors (PPARγ, C/EBPα, SREBP1) and lipogenic genes (FAS, aP2, LPL), which caused decreased lipid accumulation and triglyceride content in adipocytes. Treatment of insulin-resistant adipocytes with steviol (1 μM) and stevioside (1 μM, 10 μM) increased GLUT-4 transcript level and improved glucose uptake. Steviol also lowered resistin gene expression, which may mitigate insulin resistance in hypertrophied adipocytes. This study promotes SG as potential health-promoting ingredients in low-calorie functional foods.

Abstract Background Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is a group of conditions resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Patients with FASD experience a variety of neuropsychological symptoms resulting from central nervous system impairment. Little is known about sleep disorders associated with PAE. The objective of this study was to investigate sleep problems related to FASD. Methods Forty patients (median age 8 years (6; 11)) diagnosed with FASD and forty typically developing children (median age 10 years (8; 13)) were recruited for the 1st phase of the study. In the 1st phase, the screening of sleep problems was performed with Child Sleep Habit Questionnaire (CSHQ) filled in by a caregiver. Those of the FASD group who scored above 41 points were qualified to the 2nd phase of the study and had an in-lab attended polysomnography (PSG) performed. The measurements consisted of electroencephalogram, electrooculograms, chin and tibial electromyogram, electrocardiogram, ventilatory monitoring, breathing effort, pulse oximetry, snoring and body position. Their results were compared to PSG laboratory reference data. Results The number of participants with sleep disturbances was markedly higher in the FASD group as compared to typically developing children (55% vs. 20%). The age-adjusted odds ratio for a positive result in CSHQ was 4.31 (95% CI: 1.54–12.11; p = 0.005) for FASD patients as compared to the control group. Significant differences between the FASD as compared to the typically developing children were observed in the following subscales: sleep onset delay, night wakings, parasomnias, sleep disordered breathing, and daytime sleepiness. Children from the FASD group who underwent PSG experienced more arousals during the sleep as compared with the PSG laboratory reference data. The respiratory indices in FASD group appear higher than previously published data from typically developing children. Conclusion The results support the clinical observation that sleep disorders appear to be an important health problem in individuals with FASD. In particular distorted sleep architecture and apneic/hypopneic events need further attention.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), as an agent enhancing radiosensitivity, play a key role in the potential treatment of breast cancer (BC). Assessing and understanding the kinetics of modern drug delivery systems is a crucial element that allows the implementation of AuNPs in clinical treatment. The main objective of the study was to assess the role of the properties of gold nanoparticles in the response of BC cells to ionizing radiation by comparing 2D and 3D models. In this research, four kinds of AuNPs, different in size and PEG length, were used to sensitize cells to ionizing radiation. The in vitro viability, uptake, and reactive oxygen species generation in cells were investigated in a time- and concentration-dependent manner using 2D and 3D models. Next, after the previous incubation with AuNPs, cells were irradiated with 2 Gy. The assessment of the radiation effect in combination with AuNPs was analyzed using the clonogenic assay and γH2AX level. The study highlights the role of the PEG chain in the efficiency of AuNPs in the process of sensitizing cells to ionizing radiation. The results obtained imply that AuNPs are a promising solution for combined treatment with radiotherapy.

Artykuł składa się z wstępu, zakończenia i dwóch rozdziałów o charakterze teoretyczno-analitycznym. W pierwszym punkcie przedstawiono najważniejsze założenia nowego paradygmatu w biznesie – tzw. czterolistnej koniczyny. Wskazano w nim również na znaczenie kompetencji, ich rozwoju w procesie osiągania przewagi konkurencyjnej na zmieniającym się rynku. Drugi punkt artykułu stanowi studium przykładu. Na przykładzie polskiej firmy ASTOR, zaprezentowano praktyczne zastosowanie formuły czterolistnej koniczyny. Omówiono w nim sposób rozumienia i prowadzenia biznesu przez zarządzających organizacją. W artykule wykorzystano metodę opisową z wykorzystaniem analizy literaturowej i danych zastanych oraz połączenie metody sondażu diagnostycznego i metody analizy obserwacji indywidualnych przypadków przy wykorzystaniu kwestionariusza wywiadu pogłębionego. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest identyfikacja źródeł sukcesu firmy ASTOR na polskim rynku. Tak określony cel pozwolił na sformułowanie hipotezy: Kluczowym czynnikiem sukcesu, zapewniającym sprawność operacyjną, wyróżnialność marki i unikalność kultury organizacyjnej, jest profesjonalne podejście do przedmiotu działalności w oparciu o wartości humanistyczne.

In this study, the lingonberry fruit extract (LGBE) has been investigated for the ability to suppress the inflammatory response and mitigate oxidative stress in activated 3T3-L1 adipocytes and RAW 264.7 macrophages. The obtained results showed that LGBE significantly reduced IL-6, MCP-1 and IL-1β production, and counteracted the decrease in adiponectin and IL-10 expression in TNF-α-induced adipocytes. Moreover, LGBE exhibited a high anti-inflammatory potential in the macrophage cell culture by down-regulation the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1, COX-2, iNOS). Furthermore, LGBE decreased intracellular ROS generation in inflamed adipocytes by enhancing expression of antioxidant defense enzymes (SOD, catalase, GPx) and inhibiting an oxidant enzyme (NADPH oxidase 4), which is one of the primary sources of ROS.In conclusion, we have demonstrated that lingonberry fruit may reduce adipose tissue inflammation and support immune cell homeostasis, and thus can be considered a natural tool for inflammation control.

Abstract Background Experimental studies suggest that systemic inflammation contributes to the pathophysiology of delirium. The aim of our study was to determine blood-derived inflammatory signatures of post-stroke delirium. Methods We included 144 ischemic stroke patients. We assessed delirium on a daily basis during the first 7 days of hospitalization. Venous blood was collected at day 3 after the onset of stroke and stimulated ex vivo with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). We measured LPS-induced cytokine concentration (TNFα, IP-10, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-12p70) as well as plasma levels of IL-6 and TNFα. Results Delirium was diagnosed in 21.5% of patients. After correction for monocyte count, patients with delirium had reduced LPS-induced TNFα, IP-10, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-12 release. The plasma IL-6 level was higher in delirious patients compared to patients without delirium. After adjusting for stroke severity and infections, higher ex vivo TNFα (OR 0.29, 95%CI 0.11–0.72, P = 0.01), IP-10 (OR 0.25, 95%CI 0.08–0.73, P = 0.01), IL-1β (OR 0.42, 95%CI 0.20–0.89, P = 0.02), and IL-12 (OR 0.07, 95%CI 0.01–0.70, P = 0.02) release was associated with the reduced risk of delirium. In multivariate analysis, the higher plasma IL-6 was associated with the increased risk of delirium (OR 1.61, 95%CI 1.00–2.58, P = 0.04). Conclusions Reduced ex vivo release of pro-inflammatory cytokines after LPS stimulation and the elevated plasma IL-6 are signatures of post-stroke delirium.

The article is focused on practical and cognitive approach to the facilitator activities in the area of cluster internationalization through networks. It presents considerations based on the Metalika Metal Cluster case study, results of the literature review and desk research. Secondary data in the research process was obtained from the websites of Polish Agency for Enterprise Development (PARP) and selected international networks. The article consists of four integral parts that concisely characterise the principal assumptions of the cluster internationalization through networks, the role and significance of the cluster facilitator activities within cluster development and its internationalization in the context of cluster management standards in Poland. Moreover, the article presents selected experiences and good practices of Metalika cluster facilitator related to implementation of the network model of internationalization. The studies clearly showed that nowadays a cluster facilitator is both an institution (cluster organisation, coordinator) and a person (cluster manager) working for the cluster development. The services offered by the facilitator to the cluster members are aimed at strengthening their development, including internationalization. This scope of facilitation is especially important for micro, small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that belong to the cluster. Due to the fact that cluster internationalization is usually a long and complex process of shaping cooperation within international space, it requires not only the full involvement, strategic thinking and actions of the facilitator and cluster members, but also the explicit support of external key stakeholders in turbulent environment.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidants play a crucial role in dose-dependent promotion and suppression of colorectal tumourigenesis. In this study, ROS-modulating anticancer effects were analysed in colon cancer HT-29 cells exposed to the blackcurrant (BC) extract digested in an artificial gastrointestinal tract. The obtained results indicate that the colon-available fraction of gastrointestinal-digested BC extract dose-dependently inhibited the growth of colon cancer cells by inducing a G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest and targeting cells to a caspase 3-mediated apoptosis pathway. The extract significantly suppressed cell invasion by down-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression. The anticancer effect of the BC extract was related to the dose-dependent modulation of intracellular ROS accumulation. Given the bioavailability of BC polyphenols to the colon and their multi-directional anticancer activity, BC fruit may be proposed as a natural therapeutic agent and functional food ingredient to support prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer.

Plant sterols, also referred as phytosterols, have been known as bioactive compounds which have cholesterol-lowering properties in human blood. It has been established that a diet rich in plant sterols or their esters alleviates cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and also may inhibit breast, colon and lung carcinogenesis. Phytosterols, in their free and esterified forms, are prone to thermo-oxidative degradation, where time and temperature affect the level of degradation. Looking for new derivatives of phytosterols with high thermo-oxidative stability for application in foods, our idea was to obtain novel structured acylglycerols in which two fatty acid parts are replaced by stigmasterol residues. In this work, asymmetric (1,2- and 2,3-) distigmasterol-modified acylglycerols (dStigMAs) were synthesized by the covalent attachment of stigmasterol residues to sn-1 and sn-2 or sn-2 and sn-3 positions of 3-palmitoyl-sn-glycerol or 1-oleoyl-sn-glycerol, respectively, using a succinate or carbonate linker. The chemical structures of the synthesized compounds were identified by NMR, HR-MS, and IR data. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of the obtained compounds was determined. The dStigMAs possessing a carbonate linker showed potent cytotoxicity to cells isolated from the small intestine and colon epithelium and liver, whereas the opposite results were obtained for compounds containing a succinate linker.

Abstract Neuropsychiatric symptoms can be interrelated to delirium. We aimed to investigate an association between pre-stroke neuropsychiatric symptoms and the risk of delirium in stroke patients. We included 606 patients (median age: 73, 53% female) with stroke or transient ischemic attack admitted within 48 hours from symptoms onset. We assessed delirium on a daily basis during the first 7 days of hospitalization. To make diagnosis of delirium we used DSM-5 criteria. We used Neuropsychiatric Inventory to assess neuropsychiatric symptoms occurring within 4 weeks prior to stroke. We diagnosed delirium in 28.2% of patients. On univariate analysis, higher score of pre-stroke depression (OR: 1.58, 95% CI: 1.04–2.40, P = 0.03), apathy (OR: 2.23, 95% CI: 1.44–3.45, P

Excessive fat accumulation in hypertrophied adipocytes lead to chronic inflammation, oxidative stress and dysregulated adipokines secretion. In this study, we investigated the ability of raspberry fruit extract (RBE) to mitigate adipose tissue dysfunction using hypertrophied 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The obtained results showed that RBE decreased intracellular ROS generation in hypertrophied adipocytes by enhancing expression of antioxidant defense enzymes SOD, catalase, and GPx, and inhibiting an oxidant enzyme NADPH oxidase 4. Moreover, RBE reduced lipid accumulation accompanied by increased lipid mobilization. RBE significantly inhibited LPL, aP2, FAS and PLIN mRNA expression, and enhanced the expression of HSL. Furthermore, RBE exhibited a high anti-inflammatory potential by down-regulation the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β, MCP-1 and leptin), and counteracted the decrease in adiponectin and IL-10 expression. Raspberry fruit could be potentially valuable dietary ingredient towards mitigating adverse metabolic consequences of fat cell hypertrophy, thus reducing the risk of metabolic disorders.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of early pregnancy and exposure to tobacco smoke on antioxidant status and copper, zinc, and cadmium concentrations in the blood of non-smoking and smoking, as well as non-pregnant or pregnant women. The study included 213 women. More specifically, 150 women in first trimester of pregnancy and 63 non-pregnant women. Women were divided into subgroups according to exposure to tobacco smoke. Pregnancy significant influences higher copper and lower zinc concentration in the serum, whereas exposure to tobacco smoke during pregnancy is mainly associated with an elevation in cadmium and zinc concentration. It seems that metallothionein, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase are the important antioxidants during early pregnancy, when exposure to tobacco smoke occurs, whereas the pregnancy itself is associated with a higher concentration of metallothionein and activity of catalase. Both pregnancy in the first trimester and exposure to tobacco smoke decrease glutathione concentration. In addition, active and passive maternal smoking have a similarly negative effect on antioxidant status in the first trimester. Early pregnancy as well as exposure to tobacco smoke is associated with significant alteration in antioxidant status and copper, zinc, and cadmium concentration. Due to a small number of smoking subjects (11 cases of non-pregnant, active smokers and 14 pregnant active smokers), the obtained results should be treated as a pilot, and this should be considered for future studies.

Bilberry is a valuable wild forest fruit harvested in many countries in Europe. The biological activities of bilberry include antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, antibacterial, and anticholinesterase activities. This study examines the protective effects of a bilberry (BB) preparation on IEC-6, Caco-2, and HepG2 cell lines. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to study the cytotoxicity of BB. The genotoxicity was determined using single-cell microgel electrophoresis. The Ames test was employed to assay bilberry mutagenicity. No significant effects of BB (12.5-100 µg dry mass/ml) were observed on the viability of IEC-6, Caco-2, and HepG2 cells. There were no differences in the percentage of DNA in the comet tail between the cells treated with BB (100 µg dry mass/ml) and the control cells. However, a significant reduction of oxidative DNA damage in the HepG2 cells was found. BB exhibited neither mutagenic nor promutagenic effects. Our results suggest that bilberry can be a potential tool in the prevention of chronic diseases, without any undesired effects on the cells of the gastrointestinal tract.

Objectives: Health Impact Assessments (HIA) approach can be executed by calculating the attributable burden of disease. The most common indicators used in the HIA methodology are: premature mortality, morbidity, life-expectancy, and Disability Adjusted Life-Year (DALY). The term Disability Adjusted Life-Years (DALYs) indicates months/years lost due to a premature death or disability. The aim of the study was to present health benefits, expressed in terms of lower total mortality and cardio-respiratory hospitalization rates, due to a decreased particulate matter (PM) concentration in ambient air, in Silesian voivodeship. Material and Methods: In this paper, results obtained from the APHEKOM (Improving Knowledge and Communication for Decision Making on Air Pollution and Health in Europe) project, which provided specialized HIA tools, useful for assessing health benefits resulting from reducing air pollution, were used. Both short-term and long-term exposure HIA tools were applied with regard to the appropriate data for Silesian voivodeship. Exposure data were obtained from the Regional Environmental Inspectorate in Katowice, while population and health data were obtained from the Central Statistical Office of Poland or from the Silesian Voivodeship Office, respectively. Results: Health benefits that are related to an improvement of ambient air quality in Silesia region are similar to previous estimates obtained for Kraków city. The reduction of short-term exposure to PM10 by 5 μg/m3 results in a lower number of yearly non-external deaths (2.6–2.75 per 100 000 inhabitants). This effect was also shown to be similar in the city of Zabrze, as well as in the whole Silesia region. Conclusions: The Health Impact Assessments tools developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) can help public health experts make decisions in order to improve the health of populations living in particular regions of Europe.

In recent years, obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes are becoming epidemic both in developed and developing countries. Recent experimental and clinical studies have raised interest in the potential health benefits of cranberry consumption in obesity and metabolic syndrome, which appear to be associated with the phytochemical composition of this fruit. Interestingly, cranberry administration has been reported to ameliorate dyslipidemia, hyperglycaemia and oxidative stress in individuals with the metabolic syndrome. This review focuses on the recent findings regarding beneficial effects of cranberry on obesity and metabolic syndrome, and discusses its potential mechanisms of action. The results of studies presented in this review have demonstrated that cranberry ameliorates insulin resistance and plasma lipid profile, decreases diet-induced weight gain and visceral obesity, and diminishes blood markers of oxidative stress. Thus, cranberry could be an effective and safe component of functional foods addressed for individuals with metabolic complications.

Post-stroke depression (PSD) is the most frequent neuropsychiatric consequence of stroke. The nature of the relationship between PSD and mortality still remains unknown. One hypothesis is that PSD could be more frequent in those patients who are more vulnerable to physical disability, a mediator variable for higher level of physical damage related to higher risk of mortality. Therefore, the authors’ objective was to explore the assumption that PSD increases disability after stroke, and secondly, that mortality is higher among patients with PSD regardless of stroke severity and other neuropsychiatric conditions. We included 524 consecutive patients with acute stroke or transient ischemic attack, who were screened for depression between 7–10 days after stroke onset. Physical impairment and death were the outcomes measures at evaluation check points three and 12 months post-stroke. PSD independently increased the level of disability three (OR = 1.94, 95% CI 1.31–2.87, p = 0.001), and 12 months post-stroke (OR = 1.61, 95% CI 1.14–2.48, p = 0.009). PSD was also an independent risk factor for death three (OR = 5.68, 95% CI 1.58–20.37, p = 0.008) and 12 months after stroke (OR = 4.53, 95% CI 2.06–9.94, p = 0.001). Our study shows the negative impact of early PSD on the level of disability and survival rates during first year after stroke and supports the assumption that depression may act as an independent mediator for disability leading to death in patients who are more vulnerable for brain injury.

The Polish Konik horse is a primitive native breed included in the genetic resource conservation program in Poland. After World War II, intensive breeding work began, aimed at rebuilding this breed. Now, the whole Polish Konik population is represented by six male founder lines (Wicek, Myszak, Glejt I, Goraj, Chochlik and Liliput). Individuals representing all six paternal lineages were selected based on their breeding documentation. We performed a fragment analysis with 17 microsatellite markers (STRs) recommended by the International Society for Animal Genetics (ISAG). The genetic diversity and structure within the paternal lineages and the whole of the studied group were investigated. The average allelic richness was 6.497 for the whole studied group. The fixation index (FST; measure of population differentiation) was low (about 3%), the mean inbreeding coefficient (FIT) was low and close to 0, and the mean inbreeding index value (FIS) was negative. The mean expected heterozygosity was established at 0.7046 and was lower than the observed heterozygosity. The power of discrimination and power of exclusion were 99.9999%. The cumulative parentage exclusion probability equaled 99.9269% when one parental genotype was known and 99.9996% with both parents’ genotypic information was available. About 3% of the genetic variation was caused by differences in the breed origin and about 97% was attributed to differences among individuals. Our analysis revealed that there has been no inbreeding in the Polish Konik breed for the studied population. The genetic diversity was high, and its parameters were similar to those calculated for native breeds from other countries reported in the literature. However, due to the small number of breed founders and paternal lineages with unknown representation, the population’s genetic diversity and structure should be monitored regularly.

W dobie globalizacji, w której wiele firm posiada rozbudowane łańcuchy dostaw, współpraca z dostawcami jest kluczowym obszarem ograniczenia ryzyka reputacyjnego i polem do realizacji praktyk CSR. Ograniczenie ryzyka refutacyjnego oznacza konieczność prowadzenia zintegrowanych działań w całym łańcuchu dostaw oraz budowania trwałych relacji z kooperantami w oparciu o normy i standardy CSR obowiązujące obie strony transakcji. Współpraca międzynarodowych korporacji z lokalnymi przedsiębiorstwami wywołuje procesy dostosowawcze wśród dostawców (również w obszarze CSR); oznacza redystrybucję umiejętności i wiedzy do zleceniobiorców, co w praktyce pozytywnie wpływa na pozycję konkurencyjną analizowanych grup podmiotów. W artykule wykorzystano metodę opisową. Ma on na celu scharakteryzowanie współpracy międzynarodowych korporacji z lokalnymi firmami w kontekście upowszechniania praktyk CSR w łańcuchu dostaw. Przedmiotem artykułu jest współpraca międzynarodowych korporacji z firmami kraju goszczącego w ramach tzw. powiązań do tyłu (backward linkages), ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem praktyk CSR.

Deciphering a function of a given protein requires investigating various biological aspects. Usually, the protein of interest is expressed with a fusion tag that aids or allows subsequent analyses. Additionally, downregulation or inactivation of the studied gene enables functional studies. Development of the CRISPR/Cas9 methodology opened many possibilities but in many cases it is restricted to non-essential genes. Recombinase-dependent gene integration methods, like the Flp-In system, are very good alternatives. The system is widely used in different research areas, which calls for the existence of compatible vectors and efficient protocols that ensure straightforward DNA cloning and generation of stable cell lines. We have created and validated a robust series of 52 vectors for streamlined generation of stable mammalian cell lines using the FLP recombinase-based methodology. Using the sequence-independent DNA cloning method all constructs for a given coding-sequence can be made with just three universal PCR primers. Our collection allows tetracycline-inducible expression of proteins with various tags suitable for protein localization, FRET, bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), protein dynamics studies (FRAP), co-immunoprecipitation, the RNA tethering assay and cell sorting. Some of the vectors contain a bidirectional promoter for concomitant expression of miRNA and mRNA, so that a gene can be silenced and its product replaced by a mutated miRNA-insensitive version. Our toolkit and protocols have allowed us to create more than 500 constructs with ease. We demonstrate the efficacy of our vectors by creating stable cell lines with various tagged proteins (numatrin, fibrillarin, coilin, centrin, THOC5, PCNA). We have analysed transgene expression over time to provide a guideline for future experiments and compared the effectiveness of commonly used inducers for tetracycline-responsive promoters. As proof of concept we examined the role of the exoribonuclease XRN2 in transcription termination by RNAseq.

In order to evaluate potential therapeutic properties of Sambucus nigra fruit extract, its anti-inflammatory effects were investigated in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 macrophages. Physiochemical changes in the extract composition, which occur following oral administration, were mimicked in an artificial alimentary tract, while transepithelial absorption was simulated using enterocyte-like Caco-2 cell monolayer, imitating intestinal barrier. The obtained results showed that gastrointestinal digested extract, transported across intestinal epithelium, down-regulated the expression of major genes of inflammatory pathway, such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and COX-2. Reduction of IL-6, TNF-α and prostaglandin E2 secretion was also observed as a result of LPS-stimulated macrophages' treatment. Moreover, enhanced nitric oxide production in response to inflammatory stimuli in RAW264.7 cells was controlled by the digested and intestinal permeable fraction of elderberry extract.

Ekonomia społeczna jako propozycja alternatywnego podejścia do zarządzania rzadkimi zasobami gospodarki powróciła jako reakcja na efekty neoliberalnego porządku gospodarczego. Kiedy zarówno państwo, jak i rynek okazały się niezdolne do stworzenia takich konstelacji organizacyjnych, które doprowadziłyby do optymalnego zaspokojenia potrzeb społecznych – potrzeb, które rodzą się zarówno z tradycyjnych uwarunkowań rozwoju społeczno-gospodarczego, jak i tych niesionych współczesnymi przemianami krajowymi, regionalnymi i globalnymi (np. starzenie się społeczeństw, zmiana stylu życia, zmiana modelu rodziny). Kiedy wzrost gospodarczy w efekcie podnoszenia wydajności i działań polityki ekonomicznej jest w dużej mierze obarczony zjawiskiem bezzatrudnieniowości, wskaźniki zatrudnienia wciąż pozostają wyzwaniem dla polityków gospodarczych, dostęp do pracy jest nierówny dla poszczególnych grup społecznych, coraz wyraźnej ukazuje się mnogość organicznych inicjatyw społecznych nastawionych na tworzenie warunków sprzyjających zaspokajaniu potrzeb niezaspokojonych ani przez państwo, ani przez rynek. Istota ekonomii społecznej ujawnia się w przypadku analizy możliwości zagospodarowania zasobów tkwiących w takich grupach społecznych, jak: byli więźniowie, kobiety, w tym samotnie wychowujące dzieci, niepełnosprawni, mniejszości narodowe, długo chorujący pracownicy i bezrobotni, w tym przede wszystkim chorzy psychicznie. Z jednej strony (od strony rynku), miejsca pracy dla takich osób często wymagają przystosowania do specjalnych potrzeb, a proces zawodowego wdrażania tych osób czy utrzymywanie ich stałego zatrudnienia pociąga za sobą znaczące nakłady, na które przedsiębiorstwo zarządzanie tradycyjnie na rynku przeważnie nie może sobie pozwolić. Z drugiej strony (od strony państwa), sprowadzanie pomocy dla narażonych na dyskryminowanie zawodowe grup społecznych w przeważającej mierze do pomocy pieniężnej czy uprzywilejowanego dostępu do opieki zdrowotnej jeszcze bardziej wyklucza te grupy z rynku pracy, życia społecznego, a całe społeczeństwo/budżet państwa istotnie obciąża finansowo.

Berries are a rich source of antioxidants and phytochemicals that have received considerable interest for their possible relations to human health. In this study, the anti-adipogenic effect of polyphenol-rich extract obtained from chokeberry Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliot, raspberry Rubus idaeus L., bilberry Vaccinium myrtillus L. and cranberry Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton fruits and its underlying molecular mechanisms were investigated in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipose cells. Treatment with the extract (25-100 μg/mL) significantly decreased lipid accumulation and reactive oxygen species generation in adipocytes without showing cytotoxicity. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that the extract at a concentration of 100 μg/mL suppressed adipogenesis and lipogenesis via the down-regulation of PPARγ (67%), C/EBPα (72%), SREBP1 (62%), aP2 (24%), FAS (32%), LPL (40%), HSL (39%), and PLIN1 (32%) gene expression. Moreover, the extract significantly increased the expression of adiponectin (4.4-fold) and decreased leptin expression (90%) and respectively regulated the production of these adipokines in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The obtained results suggest that the analyzed extract may be a promising source of bioactive compounds that support long-term weight maintenance and promote the effective management of obesity.

Oxidative stress and inflammation in hypertrophied adipose tissue with excessive fat accumulation play a crucial role in the development of obesity and accompanying metabolic dysfunctions. This study demonstrated the capacity of elderberry fruit (EDB) extract to decrease the elevated production of reactive oxygen species in hypertrophied 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Treatment with the EDB extract resulted in modulation of mRNA expression and protein secretion of key adipokines in hypertrophied adipocytes. Expression of leptin and adiponectin was, respectively, down- and up-regulated. Moreover, glucose uptake stimulation was noticed in mature adipocytes, both sensitive to insulin and insulin resistant. This may suggest a positive effect of EDB extract on insulin resistance status. The extract was also found to alleviate the inflammatory response in activated RAW 264.7 macrophages by down-regulating the expression of proinflammatory genes (TNF-α, IL-6, COX-2, iNOS) and suppressing the enhanced production of inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6, PGE2, NO). In vitro experiments showed that the EDB extract could inhibit digestive enzymes, including α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and pancreatic lipase, leading to reduced intestinal absorption of dietary lipids and carbohydrates. Further in vivo studies could be postulated to support EDB as a functional food component for the prevention and treatment of obesity and metabolic-immune comorbidities.

This essay, co-written by adult and child researchers, marks an important shift in the field of children’s literature studies because it promotes an academic practice in which children are actively involved in decision-making. In our polyphonic account of the collaboration, we draw on the ideas of productive remembering, re-memorying, and child-led research to advance a new pedagogical approach to the current, adult-centered literary school canon in Poland, which was compiled in 2017 by a panel of politically appointed experts. We exemplify our proposal by discussing “Staś and Nel in the 21st Century”: Do Long-established School Readings Connect Generations?”, a participatory research project conducted at a primary school in Wrocław, Poland, in spring 2018. As we argue, selected texts from the canon may catalyze memories of childhood from older readers that can be shared with younger readers to develop their own connections with these texts. Such an exchange may open new individual and collective remembering spaces linking intragenerational perspectives with intergenerational meanings and resulting in a school canon that promotes both national cohesion and openness to other cultures. Seen thus, our approach can be adopted in school and other settings to engage children and adults as co-creators of particular memory-work methods. In broader terms, it can promote a critical and action-oriented understanding of the heritage of childhood in Poland and elsewhere.

The purpose of this article is to characterise the role of industrial clusters in SMEs development. Trying to meet demands of the current environment, these companies are forced to constantly identify new ways of development, including new sources of sustainable competitive advantage. Nowadays, focusing only on the internal (endogenous) development for many entities is insufficient and external development of the SMEs through the clusters may be a complementary approach for their internal development. Despite the scarcity of clear cluster definitions it is widespread that clusters - as concentrations of R&D entities, business support institutions and interconnected firms operating in the same or related economic sectors that cooperate and compete at the same time - provide favorable conditions for entrepreneurship and innovativeness development. SMEs can improve their market offer, transfer knowledge, formulate and implement R&D activities, and develop relational capital by actively operating within clusters and collaborating with their partners, both in internal and external environments (eg. involvement in foreign networks). The activities of cluster coordinators play a strategic role in shaping the appropriate conditions for the development of cluster members. Based on the good practice in the field of Polish-Spanish international networking linked to the execution of the “Adelante” project by the coordinator of Sub-Carpathian Renewable Energy Cluster, the benefits for SMEs of that cluster were pointed out. This practice shows that the involvement of a cluster coordinator with key cluster stakeholders for development of cluster members contribute to development of the entire cluster and boost its competitiveness.

The article presents a proposal for an integrated assessment of the tourism attractiveness of a region. The holistic approach used in the author's master's thesis is given as an example. The article presents the results of a survey and ‘point bonitation’ (a ranking method) for the North Karelia region. In the summary, there is an attempt to assess the methods which were applied in the research.

Tuberculosis is a leading cause of death in developing countries. Efforts are being made to both prevent its spread and improve curability rates. Understanding the biology of the bacteria causing the disease, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis), is thus vital. We have implemented improved screening methods for protein-protein interactions based on affinity purification followed by high-resolution mass spectrometry. This method can be efficiently applied to both medium- and high-throughput studies aiming to characterize protein-protein interaction networks of tubercle bacilli. Of the 4 tested epitopes FLAG, enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), protein A and haemagglutinin, the eGFP tag was found to be most useful on account of its easily monitored expression and its ability to function as a simultaneous tool for subcellular localization studies. It presents a relatively low background with cost-effective purification. RNA polymerase subunit A (RpoA) was used as a model for investigation of a large protein complex. When used as bait, it co-purified with all remaining RNA polymerase core subunits as well as many accessory proteins. The amount of RpoA strongly correlated with the amount of quantification peptide used as part of the tagging system in this study (SH), making it applicable for semi-quantification studies. Interactions between the components of the RpoA-eGFP protein complex were further confirmed using protein cross-linking. Dynamic changes in the composition of protein complexes under induction of UV damage were observed when UvrA-eGFP expressing cells treated with UV light were used to co-purify UvrA interaction partners.

Artykuł dotyczy konkurencji w handlu detalicznym; roli i znaczenia nowoczesnych strategii marketingowych w procesie konkurowania. W artykule omówiono podstawowe strategie nowoczesnego handlu w Polsce: politykę niskich cen, lokalizację nowoczesnego handlu w centrach handlowych, rozwój marek prywatnych, koncentracji w handlu.

The article includes an introduction, two theoretical sections, and the conclusions. Basic notions connected with corporate social responsibility are discussed. Next, basing on the example of Wal- -Mart, innovative ecological approach concerning delivery chain is discussed. Also the matter of double standardization of corporate social responsibility is investigated.

The article consist of introduction, three essential paragraphs and conclusion. In the first paragraph the role of foreign corporations’ expansion of FMCG branch in Polish trade aspect is discussed. The second paragraph concerns the estimation of the influence of foreign trade networks on labour markets (based on Silesian region’s case). The payment of income taxes by corporations in comparison to participation of MSP sector in income taxes’ shares is discussed in the third paragraph. The conclusion explains why it is difficult to analyze the influence of direct foreign investments on trade in local and regional development’s aspect. There is not enough data adapted to analyze the trade influence on labour market and local budget.