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W artykule poddano analizie status języka ukraińskiego jako języka mniejszości narodowej w Polsce oraz aktualne podejście do kształcenia w obszarze języka, literatury i kultury ukraińskiej w polskiej szkole. Obejmuje ono wiedzę o języku, znajomość lektur i szeroko rozumianych tekstów kultury ukraińskiej. Autorki poszukują odpowiedzi na zasadnicze kwestie związane z podstawą programową i założeniami, jakie winna spełniać, doborem zagadnień pomagających uczniowi poznać i pielęgnować dziedzictwo narodowe, a także zakresem i formami egzaminów.

Introduction: Cervical cancer was the seventh most common malignant tumor among women in the Podlaskie Voivodeship in 2016. The development of this cancer is preceded by the occurrence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Pap smear is still the basic method of secondary prevention of cervical cancer. If the result of the Pap test is positive, further diagnosis is necessary (colposcopy, histopathological examination). Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the incidence of intraepithelial cervical lesions and its correlation with the results of histopathological examination in the female population of the Podlaskie Voivodeship. Material and methods: 51,136 Pap smear tests were analyzed (retrospectively). The tests were performed in the Podlaskie Voivodeship from January 2012 to December 2019. Of this group, 134 patients had a histopathological examination. The results of both studies were compared. Results: Among the cytological tests performed in private offices, incorrect results accounted for 1.35%. The value is two times lower than in the case of tests carried out in the prevention program in Podlaskie Voivodeship. The results were consistent in 77% of patients diagnosed with HSIL and in 35% of patients diagnosed with LSIL. Conclusions: The obtained congruence of cytological and histopathological results is comparable to the data in the literature. The creation of a central registry of pap smears would be helpful in the quality monitoring and the number of abnormal results.

In this article we analyse the topos of the home in two novels set in Lviv: “Home for Dom” by Viktoria Amelina and “The house with the Stained-glass Window” by Zhanna Sloniovska. In both of them, the eponymous ‘home/house’ contains family secrets which are meant to be representatives of the Eastern European fate. The metaphor of a home has several meanings in both novels: it refers to an apartment, a home-city (Lviv) and a homeland. On both dimensions, the home has not been presented as stable and unchanging space. It is rather a symbol of transience than permanence. In both novels, the family stories reflect the problems of identity and memory of the inhabitants of modern Ukraine.

The article reflects on dreams about social life, disappointments and finally the belief in breakthrough moments. Two novels, Zapysky ukrainskoho samashedshoho by Lina Kostenko and Looking Backward: 2000–1887 by Edward Bellamy were used as research material. I based my analysis on the sociological concepts of the lifeworld and the theory of transformative learning. I showed that the subject of both novels was not only the critique of contemporary society and political life, but, most of all, the weakness of interpersonal relations. Thus, both of these novels not only are narratives about a specific social, political or ideological situation, but also acquire a universal dimension.

Background The rational chemical design of nanoparticles can be readily controlled and optimized by quantitatively studying protein adsorption at variously charged polymer carriers, determining their fate in biological fluids. We manufactured brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) -based electrostatic nanocomplexes with a different type of dendrimer core (anionic or cationic), encapsulated or not in polyethylene glycol (PEG), and studied their physicochemical properties and behavior in a biological setting. We investigated whether the electrokinetic charge of dendrimer core influences BDNF loading and desorption from the nanoparticle and serves as a determinant of nanoparticles’ behavior in in vitro setting, influencing mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, and general nanoparticles’ cellular toxicity. Results We found that the electrokinetic charge of the dendrimer core influences nanoparticles in terms of BDNF release profile from their surfaces and their effect on cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell phenotype, and induction of oxidative stress. The electrostatic interaction of positively charged core of nanoparticles with cell membranes increases their cytotoxicity, as well as serious phenotype alterations compared to negatively charged nanoparticles core in neuron-like differentiated human neuroblastoma cells. Moreover, PEG adsorption at nanoparticles with negatively charged core presents a distinct decrease in metabolic cell activity. On the contrary, charge neutralization due to PEG adsorption on the surface of nanoparticles with positively charged core does not reduce their cytotoxicity, makes them less biocompatible with differentiated cells, and presumably shows non-specific toxicity. Conclusions The surface charge transformation after adsorption of protein or polyelectrolyte during nanocarriers formulation has an important role not only in designing nanomaterials with potent neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties but also in applying them in a cellular environment. Graphic abstract

Zero-point vibrational (ZPV) corrections to the nuclear spin–spin coupling constants have been calculated using four-component Dirac–Kohn–Sham DFT for H2X (where X = O, S, Se, Te, Po), XH3 (where X = N, P, As, Sb, Bi), and XH4 (where X = C, Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) molecules and for HC≡CPbH3. The main goal was to study the influence of relativistic effects on the ZPV corrections and thus results calculated at relativistic and nonrelativistic approaches have been compared. The effects of relativity become notable for the ZPV corrections to the spin–spin coupling constants for compounds with lighter elements (selenium and germanium) than for the spin–spin coupling constants themselves. In the case of molecules containing heavier atoms, for instance BiH3 and PbH4, relativistic effects play a crucial role on the results and approximating ZPV corrections by the nonrelativistic results may lead to larger errors than omitting ZPV corrections altogether.

This article focuses on one of the most pressing issues in Ukraine today, the ongoing war in the Donbass. Using selected examples of Ukrainian prose, the authors analyse the impact of the war on the fate of individuals and their families. However, the theme goes far beyond the literary text and touches on important social and political issues facing Ukraine today. The authors understand prose as one of the narratives of culture, which not only conceptualizes reality in a certain way, but also has a real impact on social attitudes. Contemporary Ukrainian prose about the war in the Donbass analyses many stereotypes about the inhabitants of eastern Ukraine, shows them in their complicated family relationships, and also takes up one of the most universal literary motifs, namely the figure of the house in the face of a disruption of its everyday order. Characteristic of this prose is the individualized perspective, which aims not only to present events on a broad political level, but above all to draw attention to the impact of these events on the individual. Such an individualized perspective is an effective means of reaching the recipient and making him aware of the multidimensionality of the military conflict taking place before our eyes.

The aim of the study was to compare the eating out preferences of young adult consumers in Poland and Greece. Young adult consumers in Poland and Greece, living in the capitals of these countries, exhibited different behaviour when eating outside the home. A common feature in both countries was frequent eating out at the weekend. However, Poles more often than Greeks, ate out on weekdays as well as at weekends. In both countries, besides local dishes, young adults most often preferred North American and Italian cuisine. Greeks, more often than Poles, ate take-away dishes with their friends and families members, while Poles more often ate them alone. Young women, in both countries ate out more often than men.

Histopathological evaluation plays a key role in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Tumor-related local inflammation is regarded as a novel prognostic parameter. Neutrophils constitute one of the main types of inflammatory cells. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic value of intratumoral tumor-associated neutrophils (intraTANs), stromal TANs (stromaTANs) and necrosis, as well as their combined parametric value in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue sections from patients with CRC. For this purpose, a retrospective study of 160 patients with CRC who underwent surgery was conducted. The association of intraTANs, stromaTANs, necrosis and their combined parametric value with the clinicopathological features of patients with CRC was examined. The Kaplan-Meier method and the log-rank test were used to compare survival curves. To identify independent prognostic factors, uni- and multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression models were used. StromaTANs were associated with lymph node metastasis (P=0.049) and tumor deposits (P=0.041). In addition, necrosis was found to be associated with venous (P=0.003), lymphatic (P=0.007) and perineural (P=0.015) invasion, as well as with lymph node metastasis (P=0.033), the number of invaded lymph nodes (P=0.012), and lymph node pouch invasion (P=0.043). Furthermore, necrosis was found to be associated with the white blood cell count (P=0.030), neutrophil count (P=0.011), the combined neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR-PLR) (P=0.038), and the combined platelet and NLR (PLT-NLR status) (P=0.030), as well as with the serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels following surgery (P=0.011) and the monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (P=0.023). The combined parametric value was found to be associated with pT stage (P=0.049), venous (P=0.034) and lymphatic (P=0.026) invasion, and with serum CEA levels prior to surgery (P=0.029). The analysis of the 3-year disease-free survival (DFS) time revealed that tumor growth [hazard ratio (HR), 2.070; 95% CI, 1.837-3.808; P=0.003] and the combined parametric value (intraTANs, stromaTANs and necrosis, HR, 1.577; 95% CI, 1.372-3.032; P=0.028) were independent factors for patients with CRC. Taken together, the findings of the present study demonstrated that the combined value of neutrophils and necrosis examined in the cancerous tissue may be used as a prognostic factor for the 3-year DFS time in patients with CRC.

BACKGROUND Despite effective prevention and screening methods, the incidence and mortality rates associated with colorectal cancer (CRC) are still high. Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), a signaling molecule involved in cell proliferation, survival and metabolic responses has been implicated in carcinogenic processes in various cellular and animal models. However, the role of IRS-1 in CRC biology and its value as a clinical CRC biomarker has not been well defined. AIM To evaluate if and how IRS-1 expression and its associations with the apoptotic and proliferation tumor markers, Bax, Bcl-xL and Ki-67 are related to clinicopathological features in human CRC. METHODS The expression of IRS-1, Bax, Bcl-xL and Ki-67 proteins was assessed in tissue samples obtained from 127 patients with primary CRC using immunohistochemical methods. The assays were performed using specific antibodies against IRS-1, Bax, Bcl-xL, Ki-67. The associations between the expression of IRS-1, Bax, Bcl-xL, Ki-67 were analyzed in relation to clinicopathological parameters, i.e., patient age, sex, primary localization of tumor, histopathological type, grading, staging and lymph node spread. Correlations between variables were examined by Spearman rank correlation test and Fisher exact test with a level of significance at P < 0.05. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis of 127 CRC tissue samples revealed weak cytoplasmatic staining for IRS-1 in 66 CRC sections and strong cytoplasmatic staining in 61 cases. IRS-1 expression at any level in primary CRC was associated with tumor grade (69% in moderately differentiated tumors, G2 vs 31% in poorly differentiated tumors, G3) and with histological type (81.9% in adenocarcinoma vs 18.1% in adenocarcinoma with mucosal component cases). Strong IRS-1 positivity was observed more frequently in adenocarcinoma cases (95.1%) and in moderately differentiated tumors (85.2%). We also found statistically significant correlations between expression of IRS-1 and both Bax and Bcl-xL in all CRC cases examined. The relationships between studied proteins were related to clinicopathological parameters of CRC. No significant correlation between the expression of IRS-1 and proliferation marker Ki-67, excluding early stage tumors, where the correlation was positive and on a high level (P = 0.043, r = 0.723). CONCLUSION This study suggests that IRS-1 is co-expressed with both pro- and antiapoptotic markers and all these proteins are more prevalent in more differentiated CRC than in poorly differentiated CRC.

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. At every phase of cancer development, the inflammatory process has an important impact. Accurate assessment inflammatory cells in the tumour environment in conjunction with clinico-pathologic features can be a relevant prognostic or predictive parameter. Purpose: To analyse inflammatory cell infiltration in CRC tumour mass and correlate with chosen clinico-pathologic parameters. Materials and methods: The study group consisted of 160 patients (64 women, 96 men) diagnosed with colorectal cancer who underwent surgery. Tissue material obtained from routine histopathological diagnosis was stained with H&E and used to assess the type of inflammatory cells in the invasive front and centre of the tumour. Results were subjected to statistical analysis with the age and gender of patients, tumour localization, tumour growth and size, TNM stage, adenocarcinoma type, fibrosis, necrosis, metastasis and tumour invasion (by the Spearman’s correlation coefficient test). Results: The presence of neutrophils in the invasive front of tumour mass was associated with fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration in the invasive front of tumour. Macrophages in the invasive front of tumour were found to correlate with tumour growth (expanding and infiltrate). Macrophages and eosinophils were associated with inflammatory cell infiltration in the invasive front and in the centre of tumour. Conclusions: The type of inflammatory cells in the invasive front or centre of the tumour may be useful to prognoses clinical features of colorectal cancer

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers in Poland. The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of absolute monocyte count, neutrophil-to-monocyte ratio (NMR) and monocyte­to­lymphocyte ratio (MLR) in pre- and postoperative blood samples of patients with CRC. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed medical records of 160 patients diagnosed with CRC who underwent surgery. Blood samples were obtained within 3 days before and after the surgical treatment. Venous blood samples were also obtained from 42 healthy controls. Results: Pre- and postoperative NMR were significantly higher than healthy controls (p

An unambiguous assignment of coupling pathways plays an important role in the description and rationalization of NMR indirect spin-spin coupling constants (SSCCs). Unfortunately, the SSCC analysis and visualization tools currently available to quantum chemists are restricted to nonrelativistic theory. Here, we present the theoretical foundation for novel relativistic SSCC visualization techniques based on analysis of the SSCC densities and the first-order current densities induced by the nuclear magnetic dipole moments. Details of the implementation of these techniques in the ReSpect program package are discussed. Numerical assessments are performed on through-space SSCCs, and we choose as our examples the heavy-atom Se-Se, Se-Te, and Te-Te coupling constants in three similar molecules for which experimental data are available. SSCCs were calculated at the nonrelativistic, scalar relativistic, and four-component relativistic density functional levels of theory. Furthermore, with the aid of different visualization methods, we discuss the interpretation of the relativistic effects, which are sizable for Se-Se, very significant for Se-Te, and cannot be neglected for Te-Te couplings. A substantial improvement of the theoretical SSCC values is obtained by also considering the molecular properties of a second conformation.

Background. The topic of socio-cultural changes related to die Revolution of Dignity and subsequently to the military actions in the east of Ukraine, is familiar to the Polish reader from many publications, both literary and scientific. The proposed article deals widi an illustrated project - a children’s book “The War that Changed Rondo” by Andrey Lesiv and Romana Romanyshyn, as well as its translation into Polish.Purpose. We agree with translation theorists claiming that children’s literature deserves more attention from scholars; many researchers clearly show the complexity both of the process itself and of its analysis. We build upon these insights in our paper.Methods. Basing on comparative analysis, we highlight the specifics of the translation (to Polish) of the illustrated children’s books dealing with the complex issues of war. We combine the linguistic approach with the cultural one, which allows us to comprehensively investigate the characteristics of the publication, as they were reflected in the translation.Results. In general, we think that the translation process was strongly shaped by the graphic design of the book, since the drawings and the text are inseparable here. As a result, the Polish reader received a product that was equivalent to the original.Discussion. We consider the analysis of children’s literature that addresses the complex contemporary problems to be extremely relevant. Translated works pose an even greater challenge to both the researcher during the analysis and the publisher, and further to the reader, who is to convey and understand the complex context of the picturebook.Article received 12.08.2019

The article analyses the extended interview Dialogue Heals all Wounds carried out by Marek Tomalik, the head of the foreign department of the Catholic Information Agency, with Sviatoslav Shevchuk, Major Archbishop of Kiev, the head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, published in 2018 by the Znak Publishing House. The focus is on the genre features that allow to categorise this text as autobiographical literature. When analysing the memories of the main character, special attention is devoted to the construction of his personal, group, and national identity in the text.

We investigate the effect of relativity on harmonic vibrational frequencies. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations using the four-component Dirac–Coulomb Hamiltonian have been performed for 15 hydrides (H2X, X = O, S, Se, Te, Po; XH3, X = N, P, As, Sb, Bi; and XH4, X = C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) as well as for HC≡CPbH3. The vibrational frequencies have been calculated using finite differences of the molecular energy with respect to geometrical distortions of the nuclei. The influences of the choice of basis set, exchange–correlation functional, and step length for the numerical differentiation on the calculated harmonic vibrational frequencies have been tested, and the method has been found to be numerically robust. Relativistic effects are noticeable for the heavier congeners H2Te and H<2Po, SbH3 and BiH3, and SnH4 and PbH4 and are much more pronounced for the vibrational modes with higher frequencies. Spin–orbit effects constitute a very small fraction of the total relativistic effects, except for H2Te and H2Po. For HC≡CPbH3 we find that only the frequencies of the modes with large contributions from Pb displacements are significantly affected by relativity.

This article provides an insight into the contemporary level of gender equality that characterizes Swedish news programs. The study is based on available data and reports regarding women’s status in the newsroom, as well as their opportunities and access to the process of making news. The study analyses Swedish public service channels’ policy concerning women’s and men’s equal rights in the newsroom and the reflection of this in practice. The main aim of the article is to explore whether Swedish news is really as gender neutral as expected and what needs to be improved to achieve actual gender balance.

W artykule przeanalizowano powieść Żanny Słoniowskiej Dom z witrażem pod kątem relacji pomiędzy zamieszkującymi go czterema pokoleniami kobiet. Skoncentrowano się na procesie kształtowania się tożsamości najmłodszej bohaterki. Przeanalizowano wpływ, jaki wywarły na nią doświadczenia terroru i wojny, które spotkały jej prababkę i babkę, a także zaangażowanie polityczne oraz śmierć matki. Poszukiwano także odpowiedzi na pytanie o miejsce, jakie w procesie kształtowania się jej tożsamości zajmuje Lwów i jego pejzaż semantyczny.

The article analyzes a volume of literary reports by Ê. Gončarova Desʹ poruč vìjna. The texts that the writers come out from under the pen are deeply rooted in the described reality, not only thought out but also lived. Jelizaweta Honcharova writes reports from the war which brutally invaded her life (she comes from Artemivsk herself). In the texts, however, we will not fi nd despair, complaint or grief and pictures of the life of the areas through which the war is swept. The protagonists of the reports Desʹ poruč vìjna are people repeatedly subjected to war. The writer looks at their reactions to the next challenges, the struggle for survival, the safety of his family, and fi nally the normal living conditions. Jelizaweta Honcharova notices their confusion, the doubts on which side of the confl ict should be told. Without pathos and judgment, it shows the drama of political divisions and choices in which the boundary between being a patriot and a traitor is often not sharp clear może. He leans over a drama of broken families, confl icts and despair that break out in them. The author presents a war that kills childhood. It takes your big and smaller dreams away irretrievably. The drama of war presented by the writer takes place on many levels. The most important of them is probably the sphere of family life. War violates the basic tissue of relationships for children. Thanks to the reports of Honcharova, the reader notices the whole range of problems that a young man encounters. The reports are full of pain but also the awareness of the good that happens between people even in such inhuman times. They constitute a kind of testimony of history, designed to protect against possible attempts to manipulate it in the future. Thus, Honcharova gives them supra-regional and timeless dimension.

The presence of tumor cells in the large intestine stimulates hypoxia and local inflammatory mediators that activate numerous inflammatory cells, including a diverse lymphoid tumor cell population. The aim of the present study was to evaluate tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) located in the invasive primary tumor, surrounding deposits of tumor cells and those present in distal metastatic cells in the liver of patients with colorectal cancer. Furthermore, the correlation of TILs with anatomical parameters was assessed. The study group included 123 patients with primary tumor colorectal cancer without distant metastasis, 25 cases with deposits of colorectal cancer cells and 15 cases of colorectal cancer liver metastasis. TILs were assessed in tissues stained with hematoxylin-eosin using light microscopy and evaluated by two independent pathologists blinded to the clinical information. Infiltration of TILs in the invasive front of primary tumor was stronger compared with those surrounding deposits of cancer cells and liver metastases (P

Introduction Endothelial dysfunction is one of the most important factors implicated in the pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the E-selectin gene (SELE) with CAD and CAD-related traits using tagging polymorphisms. Material and methods A total of 379 Polish patients who had undergone angiography were included: 261 patients with angiographically documented CAD, 202 CAD patients without myocardial infarction (CAD/MI(–) group) and 59 patients with myocardial infarction (CAD/MI(+) group) as well as 118 healthy control subjects (non-CAD). Eight tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the SELE gene were selected using genotype data from HapMap. Genotyping was performed using PCR-RFLP and PCR-DHPLC methods. Results The most common SELE haplotype in this analysis ([C;G;T;C;G;T], 31.2%) showed a negative association with myocardial infarction (MI) (CAD/MI(+) vs. non-CAD) under the additive (p = 0.001), dominant (p = 0.006) and recessive (p = 0.012) model. Two other haplotypes ([C;G;C;C;A;C], [C;A;C;A;G;T], 5.73% and 18.1%, respectively) were also negatively associated with MI under the additive and dominant model. We also found two haplotypes ([T;G;T;C;G;T], [C;G;C;C;A;T], 1.52% and 6.71%, respectively) associated with the risk for MI (CAD/MI(+) vs. CAD/MI(–)), acting in both additive (p = 0.04, p = 0.007, respectively) and dominant (p = 0.04, p = 0.004, respectively) manner. There was no association with either CAD/MI(–) or with severity of CAD expressed as the number of vessels involved. Conclusions Our results suggest that SELE is one of the independent genetic factors modifying the risk of myocardial infarction.

The efficacy of cancer immunotherapy has been actively explored in the treatment of various malignant neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. In light of recent reports, the present study aimed to investigate the combination of the absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), percentage of tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TILs) and tumor progression status in patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) who underwent surgery. The medical records of 160 patients diagnosed with CRC were retrospectively reviewed. TILs were determined as a percentage of mononuclear inflammatory cells in the total intratumoral or stromal area as determined in five high power fields (magnification, x200-400), at the invasive front and in the centre of the tumour. Blood samples were obtained within 3 days prior to and 7 days following the surgical treatment. The assessment of the TIL percentage was performed in the tissue at the invasive front and in the centre of the primary tumour mass in combination with the determination of ALC in whole blood samples. The samples were obtained prior to and after surgery from patients with CRC, and the tumour progression status was also assessed (TILs/ALC/tumour progression status). A significant association was observed between the percentage of TILs in the main mass of tumour and the tumour size (P=0.031), the pT stage (P=0.049) and the incidence of necrosis (P=0.037) following surgery. The histological type was associated with the evaluated combined parameters prior to surgery (P=0.046). Lymph node pouch invasion was associated with TILs at the invasive front of tumour and with ALC prior to and after surgery (P=0.006 and P=0.037). Furthermore, the data indicated that the percentage of TILs located on the invasive front and centre of the tumour, and the ALC prior to and following surgery correlated with the treatment status (P=0.032, P=0.018, P≤0.001 and P≤0.001). A significant association was noted between eight features and evaluated combined parameters following surgery. These included the tumour size (P=0.021), TNM stage (P

The potential energy curves and the NMR properties: nuclear spin–spin coupling constants and nuclear shielding constants have been calculated for Zn2, Cd2 and Hg2 dimers using density functional theory. The calculations have been carried out using the relativistic four-component Dirac–Coulomb Hamiltonian, and, in the case of energy curves, also relativistic effective core potentials. In case of NMR parameters, the relativistic effects turned out to be critically important even for the lightest dimer, Zn2. The importance of the spin–orbit coupling depends on the internuclear distance: these effects tend to be significant for short internuclear distances.

Background. The recent years have brought significant changes in the didactics of languages, placing a greater emphasis on the cultural context in the learning process. It is a result of the preferred goals of the learning process: not only to learn the language but also to know the cultural and social context in which it operates. The proposed article deals with the relationship between language and culture, especially in the process of learning Ukrainian as a common language in Polish scientific and didactic centres.Purpose. Establishing and describing the role and importance of cultural topics in the process of teaching Ukrainian as a foreign language by analyzing textbooks on the Ukrainian language published in recent years as well as the collection and interpretation of survey results. In the survey, we are primarily interested in the following: whether and how the cultural topic motivates students to continue learning the language or helps to understand cultural differences between nations, whether it plays an educational role, etc.Methods. In addition to analyzing textbooks for learning Ukrainian as a foreign language, in which we emphasize the importance of the cultural aspect, we developed and conducted a survey on the relationship between language learning and interest in cultural content. The respondents were students of the Department of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Warsaw. The survey results with analysis and comments are the second integral part of the article.Results. The authors of the analyzed textbooks took into account the approach that would encourage students to carefully observe, analyze and interpret various socio-cultural phenomena, both historical and contemporary, important due to their characteristics and importance for carriers of a specific culture. Therefore, and as a result of observation of how young people aged 18–25 (i. e. university students) perceive cultural content, the textbooks contain such texts that influence the sensitivity to Ukrainian culture, represent its richness, allow to see the similarities and differences of various aspects of Polish culture.Discussion. The conclusions from the analysis and the results of the survey can help in the preparation of educational materials, their improvement and in changing future textbooks so that they can meet the needs of the recipient. The aim of learning Ukrainian as a foreign language should not only be the ability to use lexical and grammatical means effectively but also to communicate freely and this is possible provided understanding the reality in which the language is rooted and a deep understanding of its history, present, and future.Manuscript received 02.06.2020, У статті порушено проблему взаємозв’язку мови і культури в процесі викладання української мови як іноземної у вищих навчальних закладах Республіки Польща. Дослідження проведено на основі аналізу підручників, що вийшли друком у Варшаві впродовж 2017–2018 років і скеровані передусім до студентів філологічних факультетів. Наголошено на потребі використання у дидактиці іноземної мови різних культурознавчих аспектів, що сприяють розумінню контексту і середовища функціювання мови.Матеріал надійшов 02.06.2020

The article analyzes the role that references to folklore play in Ukrainian picture books. The question is to what extent these publications can be considered relevant social or cultural documents. Research corpus includes: The Bride by Yaryna Vynnytska and Yulia Tabenska; In the Country of Cheese Grasshoppers by Yulia Tabenska, Oleh Denysenko, Ostap Lozynsky, and Dmytro Osipov; The School of Christmas by Yaryna Vynnytska and Olena Smetana’s art book Skrynia. References to the palimpsest and the role of the collage are analyzed showing that the selected texts are dense and concentric, containing coherent semantic layers which involve many intersecting cultural, national, and family aspects.

The monograph analyses literary images of difficult childhood from the end of the 19th century to modern times. The authors look at different subject matters from various perspectives. The most important of them are: the problem of establishing identity in times of turmoil or individual crises, the influence of social and political events on the image of childhood and childhood in war literature (which concerns World War II and subsequent conflicts, including the current one in Ukraine).

High power laser science and engineering 9, e3 (2021). doi:10.1017/hpl.2020.38, In this work we present experimental results on the behavior of diamond at megabar pressure. The experiment was performed using the PHELIX facility at GSI in Germany to launch a planar shock into solid multi-layered diamond samples. The target design allows shock velocity in diamond and in two metal layers to be measured as well as the free surface velocity after shock breakout. As diagnostics, we used two velocity interferometry systems for any reflector (VISARs). Our measurements show that for the pressures obtained in diamond (between 3 and 9 Mbar), the propagation of the shock induces a reflecting state of the material. Finally, the experimental results are compared with hydrodynamical simulations in which we used different equations of state, showing compatibility with dedicated SESAME tables for diamond., Published by Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge