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Time and space are thoroughly interlinked, not only in human perception, but in everyday life. While it may still be unclear where the time and distance perception originates and what function can be assigned to their relationship, the behavioral point of view demonstrates enough evidence of similar patterns. The aim of this research is to make another step in the direction of connecting those constructs and offer a research example with application. The objective of this research is to examine time and distance preferences in purchase situations where additional unit of time or distance saves respondent's money, and to offer a research example with application in consumer choice. Two sets of survey data of responses to hypothetical situations enable response examination. Descriptive statistical analysis is followed with the cluster analysis, multidimensional scaling and unfolding, and nonparametric tests. The results are discussed in terms of possible extension of the intertemporal choice terminology and findings to the spatio-temporal context. The findings indicate dominant susceptibility to discount amount, but also reveal similarity in responses involving the time and space distances at the similar construal level. Practical implications indicate possibility for application of space and time interchangeably in discount management, which might enable higher flexibility in the supply and decrease the customer clustering on the discount days.

While decision-making process and influences are extensively researched, linking those insights to real-life choices opens various research questions that have yet to be answered. The purpose of this paper is to examine the correlation of personality traits to advisory first-choice in two context situations: solving a financial and a legal issue. The goal is to identify individual’s choices, as well as personality traits that correlate to specific advisory choice and offer theoretical and practical insights, as well as to implicitly examine the base for further research regarding the connection of personality traits and general attitudes to biases. Personality traits, value scales and advisory choice preferences were collected online and analyzed using logistic binomial regression models to determine statistically significant variables and possibility of choice prediction. Respondents’ answers are also observed regarding biases occurrence, where overconfidence, anchoring, familiarity and trust biases are discussed. Although advisor first–choice models offer a correlation of the personality traits and general attitudes with moderate and high prediction, which enables specific and practical implications ; they also indicate a theoretical contribution: it is not possible to outline generalization of influencing variables on similar observed choices. This can mean that two seemingly similar questions represent completely different decision-making contexts for individuals. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

The aim of this research was to examine partial reflective awareness in ethical business choices in Croatia. The ethical decision-making is interlinked with sustainable practices, but it is also its prerequisite. Thus, better understanding of business ethics decision-making provides a basis for designing and implementing sustainability in a corporate setting. The research was done on student populations who will soon carry important roles and make important decisions for individuals, organizations, and society. The field research was conducted using Kohlberg’s scenarios. The results reveal that the process of decision-making goes through the lenses of respondents’ own preferred ethics. However, the reflective awareness of respondents’ preferred ethics is skewed and regularities in that deviations point out to the relevance of the context characteristics and arousal factors. In addition, the individuals do not use all available information in the assessment process. The revealed partial reflective awareness contributes to explanation of why people have problems with justifying their choices. As there are many examples of unethical behavior in the environment that remain unpunished, it is necessary to raise awareness of the issue. Improvement in reflective awareness would contribute to more sustainable ethical choices and reveal a possibility of an intervention design within the higher education framework.

U radu se razmatra određivanje optimalne rute po turističkim atrakcijama. Na primjeru odabranih deset atrakcija u gradu Puli, dokazuje se da je problem optimalne rute rješiv modeliranjem po uzoru na model putujućega trgovačkog predstavnika (TSP) te primjenom evolucijske metode. Postavljeni problem odnosi se na određivanje pješačke rute i modeliran je iz perspektiva minimizacije udaljenosti i minimizacije vremena potrebnog za obilazak. Prikaz rješavanja korištenjem MS Excela upućuje na mogućnost jednostavne i intuitivne pripreme podataka za analizu te relativno brzog utvrđivanja rješenja. Rezultati upućuju na mogućnosti upotrebe pri organizaciji obilaska u turističkoj destinaciji, prednosti i nedostatke primijenjene metode, ali i prednosti upotrebe kvantitativnih metoda uupravljanju turističkim atrakcijama. Uočena fleksibilnost primjene rezultata otvara mogućnosti daljnjeg obogaćivanja modela, ali i daljnji razvoj u obliku integracije u sustav potpore u upravljanju destinacijom kvantitativnim metodama, uz doprinos održivosti turizma destinacije.

Statistička pismenost jedna je od kritičnih vještina odraslih osoba potrebna za funkcioniranje u modernom društvu kao informiranih i aktivnih građana i zaposlenika, ali i često zanemarena vještina. Jedan od razloga može biti neujednačenost pri definiranju statističke pismenosti, zaključivanja i mišljenja, pri čemu se tri pojma isprepliću. Svrha rada jest ukazati na važnost statističke pismenosti, zaključivanja i mišljenja te pojmovno ih odrediti. U radu je predstavljen sistematizirani pregled pristupa pojmovnom određivanju statističke pismenosti, zaključivanja i mišljenja. Rezultat je predloženi okvir definicija uz prateće elemente znanja, dispozicije i razina obrazovnih ishoda. Specifična znanja, vještine i način razmišljanja uz primjenu u različitim područjima djelovanja argumenti su za priznavanje statističke pismenosti kao generičke kompetencije. Postavljanje definicija prvi je korak pri operacionalizaciji i implementaciji, uz implikacije vezane za poziciju u kurikulumu i provedbu.

Društveno nepovoljan status beskućnika još uvijek nije dovoljno obuhvaćen mjerama za smanjenje rizika nastupa situacije beskućništva u Hrvatskoj, što ukazuje na potrebe za dodatnim istraživanjem otegotnih čimbenika i razvojem mjera prevencije. Temeljem pregleda dosadašnjih spoznaja o beskućnicima kao najranjivijoj skupini unutar skupine siromašnih, uočavaju se dva oprečna pristupa: promatranje beskućništva kao rezultata spleta okolnosti i kao vlastitog izbora. Pristup koji se koristi u ovom radu predstavlja kombinaciju navedenog i odnosi se na preispitivanje skupina utjecajnih čimbenika i njihove uloge pri donošenju odluka koje su prethodile nastaloj situaciji beskućništva. Cilj rada je postaviti teorijsku osnovu za preispitivanje utjecajnih čimbenika u kontekstu donošenja odluka koje su prethodile beskućništvu te predstaviti rezultate eksplorativnog istraživanja na prosudbenom uzorku korisnika Prihvatilišta za beskućnike Gradskog društva Crvenog križa Pula. Upitnikom i polustrukturiranim intervjuima prikupljeni su samoprocijenjeni podatci temeljem prisjećanja ispitanika o situacijama u kojima su donosili relevantne socioekonomske odluke u svom životu. Rezultati ukazuju da je situaciji beskućništva kod ispitanika prethodilo donošenje odluka uz splet barem tri utjecajna čimbenika iz različitih skupina utjecaja. Uočene pravilnosti predstavljaju podlogu za daljnja istraživanja., The socially unfavorable status of the homeless is still not sufficiently supported by risk-reduction measures of homelessness in Croatia, which indicates the need for additional research of aggravating factors and development of prevention measures. Based on a review of current knowledge about the homeless, two opposing approaches are observed: the homelessness as a result of a set of circumstances and the homelessness as one's own choice. The approach used in this paper is a combination of the above and refers to the review of groups of influencing factors and their role in respondents' decision-making that preceded the situation of homelessness. The aim of this paper is to set the theoretical basis for investigation of influential factors in the context of decision-making that preceded homelessness and to present the results of exploratory research based on the purposive sampling (users of the »Homeless Shelter of the Red Cross Pula«). The questionnaire and semi-structured interviews were used for obtaining self-reported data based on respondents' recollections of situations in which they made relevant socioeconomic decisions in their lives. The results indicate that the respondents' homelessness situation was preceded by decision-making with a combination of at least three influential factors from different groups of aggravating influences. The observed regularities are the basis for further research.

In everyday life, games begin inconspicuously, leaving an individual to stumble upon their assessment of a situation. An unaware individual is unlikely to exhibit strategic behavior in a given situation, which highlights the importance of awareness examination. The purpose of this exploratory analysis is to examine awareness and assessment of a game&rsquo, s existence at the individual level. That requires examination of respondents&rsquo, detection (as an indication of their awareness) and identification (as an indication of their assessment) of game elements in game-like situations and their relation to awareness of the game existence. The empirical data is collected using a scenario technique and is statistically analyzed. The results show that the respondents are, on average, at least partially aware of possibility for strategic interaction (even in vague situations). The revealed regularities point out to the relation of the game elements to game existence belief, but also indicate the presence of psychological biases and information utilization issues. For example, the respondents assign different levels of belief to game existence regarding possible losses or gains. Research limitations involve the use of a small convenience sample and lead to suggestions for results validation in future research. Possible implications of the results are discussed.

The Croatian Fiscalization Law implemented in Croatia in 2013 created dynamic interaction and significant consequences for business and the Government. We examine the influence of the Fiscalization Law on decision making of businesses and its consequences. The paper provides an overview and analysis of the implementation process, business decisions, interactions between business and Tax Administration, as well as the consequences. Financial benefits of tax evasion form a clear motivation for businesses, but non compliance could lead to losses due to penalties. Given the decision-making under risk, the interaction between a business and Tax Administration should be formed as a game model enriched with empirical data. Given the empirical data, while businesses show tendency to deviate, Government generates gain. Hence, it is necessary to examine the equilibrium: how much deviation will the Government tolerate before raising penalties, and which amount of risk will business be willing to take in order to evade taxes.

Many researches of generation and age group characteristics emphasize the differences and specifics. This paper emphasizes questioning of relatively permanent psychological constructs: personality traits (according to Jung's typology) and general attitudes (according to Spranger's classification), focusing on age groups. Individuals born in period 1996 - 2000reached adulthood and startedmaking decisions on their own; they havebecome (or will soon become) part of the labor force, thus increasing theirpurchasing power, and their share in population (and market) will increase in the years to come. The aim of this research is to determine the differences in personality traits and general attitudes expression concerning the age groups. A convenience sample of 331 respondents has been collected for this research and one-way analysis of variance is applied to transversal data to determine if personality traits and general attitudes expressionsshow statistically significantdifferences concerning the age groups. The results show there is no statistically significant differences in personality traits expression given the respondents’ belonging to three age groups, while statistically significant difference occurs for individualistic, aesthetical and social general attitude. Results’ implications are relevant for theoretical and practical application in employee analysis in the fields of human resources management and internal marketing, as well as for negotiation and purchase behavior analysis in marketing science. Given the established similarities between the age groups, a recommendation derives to emphasize similarities while overcoming age groups differences.

Many types of research of generations and age groups' characteristics emphasize the differences and specifics. This paper emphasizes relatively permanent psychological constructs: personality traits (according to Jung's typology) and general attitudes (according to Spranger's classification), focusing on age groups. Individuals born in period 1996 - 2000 reached adulthood and started making decisions on their own; they have become (or will soon become) part of the labor force, thus increasing their purchasing power, and their share in population (and market) will increase in the years to come. This research aims to determine the differences in personality traits and general attitudes expression concerning the age groups, focusing on the last age group. A convenience sample of 331 respondents has been collected for this research. A nonparametric one-way analysis of variance is applied to transversal data to determine if personality traits and general attitudes expressions show statistically significant differences between the three age groups. The results show no statistically significant differences in personality traits expression given the respondents' belonging to three age groups, while statistically significant difference occurs for individualistic, aesthetical, and social general attitudes. Results' implications are relevant for theoretical and practical application in employee analysis in the fields of human resources management and internal marketing, as well as for negotiation and purchase behavior analysis in marketing science. Given the established similarities between the age groups, a derived recommendation emphasizes similarities while overcoming age groups' differences., Proofread final version. Previous version is a first draft mistakenly published in the Conference proceedings

The inclusion of emotions in the strategic decision-making research is long overdue. This paper deals with the emotions that human resource managers experience when they participate in a strategic problem-solving event or a strategic planning event. We examine the patterns in the intensity of experienced emotions with regard to event appraisal (from a personal perspective and the organization&rsquo, s perspective), job satisfaction, and coexistence of emotions. The results reveal that enthusiasm is the most intensely experienced emotion for positively appraised strategic decision-making events, while frustration is the most intensely experienced emotion for negatively appraised problem-solving events, as is disappointment for strategic planning. The distinction between a personal and organizational perspective of the event appraisal reveals differences in experienced emotions, and the intensity of experienced anger is the best indicator of the difference in the event appraisals from the personal and organizational perspective. Both events reveal the variety of involved emotions and the coexistence of&mdash, not just various emotions, but also emotions of different dominant valence. The findings indicate that a strategic problem-solving event triggers greater emotional turmoil than a strategic planning event. The paper also discusses theoretical and practical implications.

The tendency of bias identification and quantification with the goal of better estimation and prediction, grows. The purpose of this paper is to question how deep analysis is necessary to increase prediction of communication preferences given the customer’s personality traits/biases. Examined communication preferences regard to the communication approach, language use and information sharing. This paper offers a psychometric assessment of the personality estimates and traits, as well as econometric examination of correlation to consumer first- choice communication preferences using linear logit model with binomial dependent variable. The results point out that the more detail analysis provides more accurate predictions, to the point where estimators as regressors for communication choices provide more accurate prediction than the use of the personality traits as independent variables. Paper delivers empirical assessment of consumers’ communication preferences using primary data set. Practical implications relate to the use of the findings in communication with consumers in online and/ or digital marketing communication. One of the possible practical use of the results can be as an input for the recommendation agents. Theoretical implications of the findings request questioning the use of the personality traits as an interim stage in decision-making predictions. In addition, these findings fill the gap in the field of communication preference based on personality traits and personality estimators. The data set has been previously used for the doctoral thesis research. For the purpose of this research, data was re-coded and analyzed using different approach, namely binomial logistic regression.

The concept of the sustainable development popularized the reflection on resources allocation, but considering of sustainability of employee productivity is still in its infancy. Using the game theory model, we will analyze the influences and mechanisms that affect the individual as the unit of the sustainability of the company. In this paper, we will provide a new approach to an individual productivity and determine the boundaries of the employee’s workload using the game theory model. The model will sketch and determine the framework of long term and sustainable productivity of an individual, as the basis for the sustainable economic growth of the company. The final goal is to point out to the importance of respecting sustainability of productivity on the individual level. Provided framework could be used for both practical and theoretical application.

The topic of morality has been investigated from the perspective of conditions and influences that result in immoral behavior or a deviation from moral or ethical choices. At the same time, moral perspective of the situation has not received such attention in behavioral economics. Previous research reveals that moral choice is not the best option in every situation, especially in experiments designed to provoke the deviation, but there is always a fraction of cases where individuals nevertheless choose the moral alternative. This paper entertains the proposition that such cases occur due to a skewed perception induced by individual's morality. Strategic implications are examined as a thought exercise within a normal form, simultaneous and repeated game framework, focusing on two elements of the skewed perception: moral satisfaction and a motivated ignorance of immoral alternatives. The findings point out to existence of game settings where a moral choice is the best strategy and leads to an equilibrium. However, any other game setting indicates unfavorable outcome for the moral player. In addition, skewed perception enhances perceived payoff whereby moral player suffers real loss before suffering perceived loss. Perception skewed by morality, therefore, causes strategic implications.

The global business environment is facing many significant challenges, and this was the guideline for our 8th International Scientific Conference “Future World by 2050”, held in Pula, Croatia from 1st to 3rd June, 2017. The aim was to bring together researchers, scientists, and students to exchange and share their experiences, views, new ideas, and research results on all aspects of Economics, and to discuss the prac-tical challenges encountered and the solutions proposed. The focus of this eighth conference was to explore how economics, as a sci-ence, will face global challenges in the future; challenges such as poverty, aging popu-lation, (un)employment, (dis)integration, environmental catastrophes, innovations, etc. Through six sessions: Socioeconomic Challenges of the Future World; Economics; Finance and Accounting; Marketing and Management; Tourism; and Innovation and Competitive-ness, theparticipants discussed the presented research findings, and we are sure that the presented ideas and suggestions were priceless to all participants. Our thoughts were also inspired by appreciated keynote speeches delivered by Prof. Soumitra Sharma, emeritus professor from Juraj Dobrila University of Pula, Dr. Nawazish Mirza from S P Jain School of Global Management, Dubai Campus, UAE, and Dr. Daphna Kariv from School of Business, Administration, the College of Management Academic Studies (COMAS), Rishon Lezion, Israel, which gave participants educa-tive and valuable insights into the necessary considerations on the present that will be reflected in the future as well. Two panel discussions on future business and in-novation opportunities were dedicated to both practice and examples from different countries, and gave us the opportunity to bring science closer to the local community. Huge effort was given to the selection process of received papers. Sixteen papers were selected altogether to be published in this Conference Proceedings Book; other selected papers will also be published in one of our scientific journals: “Economic Research” and “Review of Innovation and Competitiveness”. These Proceedings represent the work of contributors to the 8th International Scientific Conference “Future World by 2050”, and the selected papers reflect the truly global research of our future world. On behalf of the Program and Organizing Committee, we would like to thank all the authors, keynote speakers and panelists. Their high competence, enthusiasm, dedication and knowledge enabled us to successfully complete the con-ference and prepare these Conference Proceedings in which, we are sure, you will find important topics and issues that will give you new insights and a glimpse into the future. Editors Danijela Križman Pavlović, Morena Paulišić , Katarina Kostelić

Digital society implies a transformation of the traditional way of life and the economic, industrial, educational, and labor changes as well as changes of personal and individual way of existence, but also the question of the "new" partnership in education. The study was conducted on N = 185 students of higher education institutions in German among various constituents (faculties and departments) in Mannheim, Mainz, and Heidelberg. The research was conducted during winter semester 2016/2017 academic year, from November 9 to January 14 The survey instrument used was the first part of the questionnaire to record students’ opinions on different variables related to various multimedia foreign language learning tool. Research results show that students feel that its necessary to invest in the Education of migrants in order to prevent the demolition of (inter)national identity, as well as to facilitate the realization of the process of socialization and more employment.