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Plant density, the number of plants per unit area, is an important factor in maize production. Plant density exhibits high variability and depends on a number of factors, i.e., the length of the growing period of the hybrid, the morphological characteristics of the plant, the amount and distribution of precipitation during the growing season, the reserve of winter moisture in the soil, the level of soil fertility, the time of sowing, agronomic management practices, and biomass and yield. The objective of this paper was to determine the agronomic optimal plant density for maize in calcareous soil in the semiarid conditions of the South Pannonian Basin. Field experiments were conducted at the experimental field—IFVCNS (two locations: Rimski Šančevi and Srbobran) to evaluate four plant densities (55,000; 65,000; 75,000; and 85,000 plants ha−1). The experimental sites “Rimski Šančevi” and “Srbobran” are located in the typical chernozem zone of the southern part of the Pannonian Basin. On average for all hybrids, the grain yield followed a second-degree polynomial model in response to the increasing planting density, with the highest value at plant density (PD2: 65,000 plants ha−1). To achieve maximum yield, the optimal planting density for corn hybrids of the FAO 200 group should be 57,600 plants ha−1, for the FAO 300 group 64,300 plants ha−1, for the FAO 400 group 68,700 plants ha−1, for the FAO 500 group 66,800 plants ha−1, and for the FAO 600 group 63,500 plants ha−1. “Which–Won–Where” biplot showed that the hybrid H24 from FAO 600 group was the highest yielding in all of the environments. Hybrid H17 from the same FAO group was the most stable across all of the environments. Selected hybrids may further be studied for planting density and nutritional requirements for getting maximum yield. By introducing new maize hybrids with higher genetic yield potential and better agronomic management practices, modern mechanization and agricultural techniques allowed to increase

Cultivated lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) is the most widely grown forage legume, mainly due to its high nutritive quality and yield. The objective of this study was to provide information about the optimal seeding rate and row spacing for alfalfa cultivation under rainfed conditions in the Republic of North Macedonia. Alfalfa was sown in the fall of 2020, using randomized complete block design in a split-split plot arrangement with three replications. The effects of two seeding rates (8 and 16 kg ha-1) and two row spaces (20 and 40 cm) were examined on fresh forage yield (FFY) and dry matter yield (DMY) of four alfalfa cultivars. From the evaluation, the sowing method (row spacing) and cultivar choice showed a significant impact on the obtained forage yield. The higher average yield of fresh (73.7 t ha-1) and dry (20.3 t ha-1) forage was achieved at a sowing distance of 20 cm. Since the seeding rate did not significantly impact FFY and DMY, in regions with a temperate climate, it is recommended that lower seeding rates than 16 kg ha-1 should be used in order to have sufficient and cost-effective alfalfa production. The inevitable issues for increasing alfalfa production are the selection of an appropriate cultivar with good adaptability to recent climate changes within compatible establishment methods.

Novostvorena sorta ozimog graška za zrno (Pisum sativum L.) NS Senior priznata od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije.

Novostvorena sorta jarog graška za zrno (Pisum sativum L.) NS Zefir priznata od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije.

Identifying the contributions of climate factors and fertilization to maize yield is significant for the assessment of climate change impacts on maize production under semiarid conditions. This experiment was conducted with an overall objective to find how N fertilization and cultivar interactions along with climatic conditions determine the mineral composition and maize yield responses of four divergent maize cultivars grown under eight different fertilization levels. The results showed that element contents were significantly affected by year (Y), cultivar (C), N fertilization, and N × C interaction. The element contents of grains were mainly influenced by N rate or N × C interactions. The results showed that maize yield was significantly affected by year (Y), genotype (G), N fertilization (N), and Y × G × N interaction. These results implied that the maize yield was significantly affected by changes in genotypes and environments. Overall, our findings are a result of the interactions of genetic, environmental, and agronomic management factors. Future studies could evaluate more extreme plant densities, N fertilizer levels, and environments to further enhance our understanding of management effects on the mineral composition and maize yield in calcareous soil.

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is an important legume that is also known as a rich source of isoflavones, which are compounds with mild estrogenic activity. Therefore, this plant is often used as a raw material in the production of dietary supplements recommended in menopause. Many factors can influence isoflavone content, but those genetically related are considered to be the most important. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the phytochemical profile of different plant parts of 30 red clover genotypes grouped according to ploidy and country of seed origin by analyzing the content of dominant isoflavones, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity. It was found that there are significant differences in the examined traits among plant parts. Red clover leaves had the highest total isoflavone content, with biochanin A as the dominant compound, while flower extracts had the highest TPC and antioxidant activity. Diploid and tetraploid genotypes were significantly different concerning the content of daidzein, genistein, formononetin and TPC with higher quantities in tetraploid samples. On the other hand, seed origin was not a useful separating factor for the analyzed samples. The results of this research indicate that ploidy, as a previously poorly studied factor, could influence isoflavone content in red clover.

Krmno bilje predstavlja grupu različitih biljnih vrsta iz familija Poaceae, Fabaceae, Brassicaceae, Amaranthaceae, za koje je zajedničko formiranje bujne vegetativne mase koja se koristi u ishrani stoke (Karagić i sar., 2019). U poslednje tri godine, površine pod krmnim biljem u Srbiji iznosile su između 223.000 i 235.000 ha. Tokom 2020. godine krmno bilje je u ukupnoj površini zasejanih oranica i bašta zauzimalo 9,0%, tokom 2021. godine 8,7%, a 2022. godine 8,6% (Republika Srbija, 2023). Biljna masa krmnih biljaka se u ishrani stoke koristi kao kabasta ili koncentrovana hrana, kao proteinska ili ugljeno-hidratna komponenta. Krmne biljne vrste se mogu gajiti kao pašnjaci i livade ili kao oranične kulture, usevi koji se uzgajaju za konzervisanu ili svežu hranu (Fuglie et al., 2021). U Srbiji je dominantniji način iskorišćavanja proizvodnja kabaste stočne hrane, zelena krma, seno, senaža ili silaža, dok se proteinski grašak koristi za proizvodnju zrna (Karagić i sar., 2012). Upotrebom konzervisane kabaste hrane zadovoljavajućeg kvaliteta postiže se ušteda u proizvodnji na račun manje potrošnje skupih koncentrata (Karagić i sar., 2016). Većina krmnih biljaka može se gajiti i kao združeni usev sa drugim biljnim vrstama i na taj način osigurava se proizvodnja veće količine izbalansirane stočne hrane u pogledu hranljive vrednosti. Gajenje krmnog bilja ima niz prednosti, osim direktne koristi koja se ogleda u proizvodnji stočne hrane, uključivanjem krmnih biljaka u plodored smanjuje se ili u potpunosti izostavlja primena mineralnih đubriva i povećava efikasnost iskorišćavanja mehanizacije (Katanski i sar., 2022). Za postizanje visokih prinosa zelene krme zadovoljavajućeg kvaliteta neophodna je pravovremena primena svih neophodnih agrotehničkih mera. Mamlić i sar. (2023) su na osnovu rezultata višegodišnjih istraživanja na biljkama iz familije leguminoza zaključili da pravovremena i pravilna primena preporučenih agrotehničkih mera, pre svega obrada zemljišta i upotreba đubr

Oplemeljivanje lucerke u Institutu za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu započeto je posle Drugog svetskog rata, korišćenjem autohtonih populacija, primenom masovne selekcije, kao najstarije metode. Osnovu uspešnog oplemenjivanja lucerke čini bogata genetska kolekcija, koja je prikupljana, ne samo od autohtonih populacija iz zemlje, već i razmenom materijala sa domaćim i svetskim naučno-istraživačkim institucijama i gen bankama, kao i kroz učešće istraživača u međunarodnim projektima. Oplemenjivanje lucerke u Institutu traje neprekidno više od šest decenija, kroz nekoliko ciklusa, primenom različitih oplemenjivačkih metoda, što je rezultiralo sa 22 sorte priznate u Srbiji i 9 sorti registrovanih u inostranstvu (EU, Belorusija, Ukrajina, Turska, Maroko). Iz globalne perspektive, kraj 20. i početak 21. veka obeležilo je uvođenje novog koncepta oplemenjivanja lucerke - semihibridno oplemenjivanje, kao jedan od načina da se poveća prinos krme lucerke, a farmeri u narednim godinama mogu očekivati nove, visokoprinosne i visokokvalitetne sorte lucerke. Savremene metoda biotehnologije –molekularni markeri, koji su značajni sa aspekta povećanja efikasnosti oplemenjivanja lucerke, takođe se intenzivno primenjuju u oplemenjivačkom radu. Poslednjih godina, Institut se intenzivnije bavi oplemenjivačkim strategijama vezanim za uvođenje genetičke osnove otpornosti na kisela zemljišta/Al tolerantnost korišćenjem populacija diploidne lucerke (M. lessingii Fisch. & C.A.Mey. ex Kar.), što predstavlja prvi pokušaj povećanja tolerantnosti lucerke na kisela zemljišta. U oplemenjivanju lucerke istraživanja su usmerena ka stvaranju sorti visoke produkcije nadzemne biomase, kao i proučavanje dugovečnosti – trajnosti sorti. Ispitivanje kvaliteta, posebno hranljive vrednosti i svarljivosti krme, kao i povećanje nivoa otpornosti na ekonomski značajne bolesti i poleganje lucerke, jedan su od pravaca rada na oplemenjivanju lucerke u Institutu., Breeding of alfalfa at the Institute of Field and Vegetables in Novi Sad began after the World War II, using autochthonous populations, and mass selection, as the oldest breeding method. The basis of successful alfalfa breeding is a rich genetic collection, which was collected not only from indigenous populations, but also by the exchange of genotypes with domestic and foreign research institutions and gene banks, as well as through the participation of researchers in international projects. Alfalfa breeding at the Institute has been going on continuously for more than six decades, through several cycles, using different breeding methods, which resulted in the development of 22 alfalfa cultivars in scribed in Serbia and 9 cultivars released abroad (EU, Belarus, Ukraine, Turkey, Morocco). From a global perspective, the end of the 20 th and the beginning of the 21 st century was marked by the introduction of a new concept of alfalfa breeding - semi-hybrid breeding, as one of the ways to increase the alfalfa biomass yield, and feed producers can expect the release of new, high- yielding and high-quality cultivars in the coming years. Modern methods of biotechnology - molecular markers, which are significant from the aspect of increasing the efficiency of alfalfa breeding, are also intensively applied in breeding work. In recent years, the Institute has been more intensively dealing with breeding strategies related to the introduction of the genetic basis of acid soil resistance/Al tolerance using diploid alfalfa (M. caerulea) populations, which represents the first attempt to increase alfalfa tolerance to acid soils. In alfalfa breeding, research is directed towards the creation of cultivars with high production of biomass, as well as the study of the durability of the varieties. Testing the quality, especially the nutritional value and digestibility of forage, as well as increasing the level of resistance to economically significant diseases and alfalfa lodging, are o

Ovo je sorta lucerke (Medicago sativa L.) Nera priznata od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srpske., This is a registered alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivar Nera released by the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Srpska.

Ovo je sorta panonske grahorice (Vicia pannonica Crantz.) Panonka priznata od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srpske.

Ovo je sorta sastrice Studenica priznata od strane Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srpske.

Najznačajnije krmne biljke koje se gaje na oranicama Srbije su lucerka, crvena detelina, stočni grašak, grahorica, krmni sirak i sudanska trava. Površine na kojima se gaje oranične krmne biljke iznose oko 235.000 ha, što predstavlja oko 9% obradivog zemljišta Srbije (SGRS, 2021). Dominantan način iskorišćavanja krmnih biljaka u Srbiji je proizvodnja kabaste stočne hrane (zelena krma, seno, senaža i silaža) sa izuzetkom proteinskog graška koji se koristi za proizvodnju zrna (Karagić i sar., 2012). Osim direktne koristi za proizvodnju stočne hrane, gajenje NS sorti krmnog bilja, naročito krmnih leguminoza, pozitivno utiče na veći broj činilaca poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Uključivanjem krmnih biljaka u strukturu setve smanjuje se ili u potpunosti izostavlja primena mineralnih đubriva i pesticida, što omogućava proizvodnju zdravstveno-bezbedne stočne hrane. Većim učešćem krmnih biljaka u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji omogućava se potrebna plodosmena i povećava efikasnost iskorišćavanja mehanizacije i zemljišta.

Crvena detelina (Trifolium pratense. L) je jedna od najviše gajenih mahunarki u umerenim i vlažnim područjima. Poznata je kao važan izvor izoflavona, jedinjenja koja pripadaju malobrojnoj porodici fitoestrogena. Crvena detelina se stoga, pored soje, često koristi kao sirovina za proizvodnju dijetetskih suplemenata koji se preporučuju za ublažavanje simptoma menopauze. Druga prisutna fenolna jedinjenja, sa svojim antioksidativnim svojstvima, takođe doprinose ukupnom zdravstvenom potencijalu ove biljke. Postoji mnogo genetskih i ekoloških faktora koji utiču na sadržaj fitoestrogena u crvenoj detelini, ali se malo zna o uticaju nivoa ploidnosti na profil izoflavona. Cilj ovog rada bio je da se utvrdi sastav izoflavona, ukupni fenolni sadržaj i antioksidativni potencijal različitih biljnih delova 30 genotipova crvene deteline, kao i da se proceni uticaj nivoa ploidnosti na ova svojstva., Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is one of the most widely grown leguminous plants in temperate and humid areas. It is well known as an important source of isoflavones, compounds which belong to the narrow family of phytoestrogens. Red clover, next to soybean, is therefore often used as a raw material for production of dietary supplements recommended for alleviation of menopausal symptoms. Other present phenolic compounds with their antioxidant properties also contribute to the overall health potential of this plant. There are many genetic and environmental factors influencing phytoestrogen content in red clover, but little is known about the impact of ploidy level on isoflavone profile. The aim of this study was to determine isoflavone composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant potential of different plant parts of 30 red clover genotypes, and to evaluate the influence of ploidy level on these traits.

Protein pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a protein-rich legume (up to 33% of seed protein). Using pea in the human and animal diet provides one of the best solutions for the long-term lack of plant-based protein. Although soybean is one of the primary plant protein sources, the advantage of growing pea is their wider geographical area and colder climates adaptability. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of different agroecological conditions in 64 protein pea cultivars on seed protein content and agronomical traits related to seed yield. A two-year trial on two European sites (Serbia and Belgium) was done using an augmented block design. The average temperatures and total precipitation amount during the vegetative period (March-August) in Serbia trials were 18.4 °C and 381.4 mm for 2019 and 18.1°C and 488.9 mm for 2020, and in Belgium trials 14.9 °C and 268.9 mm for 2019 and 14.7°C and 184.6 mm for 2020. Agronomical traits (flowering duration FD, plant seed yield PSY, thousand seed weight TSW, and seed per pod SPP) were determined using ten plant samples, while seed protein content (SPC) was determined using near-infrared spectroscopy (Table 1). Statistically significant differences between localities were determined by T-test, and Pearson's correlation coefficients were determined between traits. Multivariate analysis was performed based on the examination of mean values of traits for both localities, in order to investigate the population structure of 64 pea genotypes differing in color and seed type. Significant positive correlation was observed between TSW and PSY (0.60), and between SPP and SPC (0.25). A significant negative correlation was determined between SPC and TSW (-0.66) and between SPC and PSY (-0.41). The results of multivariate analysis based on seed color show the separation of pigmented seeds from mixed non-pigmented seeds by the first axis (35.9%) and yellow non-pigmented seeds by the second axis (17.9%), with no clear grouping in rel

Seme lucerke ima veliki privredni i ekonomski značaj od davnina, jer se smatra da je lucerka prva gajena krmna biljka. Danas je veoma raširena i gaji se u više od 80 zemalja na svim kontinentima od umereno hladnog do tropskog pojasa (Katić i sar., 2000). Lucerka (Medicago sativa L.) je po površinama najzastupljenija krmna kultura kako u svetu, tako i kod nas, pre svega zbog hemijskog sastava njene biljne mase. Sadržaj proteina u suvoj materiji lucerke varira između 18 i 25%, u zavisnosti od faze razvoja biljaka, otkosa, sorte i načina iskorišćavanja. Sadržaj mineralnih materija je 9,87%, dok se i sadržaj kalcijuma kreće od 1,4 do 1,9%. Sadržaj masnih materija je nizak, u proseku 1,78% (Katić et al., 2004)., Alfalfa seeds have been of great economic and economic importance since ancient times, because it is considered that alfalfa was the first cultivated fodder plant. Today it is very widespread and is cultivated in more than 80 countries on all continents from the temperate to the tropical zone (Katić et al., 2000). Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is the most represented forage crop both in the world and in our country, primarily due to the chemical composition of its plant mass. The protein content in the dry matter of alfalfa varies between 18 and 25%, depending on the stage of plant development, cutting, variety and method of utilization. The mineral content is 9.87%, while the calcium content ranges from 1.4 to 1.9%. The content of fatty substances is low, on average 1.78% (Katić et al., 2004).

Cultivated alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a highly productive forage crop with great economic potential. Our objectives were to investigate the effects and interactions of environment, harvest maturity stage, seeding rate and cultivars on alfalfa dry matter yield and quality. The field experiment was carried out over 2010-2012 at the Experimental Field of Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, at two locations: (I) Cenej, and (II) Rimski Šančevi, which were characterized by a contrasting soil condition. The experimental treatments included two seeding rates of 8 and 16 kg ha-1, three different harvest maturity stages of alfalfa, and four alfalfa cultivars included as a subplot in every treatment. Harvesting alfalfa five times within a year (cutting in the beginning of flowering) in the second and third year of stand life is the most efficient harvest regime that allows full exploitation of cultivar genetic potential and environmental conditions. There was no difference in yields between harvests at early and full flowering stage (15.9 t ha-1). Data related to forage quality components show increase of nutritive value when harvesting alfalfa in earlier maturity stage. Maturity stage in the moment of harvesting significantly affected all quality parameters. The results obtained suggest that in a temperate climate of Southeast Europe there is little justification for planting higher seeding rates of alfalfa varieties under good establishment practices. Increasing seeding rates above 16 kg ha-1 does not provide a long-term boon in alfalfa production., Lucerka (Medicago sativa L.) je visokoproduktivna krmna biljka velikog ekonomskog potencijala. Cilj rada je bio da se ispita uticaj uslova spoljne sredine, faze košenja, setvene norme i sorte, kao i njihove interakcije, na prinos i kvalitet suve materije lucerke. Poljski ogled je zasnovan na oglednim poljima Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu, na dva lokaliteta: (I) Čenej, i (II) Rimski Šančevi, različitih zemljišnih karakteristika. Tretmani su uključivali dve setvene norme, od 8 i 16 kg ha-1, tri sistema kosidbe i četiri sorte lucerke, tretirane kao podparcele u svakom tretmanu. Kao najbolji sistem kosidbe, u kojem je ostvarena puna eksploatacija i potencijal sorte, bilo je košenje lucerke pet puta godišnje (kosidba u početku cvetanja) u drugoj i trećoj godini života lucerišta. Prinosi ostvareni košenjem na početku i u punom cvetanju se nisu razlikovali (15,9 t ha-1). Podaci o komponentama kvaliteta krme ukazuju na značajno povećanje nutritivne vrednosti pri kosidbi u ranim razvojnim fazama biljaka lucerke. Fenološka faza biljaka u momentu košenja značajno je uticala na sve parametre kvaliteta. Dobijeni rezultati govore da u umerenom klimatu jugoistočne Evrope postoji opravdanje za setvu manje količine semena. Povećanje setvene norme preko 16 kg ha-1 ne obezbeđuje dugoročnu dobit u proizvodnji lucerke.

Description of the subject. Red clover is an important forage legume and a rich source of high quality forage for livestock feed. This study assesses of a diverse red clover collection for agronomic value, forage quality and antioxidant activity in relation to status (cultivar vs natural population) and ploidy level (diploid or tetraploid) for the purpose of diversity study and for identification of potential heterotic groups and classification of accessions according to the results of analyses. Objectives. The aims of this research were to: i) explore agronomic traits, forage quality, and antioxidant activity in relation to status and ploidy level; ii) assess trait associations and the possibility of indirect selection; iii) cluster red clover accessions with regard to forage quality and antioxidant activity. Method. Red clover was represented by 46 accessions, the cultivars and natural populations of diploid (2n) and tetraploid (4n) ploidy levels from 17 countries, which were collected and preserved in the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad, Serbia. The following traits were determined from the two-year field trial at Rimski Šančevi, Serbia: plant height (PH), internodes number (IN), green mass yield (GMY), dry matter yield (DMY), crude protein (CP), acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), digestible dry matter (DDM), dry matter intake (DMI), relative feed value (RFV) and antioxidant activity. All accessions were characterized in the second cut of the second year of life when 20-25% of flowers appeared. Results. The cultivars had higher values for PH, IN, GMY, DMY, DDM, DMI, and RFV. The tetraploid accessions had higher values for IN, GMY, DMY, CP, NDF and DDM. The natural populations and diploid accessions had 39.9% and 21.9% smaller antioxidant capacity, respectively. The antioxidant capacity was positively associated with RFV, DDM, DMI, PH, IN, GMY and DMY, but negatively with ADF and NDF. Conclusions. The grouping of red clov, Description du sujet. Le trèfle violet est une légumineuse fourragère importante et une riche source de fourrage de haute qualité pour l’alimentation du bétail. Cette étude évalue une collection diversifiée de trèfle violet pour la valeur agronomique, la qualité du fourrage et l’activité antioxydante en relation avec le statut (cultivar vs population naturelle) et le niveau de ploïdie (diploïde ou tétraploïde) aux fins d’étude de diversité et d’identification de groupes hétérotiques potentiels et de classification des accessions en fonction des résultats des analyses. Objectifs. Les buts de cette recherche étaient : i) d’explorer les caractéristiques agronomiques, la qualité du fourrage et l’activité antioxydante en relation avec le statut et le niveau de ploïdie ; ii) d’évaluer les associations de caractéristiques et la possibilité de sélection indirecte ; iii) de regrouper les accessions de trèfle violet en ce qui concerne la qualité du fourrage et l’activité antioxydante. Méthode. Le trèfle violet était représenté par 46 accessions, les cultivars et populations naturelles de niveaux de ploïdie diploïde (2n) et tétraploïde (4n) originaires de 17 pays qui ont été collectés et conservés à l’Institut des grandes cultures et des cultures maraîchères de Novi Sad, Serbie. Les caractéristiques suivantes ont été définies sur la base d’un essai bisannuel sur un champ dans la localité de Rimski Sancevi en Serbie : hauteur de la plante (PH), nombre d’entre-noeuds (IN), rendement en masse verte (GMY), rendement en matière sèche (DMY), protéine brute (CP ), fibre détergente acide (ADF), fibre détergente neutre (NDF), matière sèche digestible (DDM), apport en matière sèche (DMI), valeur alimentaire relative (RFV) et activité antioxydante. Toutes les accessions ont été caractérisées à la deuxième coupe de la deuxième année de vie lorsque 20 à 25 % des fleurs sont apparues. Résultats. Les cultivars avaient des valeurs plus élevées pour PH, IN, GMY, DMY, DDM, DMI et RFV. Les acces

Ovo je novostvorena sorta crvene deteline (Trifolium pratense L.) NS Darija priznata od strane Uprave za zaštitu bilja Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije., This is registered newly-developed cultivar of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) NS Darija released by the Plant Protection Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia.

Ovo je novostvorena sorta jare obične grahorice (Vicia sativa L.) NS Labudica priznata od strane Uprave za zaštitu bilja Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije., This is registered newly-developed cultivar of spring common vetch (Vicia sativa L.) NS Labudica released by the Plant Protection Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia.

Ovo je novostvorena sorta lucerke (Medicago sativa L.) NS Danica priznata od strane Uprave za zaštitu bilja Ministarstva poljoprivrede, šumarstva i vodoprivrede Republike Srbije., This is registered newly-developed cultivar of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) NS Danica released by the Plant Protection Directorate of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Water Management of the Republic of Serbia.

Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is the second most important perennial forage legumes in the Republic of Serbia, cultivated on 90-120.000 ha. Nowadays red clover is considered as a very important catch crop and green manure as well as row material for production of pharmaceutical supplements based on phytoestrogens. Currently, domestic seed production is not sufficient to meet the demand, so the import of seeds from other countries is necessary. One of the most important factors that guarantee high yields of red clover seeds is cutting management, heavily influenced by environmental conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of cutting management on seed yields, some seed yield components and seed quality of NS red clover variety Una. The trial was established on the experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Bački Petrovac according to a randomized block design with three replicates. Red clover variety Una was sown on April 10, 2018, at a row-to-row spacing of 25 cm with a seeding rate of 15 kg ha-1. The size of the elementary plot unit was 15 m2 (3x5 m).

Za profitabilnu proizvodnju lucerke, pored kvalitetne pripreme zemljišta i setve, kao i drugih odgovarajućih agrotehničkih mera, neophodno je biljkama obezbediti i dovoljne količine hraniva. Cilj istraživanja je bio da se ispita efekat primene različitih doza mineralnih đubriva N, P i K na prinos suve materije lucerke, i ekonomičnost proizvodnje u godinama punog iskorišćavanja. Istraživanje je izvedeno na oglednom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu, na lokalitetu Rimski Šančevi. Ogled je postavljen u proleće 2017. godine, u tri ponavljanja.

In limited growing conditions, intercropped field peas and oats can represent a significant source of forage rich in protein. If applied correctly, factors such as nitrogen fertilizer, the mowing phase, and sowing norms can significantly increase the productivity of these mixtures. Field trials were conducted to examine their productivity under different nitrogen levels (0, 40, 80 kg ha−1 ), different sowing norms/mixtures (field peas: oats—100:15%; 100:30%), and two stages of growth (full flowering, full pod formation). Nitrogen fertilizer and different sowing norms had a significant effect on the biomass, hay, and crude protein yields. On average, the highest hay yields were achieved with 80 kg ha−1 N (4.96 t ha−1 ), followed by 40 kg ha−1 N (4.27 t ha−1 ). The highest protein yields were achieved with 40 kg ha−1 N (CP—704.1 kg ha−1 ), followed by 80 kg ha−1 N (CP—637.6 kg ha−1 ). Sowing norm 100:30% achieved higher hay yields: 100:30%—4.82 t ha−1; 100:15%—4.44 t ha−1, while 100:15% achieved higher crude protein yields: 100:15%—730.4 kg ha−1; 100:30%—692.7 kg ha−1 on average. The costs were not significantly increased with the nitrogen fertilizer, but the net profits were increased by as much as 163%, depending on the nitrogen level and the mixture. Nitrogen fertilizer also achieves higher economic efficiency for the mixture 100:15% compared to the 100:30% mixture. Mixtures of field peas and oats outperform single-grown crops and provide cost-effective feed for a short time. Using optimal seed ratios and nitrogen fertilizer can significantly increase the productivity and profitability of the feed with minimal impact on the overall production costs.