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By the seventh decade of the 20th century, the world was divided into two large blocks: the Western one, which complemented the satisfaction of its energy needs with imports from the Middle East; subjected to the tensions between the hegemonic pretensions of the socialist world and the dominance of the financial system centered on the Bretton Woods agreements, creators of the IMF and the World Bank. The increase in oil prices in the eighth decade, due to the appetite of China and the desire to improve the material well-being of the countries of the Middle East, created incentives and pressures to introduce modifications in the world monetary order and in its political components basic: the National States; situations whose preliminary analysis is the purpose of this essay Keywords: Petroleum; coronavirus; middle East

El propósito de este artículo es el de describir y analizar cómo el ensayo de la estrategia de desarrollo y de reconstrucción de las economías occidentales, lideradas por los Estados Unidos después de la II Guerra Mundial, al crear en 1945 el Sistema Monetario Financiero integrado por el Fondo Monetario Internacional como institución internacional clave, Acuerdos de Bretton Woods, repercutió en los países del Oriente Medio, incluidas las tensiones geopolíticas relacionadas con la necesaria utilización de los recursos energéticos del petróleo, dicha estrategia, con articulación del uso generalizado del dinero fiduciario y creación de depósitos bancarios a partir de los créditos concedidos, tuvo funcionalidad exitosa hasta 1971; pues el abandono unilateral por los Estados Unidos, de los mencionados acuerdos de 1945, devino en flotación generalizada de las diversas monedas, otorgamientos de créditos destinados a la producción o exacerbación financiera, con incidencias en el intercambio internacional petrolero; expresándose todo ello en una serie de crisis económicas y políticas. De allí que, a partir de la octava década del siglo XX, después de resumir los cambios en el marco teórico y en las prácticas políticas ocurrido a partir de la octava década del siglo XX presentemos las experiencias provistas por las decisiones económicas-políticas tomadas en países representativos del Oriente Medio. Palabras Clave: Sistema Monetario Financiero; Fondo Monetario Internacional; petróleo; Oriente Medio.

Objective To conduct a systematic review on the effects of multisectoral interventions for health on health system performance. Methods We conducted a systematic review according to the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta- analysis protocols. We searched for peer-reviewed journal articles in PubMed[R], Scopus, Web of Science, Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews on 31 August 2023 (updating on 28 February 2024). We removed duplicates, screened titles and abstracts, and then conducted a full-text eligibility and quality assessment. Findings We identified an initial 1118 non-duplicate publications, 62 of which met our inclusion and exclusion criteria. The largest proportions of reviewed studies focused on multisectoral interventions directly related to specific health outcomes (66.1%; 41 studies) and/or social determinants of health (48.4%; 30 studies), but without explicit reference to overall health system performance. Most reviewed publications did not address process indicators (83.9%; 52/62) or discuss sustainability for multisectoral interventions in health (72.6%; 45/62). However, we observed that the greatest proportion (66.1%; 41/62) considered health system goals: health equity (68.3%; 28/41) and health outcomes (63.4%; 26/41). Although the greatest proportion (64.5%; 40/62) proposed mechanisms explaining how multisectoral interventions for health could lead to the intended outcomes, none used realistic evaluations to assess these. Conclusion Our review has established that multisectoral interventions influence health system performance through immediate improvements in service delivery efficiency, readiness, acceptability and affordability. The interconnectedness of these effects demonstrates their role in addressing the complexities of modern health care. [phrase omitted] [phrase omitted] Objectif Realiser une revue systematique consacree a l'impact des interventions multisectorielles sur la performance des systemes de sante. Methodes Nous avons procede a une revue systematique en appliquant les elements de rapport privilegies dans les protocoles de revues systematiques et meta-analyses. Nous avons explore PubMed[R], Scopus, Web of Science, Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, ainsi que la Base de donnees Cochrane des revues systematiques le 31 aout 2023 (mise a jour le 28 fevrier 2024), a la recherche d'articles de revue evalues par des pairs. Ensuite, nous avons supprime les doublons, passe les titres et resumes au crible, puis determine la qualite et l'admissibilite des articles complets. Resultats Nous avons initialement identifie 1118 publications non dupliquees; 62 d'entre elles repondaient a nos criteres d'inclusion et d'exclusion. Une grande partie des etudes examinees portaient sur des interventions multisectorielles en lien direct avec des resultats de sante specifiques (66,1%; 41 etudes) et/ou des determinants sociaux de la sante (48,4%; 30 etudes), sans toutefois faire explicitement reference a la performance globale des systemes de sante. La majorite des publications ne mentionnaient aucun indicateur de processus (83,9%; 52/62) et n'abordaient pas la durabilite des interventions multisectorielles dans le domaine de la sante (72,6%; 45/62). Nous avons neanmoins constate qu'en general, elles tenaient compte des objectifs relatifs aux systemes de sante (66,1%; 41/62): l'equite en sante (68,3%; 28/41) et les resultats de sante (63,4%; 26/41). Bien que la plupart (64,5%; 40/62) proposent des mecanismes visant a expliquer comment les interventions multisectorielles en matiere de sante pourraient amener aux resultats escomptes, aucune n'avait recours a des evaluations realistes pour les mesurer. Conclusion Notre revue nous a permis d'etablir que les interventions multisectorielles influencaient la performance des systemes de sante a travers des ameliorations immediates en termes d'efficacite, de disponibilite, d'acceptation et d'abordabilite des prestations de services. L'interdependance entre ces effets temoigne de l'importance qu'ils revetent lorsqu'il s'agit d'apprehender les rouages complexes des soins de sante modernes. [phrase omitted] Objetivo Realizar una revision sistematica sobre los efectos de las intervenciones multisectoriales en favor de la salud sobre el rendimiento de los sistemas sanitarios. Metodos Se realizo una revision sistematica de acuerdo con los items de informe preferidos para los protocolos de revision sistematica y metanalisis. Se realizaron busquedas de articulos de revistas con revision por pares en PubMed[R], Scopus, Web of Science, Cumulated Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature y la Base de Datos Cochrane de Revisiones Sistematicas el 31 de agosto de 2023 (actualizacion el 28 de febrero de 2024). Se eliminaron los duplicados, se examinaron los titulos y los resumenes y, a continuacion, se realizo una evaluacion de la elegibilidad y la calidad del texto completo. Resultados Se identificaron 1118 publicaciones iniciales no duplicadas, 62 de las cuales cumplian los criterios de inclusion y exclusion. El mayor porcentaje de estudios revisados se centro en intervenciones multisectoriales directamente relacionadas con resultados sanitarios especificos (66,1%; 41 estudios) o determinantes sociales de la salud (48,4%; 30 estudios), pero sin referencia explicita al rendimiento general del sistema sanitario. La mayoria de las publicaciones revisadas no abordaron indicadores de proceso (83,9%; 52/62) ni discutieron la sostenibilidad de las intervenciones multisectoriales en salud (72,6%; 45/62). Sin embargo, se observo que el mayor porcentaje (66,1%; 41/62) tenia en cuenta los objetivos del sistema sanitario: equidad sanitaria (68,3%; 28/41) y resultados sanitarios (63,4%; 26/41). Aunque el mayor porcentaje (64,5%; 40/62) propuso mecanismos que explicaban como las intervenciones multisectoriales para la salud podian conseguir los resultados previstos, ninguno empleo evaluaciones realistas para evaluarlos. Conclusion La revision que se realizo ha demostrado que las intervenciones multisectoriales influyen en el rendimiento de los sistemas sanitarios a traves de mejoras inmediatas en la eficiencia, la disponibilidad, la aceptabilidad y la asequibilidad de la prestacion de servicios. La interconexion de estos efectos demuestra su funcion a la hora de abordar las complejidades de la atencion sanitaria moderna., Introduction There is unequivocal recognition that health and well-being are determined by non-medical factors, including structural, social and commercial determinants of health. (1) Addressing those determinants is a task for [...]

Environmental monitoring of pesticide residues has become increasingly crucial for ensuring food safety and environmental sustainability. Current demands are not met by traditional analytical tools, but the integration of smartphones, due to their small size, high accessibility, fast processing speed, and powerful imaging capacity, holds significant potential for on-site detection of pesticide residues. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest developments in the application of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) sensors equipped with smartphones for the detection of pesticide residues in environmental samples, covering the period from 2018 to 2024. The review encompasses recent advancements in MIP synthesis, sensor fabrication, and the incorporation of principles for improved signal precision with the integration of smartphones based on sensing signals (optical and electrochemical signals). Additionally, the diverse range of environmental samples were explored, including water, soil, and crops, where MIP sensors have demonstrated their efficacy in detecting pesticides. The potential for real-time monitoring and the challenges associated with deploying these sensors at lab scale are discussed. Overall, this review highlights the transformative impact of MIP sensors with smartphone-based detection in the field of pesticide residue analysis, paving the way for enhanced environmental monitoring practices.

Background: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, full time lockdown was applied in many countries around the world. Published literature shows that the risk of suicide and assaults has increased but the risk of motor vehicle accidents has reduced. In this research, we want to study the impact of lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic on the trauma cases who presented to the trauma cen-ter. Method: This retrospective cross-sectional study retrieved all the trauma cases who presented to the Emergency department in Rashid hospital during April 2019 and April 2020 from the patients' electronic records system. We included all the trauma cases who fell in the Canadian Triage and Acuity Scale (CTAS) of T1-T3 only. Results: Total of 3,268 trauma cases were studied. The number of cases in April 2019 was double the cases in 2020. However, the pattern of injuries was variable in the two years. There were high-er rates of motor vehicle accidents in non-lockdown month than the lockdown month (10.5% and 6.5%, respectively) (p-value [SJEMed 2024; 5(2.000): 081-087]