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153 results on '"Kase, R."'

3. Clinical manifestations in 105 persons with nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome

Author

Kimonis, VE, Goldstein, AM, Pastakia, B, Yang, ML, Kase, R, DiGiovanna, JJ, Bale, AE, and Bale, SJ

Subjects
Cancer, Rare Diseases, Prevention, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Basal Cell Nevus Syndrome, Child, Child, Preschool, Chromosomes, Human, Pair 9, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Infant, Jaw Cysts, Male, Medulloblastoma, Middle Aged, Urogenital Abnormalities, nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome, basal cell carcinoma, keratocyst, pitting, ovarian fibroma, medulloblastoma, clinical features, radiological features, probands, Genetics, Clinical Sciences
Abstract

Nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome (NBCC; Gorlin syndrome), an autosomal dominant disorder linked to 9q22.3-q31, and caused by mutations in PTC, the human homologue of the Drosophila patched gene, comprises multiple basal cell carcinomas, keratocysts of the jaw, palmar/plantar pits, spine and rib anomalies and calcification of the falx cerebri. We reviewed the findings on 105 affected individuals examined at the NIH since 1985. The data included 48 males and 57 females ranging in age from 4 months to 87 years. Eighty percent of whites (71/90) and 38% (5/13) of African-Americans had at least one basal cell carcinoma (BCC), with the first tumor occurring at a mean age of 23 (median 20) years and 21 (median 20) years, respectively. Excluding individuals exposed to radiation therapy, the number of BCCs ranged from 1 to > 1,000 (median 8) and 1 to 3 (median 2), respectively, in the 2 groups. Jaw cysts occurred in 78/105 (74%) with the first tumor occurring in 80% by the age of 20 years. The number of total jaw cysts ranged from 1 to 28 (median 3). Palmar pits and plantar pits were seen in 87%. Ovarian fibromas were diagnosed by ultrasound in 9/52 (17%) at a mean age of 30 years. Medulloblastoma occurred in 4 patients at a mean age of 2.3 years. Three patients had cleft lip or palate. Physical findings include "coarse face" in 54%, relative macrocephaly in 50%, hypertelorism in 42%, frontal bossing in 27%, pectus deformity in 13%, and Sprengel deformity in 11%. Important radiological signs included calcification of the falx cerebri in 65%, of the tentorium cerebelli in 20%, bridged sella in 68%, bifid ribs in 26%, hemivertebrae in 15%, fusion of the vertebral bodies in 10%, and flame shaped lucencies of the phalanges, metacarpal, and carpal bones of the hands in 30%. Several traits previously considered components of the syndrome (including short fourth metacarpal, scoliosis, cervical ribs and spina bifida occulta) were not found to be significantly increased in the affected individuals. This study delineates the frequency of the clinical and radiological anomalies in NBCC in a large population of US patients and discusses guidelines for diagnosis and management.

Published
1997

5. Biomonitoring as an Underused Exposure Assessment Tool in Occupational Safety and Health Context-Challenges and Way Forward

Author

Viegas, S., Zare Jeddi, M., Hopf, N.B., Bessems, J., Palmen, N., S Galea, K., Jones, K., Kujath, P., Duca, R.C., Verhagen, H., Santonen, T., and Pasanen-Kase, R.

Subjects
Biological Monitoring, Environmental Exposure/analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Occupational Exposure/analysis, Occupational Health, Risk Assessment, Risk Management, biological guidance value, biological limit value, biological monitoring, exposure assessment, occupational health, risk assessment
Abstract

Recent advances in analytical chemistry have allowed a greater possibility of using quantitative approaches for measuring human exposure to chemicals. One of these approaches is biomonitoring (BM), which provides unequivocal evidence that both exposure and uptake of a chemical have taken place. BM has been a longstanding practice in occupational health for several reasons. BM integrates exposure from all routes. It can help identify unintentional and unexpected exposures and assess the effectiveness of existing risk-management measures. BM also provides relevant information to support policy development by delivering better evidence of workers' exposure to chemical substances, even within the framework of the present regulations. Thus, BM can allow for both the evaluation of the impact of regulation and identification of further needs for new or improved regulation. However, despite all these well-recognized advantages, BM is currently an underused exposure assessment tool. This paper provides an overview of the key aspects to be considered when using BM in the context of occupational health interventions. Additionally, this paper describes the potential of BM as an exposure assessment tool, distinguishing the role of BM in exposure assessment and health surveillance and clarifies ethical and communication aspects to guarantee that general data protection regulations are followed. In addition, actions and research needs are identified (particularly with reference to the European situation), which aim to encourage the increased use of BM as an exposure assessment tool.

Published
2020

11. Scientific Basis for Regulatory Decision-Making of Nanomaterials

Author

Studer C, Aicher L, Gasic B, von Goetz N, Hoet P, Huwyler J, Kägi R, Kase R, Kobe A, Nowack B, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Schirmer K, Schneider G, Vermeissen E, Wick P, and Walser T

Abstract

The key findings of a workshop jointly organized by the Swiss Centre of Applied Ecotoxicity the Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT) and the Federal Office of Public Health (FOPH) are summarized and provide a critical analysis of the current regulatory framework for nanomaterials and a snapshot of some hot topics in nanoscience

Published
2014
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12. Ocean circulation modeling by use of radar altimeter data

Author

Olbers, Dirk, Alpers, W, Hasselmann, K, Maier-Reimer, E, Kase, R, Krauss, W, Siedler, G, Willebrand, J, and Zahel, W

Subjects
Oceanography
Abstract

The project will investigate the use of radar altimetry (RA) data in the determination of the ocean circulation models. RA data will be used to verify prognostic experiments of the steady state and seasonal cycle of large-scale circulation models and the statistical steady state of eddy-resolving models. The data will serve as initial and update conditions in data assimilation experiments and as constraints in inverse calculations. The aim of the project is a better understanding of ocean physics, the determination and mapping of ocean currents, and a contribution to the establishment of ocean circulation models for climate studies. The goal of the project is to use satellite radar altimetry data for improving our knowledge of ocean circulation both in a descriptive sense and through the physics that govern the circulation state. The basic tool is a series of ocean circulation models. Depending on the model, different techniques will be applied to incorporate the RA data.

Published
1991

13. HR practices, interpersonal relations, and intrafirm knowledge transfer in knowledge-intensive firms: a social network perspective.

Author

Kase R, Paauwe J, and Zupan N

Abstract

We adopt the social network perspective to develop a conceptual model and examine the relationship among human resource (HR) practices, interpersonal relations, and intrafirm knowledge transfer in knowledge-intensive firms. Our results indicate that work design, along with training and development HR practices, can shape the structural relation. At the same time, both also exhibit potential for shaping affective and cognitive relations within a firm's social network. While the effects of work design along with training and development HR practices on intrafirm knowledge transfer are primarily mediated by interpersonal relations, we found some evidence for arguing that incentives and motivation HR practices directly affect intrafirm knowledge transfer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2009

14. Towards the review of the European Union Water Framework Directive: Recommendations for more efficient assessment and management of chemical contamination in European surface water resources

Author

Brack, W., Dulio, V., Agerstrand, M., Allan, I., Altenburger, R., Brinkmann, M., Bunke, D., Burgess, R.M., Cousins, I., Escher, B.I., Hernandez, F.J., Hewitt, L.M., Hilscherova, K., Hollender, J., Hollert, H., Kase, R., Klauer, B., Lindim, C., Herraez, D.L., Miege, C., Munthe, J., O'Toole, S., Posthuma, L., Rudel, H., Schafer, R.B., Sengl, M., Smedes, F., van de Meent, D., van den Brink, P.J., van Gils, J., van Wezel, A.P., Vethaak, A.D., Vermeirssen, E., von der Ohe, P.C., Vrana, B., Brack, W., Dulio, V., Agerstrand, M., Allan, I., Altenburger, R., Brinkmann, M., Bunke, D., Burgess, R.M., Cousins, I., Escher, B.I., Hernandez, F.J., Hewitt, L.M., Hilscherova, K., Hollender, J., Hollert, H., Kase, R., Klauer, B., Lindim, C., Herraez, D.L., Miege, C., Munthe, J., O'Toole, S., Posthuma, L., Rudel, H., Schafer, R.B., Sengl, M., Smedes, F., van de Meent, D., van den Brink, P.J., van Gils, J., van Wezel, A.P., Vethaak, A.D., Vermeirssen, E., von der Ohe, P.C., and Vrana, B.

Abstract

Item does not contain fulltext, Water is a vital resource for natural ecosystems and human life, and assuring a high quality of water and protecting it from chemical contamination is a major societal goal in the European Union. The Water Framework Directive (WFD) and its daughter directives are the major body of legislation for the protection and sustainable use of European freshwater resources. The practical implementation of the WFD with regard to chemical pollution has faced some challenges. In support of the upcoming WFD review in 2019 the research project SOLUTIONS and the European monitoring network NORMAN has analyzed these challenges, evaluated the state-of-the-art of the science and suggested possible solutions. We give 10 recommendations to improve monitoring and to strengthen comprehensive prioritization, to foster consistent assessment and to support solution-oriented management of surface waters. The integration of effect-based tools, the application of passive sampling for bioaccumulative chemicals and an integrated strategy for prioritization of contaminants, accounting for knowledge gaps, are seen as important approaches to advance monitoring. Including all relevant chemical contaminants in more holistic "chemical status" assessment, using effect-based trigger values to address priority mixtures of chemicals, to better consider historical burdens accumulated in sediments and to use models to fill data gaps are recommended for a consistent assessment of contamination. Solution-oriented management should apply a tiered approach in investigative monitoring, to identify toxicity drivers, strengthen consistent legislative frameworks and apply solutions-oriented approaches that explore risk reduction scenarios before and along with risk assessment. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Published
2017

15. Effect-based and chemical analytical monitoring for the steroidal estrogens : An international project to cope with a monitoring challenge

Author

Kase, R., Werner, I., Hollert, H., Vermeirssen, E., Buchinger, S., Behnisch, P., Jarosova, B., Lettieri, T., Carvalho, R.N., Loos, R., Clayton, H., Perceval, O., Ait-Aissa, Selim, Creusot, Nicolas, Reifferscheid, G., Ternes, T., Heiss, C., Seiler, T., Kunz, P.Y., Kienle, C., Dulio, Valeria, Valsecchi, S., Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), and Civs, Gestionnaire

Subjects
[SDE] Environmental Sciences, [SDV.TOX.ECO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Toxicology/Ecotoxicology, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, [SDV.TOX.ECO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Toxicology/Ecotoxicology
Abstract

Regulatory and risk assessment background and needs: In the context of the European Union (EU) Water Framework Directive (WFD) it is recognised that pharmaceuticals may pose a risk to the quality of European water bodies. Three substances with pharmaceutical use are included in the first so-called “watch list. However, monitoring of steroidal estrogens may be difficult because of the detection limits of most existing routine analytical methods and the high cost of high-end analytical methods. Sensitive effect-based methods are of reducing the current monitoring difficulties by measuring the estrogenic activity of environmental samples in a cost-efficient way. Project description:The project will focus on specific effect-based methods and best possible analytical methods related to the watch list substances EE2, E2 and E1. For this purpose, 20 l surface water and 20 wastewater samples across Europe will be collected and analysed. Approximately 20 institutes or agencies from 13 nations will be involved in the project. Detection methods covered: Best possible chemical analysis (Joint Research Centre (JRC), IT, and Federal Institute of Hydrology (BfG), DE) and eight effect-based methods. Some of the effect-based methods applied here are currently going through the OECD validation process or being developed as ISO standards. Results and discussion: We mainly discuss project characteristics and objectives in this abstract: a) Promoting reliable screening methods to support the monitoring of endocrine disrupting activity in wastewater and surface water b) Harmonizing monitoring options across Europe c) Linking reliable effect-based tools with regulatory needs d) Linking effect-based tools with chemical analysis for estrogen monitoring e) Supporting national and EU monitoring for endocrine disruptors Conclusions and expected outcomes: Only a limited number of institutes in Europe currently have the capacity to quantify the steroidal estrogens EE2 and E2 at their suggested EQS levels. This could cause problems for the EU watch list mechanism, where reliable exposure data are required. In this project we will provide harmonised methods for sample collection, sample extraction and data evaluation, and screening and risk assessment. This activity will provide a proof-of-concept for integrated monitoring of estrogenic substances and aims to bridge the gap between conventional analytical and effect-based monitoring.

Published
2015

16. Experimental Study on Detection Technology of PV Modules with Shorten Bypass Diode

Author

Nishikawa, S., Nagao, C., and Kase, R.

Subjects
OPERATIONS, PERFORMANCE AND RELIABILITY OF PHOTOVOLTAICS (FROM CELLS TO SYSTEMS), PV Modules
Abstract

31st European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference and Exhibition; 2575-2578, Since short-circuit of bypass diodes of PV module causes output reduction and hotospot of PV module, we have to detect the failure as soon as possible. However, since existing detection technology is affected by environmental conditions, we propose new detection technology for identifying position of failure using DC power source and infrared camera. In this detection method, since surface temperature of cells connected to noramal bypass diode is different from that of cells connected to short-circuit bypass diode, we can find difference of those temperature with infrared camera. The theoretical merit of this technology is that detection results is not affected by environmental condition such as irradiation, so on. As the first step of study, we conducted indoor and outdoor tests and we found the failure position in a minute with 20% current of Isc under the indoor test. However, it was difficult to find the failure position under outdoor test more than indoor test. Because environment condition affects the surface temperature of PV modules. Therefore, we have to clear proper curent and time to find failure positions at the next study.

Published
2015
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17. Towards the review of the European Union Water Framework Directive: Recommendations for more efficient assessment and management of chemical contamination in European surface water resources

Author

Brack, Werner, Dulio, V., Ågerstrand, M., Allan, I., Altenburger, Rolf, Brinkmann, M., Bunke, D., Burgess, R.M., Cousins, I., Escher, Beate, Hernández, F.J., Hewitt, L.M., Hilscherová, K., Hollender, J., Hollert, H., Kase, R., Klauer, Bernd, Lindim, C., López Herráez, David, Miège, C., Munthe, J., O'Toole, S., Posthuma, L., Rüdel, H., Schäfer, R.B., Sengl, M., Smedes, F., van de Meent, D., van den Brink, P., van Gils, J., van Wezel, A.P., Dick Vethaak, A., Vermeirssen, E., von der Ohe, P.C., Vrana, B., Brack, Werner, Dulio, V., Ågerstrand, M., Allan, I., Altenburger, Rolf, Brinkmann, M., Bunke, D., Burgess, R.M., Cousins, I., Escher, Beate, Hernández, F.J., Hewitt, L.M., Hilscherová, K., Hollender, J., Hollert, H., Kase, R., Klauer, Bernd, Lindim, C., López Herráez, David, Miège, C., Munthe, J., O'Toole, S., Posthuma, L., Rüdel, H., Schäfer, R.B., Sengl, M., Smedes, F., van de Meent, D., van den Brink, P., van Gils, J., van Wezel, A.P., Dick Vethaak, A., Vermeirssen, E., von der Ohe, P.C., and Vrana, B.

Abstract

Water is a vital resource for natural ecosystems and human life, and assuring a high quality of water and protecting it from chemical contamination is a major societal goal in the European Union. The Water Framework Directive (WFD) and its daughter directives are the major body of legislation for the protection and sustainable use of European freshwater resources. The practical implementation of the WFD with regard to chemical pollution has faced some challenges. In support of the upcoming WFD review in 2019 the research project SOLUTIONS and the European monitoring network NORMAN has analyzed these challenges, evaluated the state-of-the-art of the science and suggested possible solutions. We give 10 recommendations to improve monitoring and to strengthen comprehensive prioritization, to foster consistent assessment and to support solution-oriented management of surface waters. The integration of effect-based tools, the application of passive sampling for bioaccumulative chemicals and an integrated strategy for prioritization of contaminants, accounting for knowledge gaps, are seen as important approaches to advance monitoring. Including all relevant chemical contaminants in more holistic “chemical status” assessment, using effect-based trigger values to address priority mixtures of chemicals, to better consider historical burdens accumulated in sediments and to use models to fill data gaps are recommended for a consistent assessment of contamination. Solution-oriented management should apply a tiered approach in investigative monitoring to identify toxicity drivers, strengthen consistent legislative frameworks and apply solutions-oriented approaches that explore risk reduction scenarios before and along with risk assessment.

Published
2016

19. The European technical report on aquatic effect-based monitoring tools under the water framework directive

Author

Wernersson, A.-S., Carere, M., Maggi, C., Tusil, P., Soldan, P., James, A., Sanchez, W., Dulio, V., Broeg, K., Reifferscheid, G., Buchinger, S., Maas, H., Van Der Grinten, E., O’Toole, S., Ausili, A., Manfra, L., Marziali, L., Polesello, S., Lacchetti, I., Mancini, L., Lilja, K., Linderoth, M., Lundeberg, T., Fjällborg, B., Porsbring, T., Larsson, D.G.J., Bengtsson-Palme, J., Förlin, L., Kienle, C., Kunz, P., Vermeirssen, E., Werner, I., Robinson, C.D., Lyons, B., Katsiadaki, I., Whalley, C., den Haan, K., Messiaen, M., Clayton, H., Lettieri, T., Negrão Carvalho, R., Gawlik, B.M., Hollert, H., Di Paolo, C., Brack, Werner, Kammann, U., Kase, R., Wernersson, A.-S., Carere, M., Maggi, C., Tusil, P., Soldan, P., James, A., Sanchez, W., Dulio, V., Broeg, K., Reifferscheid, G., Buchinger, S., Maas, H., Van Der Grinten, E., O’Toole, S., Ausili, A., Manfra, L., Marziali, L., Polesello, S., Lacchetti, I., Mancini, L., Lilja, K., Linderoth, M., Lundeberg, T., Fjällborg, B., Porsbring, T., Larsson, D.G.J., Bengtsson-Palme, J., Förlin, L., Kienle, C., Kunz, P., Vermeirssen, E., Werner, I., Robinson, C.D., Lyons, B., Katsiadaki, I., Whalley, C., den Haan, K., Messiaen, M., Clayton, H., Lettieri, T., Negrão Carvalho, R., Gawlik, B.M., Hollert, H., Di Paolo, C., Brack, Werner, Kammann, U., and Kase, R.

Abstract

The Water Framework Directive (WFD), 2000/60/EC, requires an integrated approach to the monitoring and assessment of the quality of surface water bodies. The chemical status assessment is based on compliance with legally binding Environmental Quality Standards (EQSs) for selected chemical pollutants (priority substances) of EU-wide concern. In the context of the mandate for the period 2010 to 2012 of the subgroup Chemical Monitoring and Emerging Pollutants (CMEP) under the Common Implementation Strategy (CIS) for the WFD, a specific task was established for the elaboration of a technical report on aquatic effect-based monitoring tools. The activity was chaired by Sweden and co-chaired by Italy and progressively involved several Member States and stakeholders in an EU-wide drafting group. The main aim of this technical report was to identify potential effect-based tools (e.g. biomarkers and bioassays) that could be used in the context of the different monitoring programmes (surveillance, operational and investigative) linking chemical and ecological status assessment. The present paper summarizes the major technical contents and findings of the report.

Published
2015

32. Protective protein as an endogenous endothelin degradation enzyme in human tissues.

Author

Itoh, K, Kase, R, Shimmoto, M, Satake, A, Sakuraba, H, and Suzuki, Y

Abstract

An enzyme hydrolyzing the carboxyl terminus of endothelin-1 was detected in control human tissues but was deficient in tissues from a patient with galactosialidosis, a metabolic disease caused by the protective protein gene mutation. It was proportional to the amount of immunologically estimated mature protective protein. An antibody against the lysosomal protective protein/beta-galactosidase complex precipitated the enzyme activity almost completely. Transfection of the human cDNA for protective protein resulted in high expression of the enzyme activity in transformed fibroblasts from a galactosialidosis patient. These results indicated that the mature protective protein is a major soluble endogenous endothelin degradation enzyme in human tissues.

Published
1995

33. Problems ascertaining friend controls in a case-control study of lung cancer.

Author

Shaw, G L, Tucker, M A, Kase, R G, and Hoover, R N

Abstract

Willingness of newly diagnosed lung cancer patients to volunteer names of friends as potential control subjects was assessed from August through December 1988 in a case-control study at the National Cancer Institute and Naval Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland. Friend controls appeared ideal to examine a genetically determined metabolic characteristic and lung cancer risk, since potentially confounding characteristics could be matched and cooperation should be high. Only 11 of 23 cases named at least one friend. Cases interviewed during the second study month were most likely to volunteer names. Either the recency of the diagnosis of a highly fatal disease or the referral to a tertiary care research hospital may have contributed to the reluctance of cases to volunteer names. No characteristic was identified that might offer a means to increase referral of friend controls.

Published
1991
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35. Decreased helper T lymphocytes in homosexual men. I. Sexual contact in high-incidence areas for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.

Author

Goedert, J J, Biggar, R J, Winn, D M, Mann, D L, Byar, D P, Strong, D M, DiGioia, R A, Grossman, R J, Sanchez, W C, and Kase, R G

Abstract

In June 1982, sexual and other behavioral patterns were examined in 245 homosexual men in relationship to T-lymphocyte phenotypes that are characteristic of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Mean helper T-cell counts in New York City (579 +/- 32 cells/mm3) and Washington, DC, homosexual men with sexual contacts in areas at high risk (endemic) for AIDS (567 +/- 24 cells/mm3) were significantly lower than in Washington, DC, residents without such contacts (672 +/- 36 cells/mm3, p = 0.04 by analysis of variance). Helper T-cell counts in the Washington men were inversely correlated with a greater number of endemic-area homosexual contacts (p = 0.005), even after adjustment for multiple confounding variables (p = 0.02). The 31 Washington men with more than 15 endemic-area partners had a mean helper T-cell count of 517 +/- 44 cells/mm3, and 12 of those 31 men had helper T-cell counts less than 400 cells/mm3. AIDS patients are known to have a marked reduction in the number and function of helper T-lymphocytes. The data suggest that deficits of helper T lymphocytes can be acquired by homosexual contact with men in cities where AIDS is common. This supports the hypotheses that low helper T-cell counts may be caused by a sexually transmissible agent and that frequent homosexual exposure to residents of high-risk areas for AIDS may be an important means of spread of this agent.

Published
1985
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36. Decreased helper T lymphocytes in homosexual men. II. Sexual practices.

Author

Goedert, J J, Biggar, R J, Winn, D M, Mann, D L, Byar, D P, Strong, D M, DiGioia, R A, Grossman, R J, Sanchez, W C, and Kase, R G

Abstract

In June 1982, the sexual practices of 245 homosexual male outpatients of private physicians were evaluated in relationship to decreased numbers of helper T lymphocytes, an abnormality that is characteristic of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Three risk groups were defined a priori--85 high-risk men from central Manhattan ("New York"), 96 intermediate-risk men from Washington, DC, with AIDS-area homosexual contacts ("Washington-exposed"), and 64 low-risk Washington, DC, men without such contacts ("Washington-unexposed"). An increasing number of homosexual partners was correlated with decreasing helper T-cell counts (R = -0.29, p = 0.009) and decreasing helper:suppressor T-cell ratios (R = -0.32, p = 0.005) in the entire study group combined and in New York subjects separately. Suppressor T-cell counts were unrelated to the number of partners in all three groups. Increasingly frequent receptive anal intercourse correlated with decreasing helper T-cell counts most clearly in the New York City group (R = -0.23, p = 0.04), somewhat less so in the Washington-exposed group (R = -0.18, p = 0.07), and not at all in the Washington-unexposed group (R = -0.09, p = 0.48). This association persisted in the New York and Washington-exposed groups after adjusting for seven other sexual practices, the number of homosexual partners, and five other potentially confounding variables. A transmissible agent associated with receptive anal intercourse best explains these data. The cause of these low helper T-cell counts may also be the cause of AIDS.

Published
1985
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37. Mikroverunreinigungen aus kommunalem Abwasser

Author

Götz, C.W., Kase, R., Kienle, C., and Hollender, J.

Subjects
effets écotoxicologiques, micropolluants, eaux usées
Abstract

Les micropolluants provenant des eaux usées finissent tôt ou tard par s’accumuler dans les eaux de surface. Dans certains cas, leur concentration dépasse le seuil écotoxicologique. Il est donc impératif de mettre en place une méthode d’évaluation à grande échelle pour suivre l’état de la qualité des eaux face aux micropolluants. Telle qu’elle est présentée ici, la stratégie d’évaluation de la charge en micropolluants des eaux usées se fonde sur les éléments suivants: (1) une liste des micropolluants provenant des eaux usées et pertinents pour la qualité des eaux, (2) un catalogue de critères qualitatifs fondés sur l’impact écotoxicologique, (3) une méthode d’identification des eaux à forte charge micropolluante, (4) une stratégie d’échantillonnage adaptée à la dynamique de diffusion des micropolluants et (5) un schéma d’évaluation des eaux de surface. Le transfert des micropolluants des eaux épurées aux eaux de surface étant un processus permanent, il faut donc se concentrer sur la charge chronique des eaux.

40. How BRCA1/2 Test Results Affect Risk Perception and Beliefs Among Members of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Families.

Author

McInerney-Leo, A., Biesecker, B., Hadley, D., Kase, R., Giambarresi, T., Johnson, E., Lerman, C., and Struewing, J.

Abstract

Discusses the abstract of the study 'How BRCA1/2 Test Results Affect Risk Perception and Beliefs Among Members of Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Families,' presented at the 21st Annual Education Conference of the National Society of Genetic Counselors held in Phoenix, Arizona in November 2002.

Published
2002

42. Tracker and scaling solutions in DHOST theories

Author

Noemi Frusciante, Ryotaro Kase, Daniele Vernieri, Kazuya Koyama, Shinji Tsujikawa, Frusciante, N., Kase, R., Koyama, K., Tsujikawa, S., and Vernieri, D.

Subjects
High Energy Physics - Theory, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Field (physics), gr-qc, FOS: Physical sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology (gr-qc), Kinetic energy, 01 natural sciences, General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Scaling, STFC, Mathematical physics, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Equation of state (cosmology), hep-th, Degenerate energy levels, RCUK, hep-ph, Coupling (probability), lcsh:QC1-999, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, High Energy Physics - Theory (hep-th), astro-ph.CO, ST/N000668/1, Constant (mathematics), Scalar field, lcsh:Physics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics
Abstract

In quadratic-order degenerate higher-order scalar-tensor (DHOST) theories compatible with gravitational-wave constraints, we derive the most general Lagrangian allowing for tracker solutions characterized by $\dot{\phi}/H^p={\rm constant}$, where $\dot{\phi}$ is the time derivative of a scalar field $\phi$, $H$ is the Hubble expansion rate, and $p$ is a constant. While the tracker is present up to the cubic-order Horndeski Lagrangian $L=c_2X-c_3X^{(p-1)/(2p)} \square \phi$, where $c_2, c_3$ are constants and $X$ is the kinetic energy of $\phi$, the DHOST interaction breaks this structure for $p \neq 1$. Even in the latter case, however, there exists an approximate tracker solution in the early cosmological epoch with the nearly constant field equation of state $w_{\phi}=-1-2p\dot{H}/(3H^2)$. The scaling solution, which corresponds to $p=1$, is the unique case in which all the terms in the field density $\rho_{\phi}$ and the pressure $P_{\phi}$ obey the scaling relation $\rho_{\phi} \propto P_{\phi} \propto H^2$. Extending the analysis to the coupled DHOST theories with the field-dependent coupling $Q(\phi)$ between the scalar field and matter, we show that the scaling solution exists for $Q(\phi)=1/(\mu_1 \phi+\mu_2)$, where $\mu_1$ and $\mu_2$ are constants. For the constant $Q$, i.e., $\mu_1=0$, we derive fixed points of the dynamical system by using the general Lagrangian with scaling solutions. This result can be applied to the model construction of late-time cosmic acceleration preceded by the scaling $\phi$-matter-dominated epoch., Comment: 12 pages

Published
2018

43. A harmonized occupational biomonitoring approach.

Author

Hopf NB, Rousselle C, Poddalgoda D, Lamkarkach F, Bessems J, Schmid K, Jones K, Takaki K, Casteleyn L, Zare Jeddi M, Bader M, Koller M, Browne P, FitzGerald R, Viegas S, Göen T, Santonen T, Väänänen V, Duca RC, and Pasanen-Kase R

Subjects
Humans, Environmental Monitoring methods, Risk Assessment methods, Biological Monitoring methods, Biomarkers urine, Occupational Exposure analysis
Abstract

Biomonitoring has been widely used in assessing exposures in both occupational and public health complementing chemical risk assessments because it measures the concentrations of chemical substances in human body fluids (e.g., urine and blood). Biomonitoring considers all routes and sources of exposure. An occupational biomonitoring guidance document has been elaborated (OECD Occupational Biomonitoring Guidance) within the OECD framework and specifically, the Working Parties on Exposure and Hazard Assessment by scientific experts from 40 institutes and organizations representing 15 countries. The guidance provides practical information for assessing chemical exposures in occupational settings including the three common routes of exposure: inhalation, skin absorption and ingestion due to hand to mouth contact. The elaborated stepwise approach for conducting biomonitoring is tailored for occupational health professionals, scientists, risk assessors, and regulators. It includes methods for selecting appropriate biomarkers, devising sampling strategies, and assessing laboratories for validated analytical methods for the biomarker of interest, and ensuring timely feedback of results. Furthermore, it describes procedures for setting up efficient biomonitoring programs based on the Similar Exposure Group (SEG) approaches. Derived health-based human exposure biomarker assessment values called Occupational Biomonitoring Levels (OBLs) are proposed for use in occupational exposure and risk assessment. It also helps with the interpretation of biomonitoring results routinely collected and procedures for communicating biomonitoring results at individual, collective, and workplace levels. Ethical considerations associated with biomonitoring are also discussed. The ultimate goal of this biomonitoring approach is to promote harmonized application and interpretation of biomarkers as well as evidence-based occupational risk management measures., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Crown Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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44. Relationship between hand-foot skin reaction and external force on patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A cohort study.

Author

Tahara Y, Amemiya A, Kase R, Kitagawa Y, Ogasawara S, Kato N, and Komiyama M

Subjects
Humans, Female, Male, Middle Aged, Cohort Studies, Aged, Adult, Protein Kinase Inhibitors adverse effects, Carcinoma, Hepatocellular drug therapy, Liver Neoplasms drug therapy, Hand-Foot Syndrome etiology
Abstract

Purpose: Hand-foot skin reaction (HFSR), a side effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment, makes it difficult to walk and perform daily activities because of pain in the limbs. HFSR occurs predominantly in the sites where external forces (pressure and shear stress) are applied. This study aimed to determine whether pressure or shear stress induces the occurrence of HFSR., Methods: This cohort study was conducted in patients who received TKI treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma. The external forces applied to the sole of the patients' foot while walking was measured, and its association with the occurrence of HFSR was examined. The degree of HFSR was assessed by the patient's response during the examination and by photographs of their feet. The patients' feet were divided into low (grade <2) or high (grade ≥2) HFSR foot group, and the differences in external forces between the groups were analyzed using t-test and Cox hazard analysis., Results: Analysis of the feet of 55 study participants (n = 110) showed no significant difference between the groups on t-test (p ≥ 0.05), however, Cox hazard analysis showed an increased risk of HFSR with higher peak shear stress values at the fifth metatarsal head (hazard ratio = 1.01, p = 0.047; 95% confidence interval = 1.00-1.02)., Conclusion: Shear stress is possibly related to HFSR occurrence. Nurses should assess whether patients' shoes fit their feet before initiating TKI treatment. They should instruct patients to wear shoes that are fit of both diameter and width for their feet., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests: Yukie Tahara reports financial support was provided by Yamaji Fumiko Nursing Research Fund. Sadahisa Ogasawara reports a relationship with Bayer Corporation that includes: funding grants and speaking and lecture fees. Sadahisa Ogasawara reports a relationship with Eisai Inc that includes: funding grants and speaking and lecture fees. Sadahisa Ogasawara reports a relationship with Eli Lilly that includes: consulting or advisory, funding grants, and speaking and lecture fees. Sadahisa Ogasawara reports a relationship with Chugai Pharmaceutical Co Ltd that includes: consulting or advisory and speaking and lecture fees. Sadahisa Ogasawara reports a relationship with AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP that includes: consulting or advisory, funding grants, and speaking and lecture fees. Sadahisa Ogasawara reports a relationship with Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited that includes: speaking and lecture fees. Sadahisa Ogasawara reports a relationship with AbbVie Inc that includes: speaking and lecture fees. Sadahisa Ogasawara reports a relationship with Gilead Sciences that includes: funding grants and speaking and lecture fees. Sadahisa Ogasawara reports a relationship with Merck & Co Inc that includes: consulting or advisory, funding grants, and speaking and lecture fees. Naoya Kato reports a relationship with Bayer Corporation that includes: funding grants and speaking and lecture fees. Naoya Kato reports a relationship with Eisai Inc that includes: consulting or advisory, funding grants, and speaking and lecture fees. Naoya Kato reports a relationship with Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Oncology, Inc. that includes: speaking and lecture fees. Naoya Kato reports a relationship with Merck & Co Inc that includes: speaking and lecture fees. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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45. Developing human biomonitoring as a 21st century toolbox within the European exposure science strategy 2020-2030.

Author

Zare Jeddi M, Hopf NB, Louro H, Viegas S, Galea KS, Pasanen-Kase R, Santonen T, Mustieles V, Fernandez MF, Verhagen H, Bopp SK, Antignac JP, David A, Mol H, Barouki R, Audouze K, Duca RC, Fantke P, Scheepers P, Ghosh M, Van Nieuwenhuyse A, Lobo Vicente J, Trier X, Rambaud L, Fillol C, Denys S, Conrad A, Kolossa-Gehring M, Paini A, Arnot J, Schulze F, Jones K, Sepai O, Ali I, Brennan L, Benfenati E, Cubadda F, Mantovani A, Bartonova A, Connolly A, Slobodnik J, Bruinen de Bruin Y, van Klaveren J, Palmen N, Dirven H, Husøy T, Thomsen C, Virgolino A, Röösli M, Gant T, von Goetz N, and Bessems J

Abstract

Human biomonitoring (HBM) is a crucial approach for exposure assessment, as emphasised in the European Commission's Chemicals Strategy for Sustainability (CSS). HBM can help to improve chemical policies in five major key areas: (1) assessing internal and aggregate exposure in different target populations; 2) assessing exposure to chemicals across life stages; (3) assessing combined exposure to multiple chemicals (mixtures); (4) bridging regulatory silos on aggregate exposure; and (5) enhancing the effectiveness of risk management measures. In this strategy paper we propose a vision and a strategy for the use of HBM in chemical regulations and public health policy in Europe and beyond. We outline six strategic objectives and a roadmap to further strengthen HBM approaches and increase their implementation in the regulatory risk assessment of chemicals to enhance our understanding of exposure and health impacts, enabling timely and targeted policy interventions and risk management. These strategic objectives are: 1) further development of sampling strategies and sample preparation; 2) further development of chemical-analytical HBM methods; 3) improving harmonisation throughout the HBM research life cycle; 4) further development of quality control / quality assurance throughout the HBM research life cycle; 5) obtain sustained funding and reinforcement by legislation; and 6) extend target-specific communication with scientists, policymakers, citizens and other stakeholders. HBM approaches are essential in risk assessment to address scientific, regulatory and societal challenges. HBM requires full and strong support from the scientific and regulatory domain to reach its full potential in public and occupational health assessment and in regulatory decision-making., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Published
2022
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46. Biological effect and chemical monitoring of Watch List substances in European surface waters: Steroidal estrogens and diclofenac - Effect-based methods for monitoring frameworks.

Author

Simon E, Duffek A, Stahl C, Frey M, Scheurer M, Tuerk J, Gehrmann L, Könemann S, Swart K, Behnisch P, Olbrich D, Brion F, Aït-Aïssa S, Pasanen-Kase R, Werner I, and Vermeirssen ELM

Subjects
Ecosystem, Environmental Monitoring methods, Estradiol analysis, Estrogens analysis, Diclofenac toxicity, Water Pollutants, Chemical analysis
Abstract

Three steroidal estrogens, 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), 17β-estradiol (E2), estrone (E1), and the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), diclofenac have been included in the first Watch List of the Water Framework Directive (WFD, EU Directive 2000/60/EC, EU Implementing Decision 2015/495). This triggered the need for more EU-wide surface water monitoring data on these micropollutants, before they can be considered for inclusion in the list of priority substances regularly monitored in aquatic ecosystems. The revision of the priority substance list of the WFD offers the opportunity to incorporate more holistic bioanalytical approaches, such as effect-based monitoring, alongside single substance chemical monitoring. Effect-based methods (EBMs) are able to measure total biological activities (e.g., estrogenic activity or cyxlooxygenase [COX]-inhibition) of specific group of substances (such as estrogens and NSAIDs) in the aquatic environment at low concentrations (pg/L). This makes them potential tools for a cost-effective and ecotoxicologically comprehensive water quality assessment. In parallel, the use of such methods could build a bridge from chemical status assessments towards ecological status assessments by adressing mixture effects for relevant modes of action. Our study aimed to assess the suitability of implementing EBMs in the WFD, by conducting a large-scale sampling and analysis campaign of more than 70 surface waters across Europe. This resulted in the generation of high-quality chemical and effect-based monitoring data for the selected Watch List substances. Overall, water samples contained low estrogenicity (0.01-1.3 ng E2-Equivalent/L) and a range of COX-inhibition activity similar to previously reported levels (12-1600 ng Diclofenac-Equivalent/L). Comparison between effect-based and conventional analytical chemical methods showed that the chemical analytical approach for steroidal estrogens resulted in more (76%) non-quantifiable data, i.e., concentrations were below detection limits, compared to the EBMs (28%). These results demonstrate the excellent and sensitive screening capability of EBMs., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Published
2022
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47. Examination of a contact detection sensor to prevent self-removal of peripheral intravenous catheters .

Author

Amemiya A, Matsumura A, Kase R, Sugasawa Y, Minowa T, and Ichida M

Subjects
Aged, Catheters, Hand, Humans, SARS-CoV-2, Upper Extremity, COVID-19
Abstract

If patients are at risk of self-removal of a catheter, it is necessary to check the condition of the catheter frequently. If this is the only way to prevent self-removal, physical restraint of the patient is required. Furthermore, it is currently necessary to reduce human-to-human contact to prevent COVID-19 infection. Therefore, the development of a sensor system to prevent self-removal of a catheter and reduce human-to-human contact is urgent. The purpose of this study is to examine a sensor system that detects the contact of a patient's hand to a peripheral intravenous catheter in order to prevent self-removal in patients with dementia. This study analyzes the use of a capacitance sensor and an energization sensor to detect the contact of a patient's hand to a catheter. Additionally, the time required from the start of peeling the sensor sheet to the removal of the needle was measured. As the results, the capacitance sensor was difficult to use in a clinical setting because the connection between the seat and cable could be unstable depending on the condition of the connections. The energization sensor was able to recognize the contact of a hand to the catheter by detecting its contact with the sensor. It took at least 28 seconds from detection of the hand contact to the beginning of needle removal. Therefore, it is possible for the caregiver to visit the patient's bedside and stop the self-removal when the sensor sheet detects hand contact. This study is the first step in developing the system that prevents self-removal by detecting hand contact and requires several more steps for clinical use. In the future, we will conduct surveys on more subjects and clinical trials on elderly with dementia to examine accuracy, precision, and repeatability. Using the energization sensor, a self-removal prevention system for dementia patients will be further developed.Clinical Relevance- Developing this self-removal prevention system in the future will allow many dementia patients to no longer be physically restrained, and it will make it possible to remotely detect their actions to prevent self-removal while also minimizing the risk of COVID-19 infection.

Published
2021
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48. A human biomonitoring (HBM) Global Registry Framework: Further advancement of HBM research following the FAIR principles.

Author

Zare Jeddi M, Virgolino A, Fantke P, Hopf NB, Galea KS, Remy S, Viegas S, Mustieles V, Fernandez MF, von Goetz N, Vicente JL, Slobodnik J, Rambaud L, Denys S, St-Amand A, Nakayama SF, Santonen T, Barouki R, Pasanen-Kase R, Mol HGJ, Vermeire T, Jones K, Silva MJ, Louro H, van der Voet H, Duca RC, Verhagen H, Canova C, van Klaveren J, Kolossa-Gehring M, and Bessems J

Subjects
Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Registries, Retrospective Studies, Biological Monitoring, Environmental Exposure analysis
Abstract

Data generated by the rapidly evolving human biomonitoring (HBM) programmes are providing invaluable opportunities to support and advance regulatory risk assessment and management of chemicals in occupational and environmental health domains. However, heterogeneity across studies, in terms of design, terminology, biomarker nomenclature, and data formats, limits our capacity to compare and integrate data sets retrospectively (reuse). Registration of HBM studies is common for clinical trials; however, the study designs and resulting data collections cannot be traced easily. We argue that an HBM Global Registry Framework (HBM GRF) could be the solution to several of challenges hampering the (re)use of HBM (meta)data. The aim is to develop a global, host-independent HBM registry framework based on the use of harmonised open-access protocol templates from designing, undertaking of an HBM study to the use and possible reuse of the resulting HBM (meta)data. This framework should apply FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) principles as a core data management strategy to enable the (re)use of HBM (meta)data to its full potential through the data value chain. Moreover, we believe that implementation of FAIR principles is a fundamental enabler for digital transformation within environmental health. The HBM GRF would encompass internationally harmonised and agreed open access templates for HBM study protocols, structured web-based functionalities to deposit, find, and access harmonised protocols of HBM studies. Registration of HBM studies using the HBM GRF is anticipated to increase FAIRness of the resulting (meta)data. It is also considered that harmonisation of existing data sets could be performed retrospectively. As a consequence, data wrangling activities to make data ready for analysis will be minimised. In addition, this framework would enable the HBM (inter)national community to trace new HBM studies already in the planning phase and their results once finalised. The HBM GRF could also serve as a platform enhancing communication between scientists, risk assessors, and risk managers/policy makers. The planned European Partnership for the Assessment of Risk from Chemicals (PARC) work along these lines, based on the experience obtained in previous joint European initiatives. Therefore, PARC could very well bring a first demonstration of first essential functionalities within the development of the HBM GRF., (Copyright © 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

Published
2021
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49. Towards a systematic use of effect biomarkers in population and occupational biomonitoring.

Author

Zare Jeddi M, Hopf NB, Viegas S, Price AB, Paini A, van Thriel C, Benfenati E, Ndaw S, Bessems J, Behnisch PA, Leng G, Duca RC, Verhagen H, Cubadda F, Brennan L, Ali I, David A, Mustieles V, Fernandez MF, Louro H, and Pasanen-Kase R

Subjects
Biomarkers, Environmental Monitoring, Europe, Humans, Risk Assessment, Biological Monitoring, Environmental Exposure analysis
Abstract

Effect biomarkers can be used to elucidate relationships between exposure to environmental chemicals and their mixtures with associated health outcomes, but they are often underused, as underlying biological mechanisms are not understood. We aim to provide an overview of available effect biomarkers for monitoring chemical exposures in the general and occupational populations, and highlight their potential in monitoring humans exposed to chemical mixtures. We also discuss the role of the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework and physiologically based kinetic and dynamic (PBK/D) modelling to strengthen the understanding of the biological mechanism of effect biomarkers, and in particular for use in regulatory risk assessments. An interdisciplinary network of experts from the European chapter of the International Society for Exposure Science (ISES Europe) and the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Occupational Biomonitoring activity of Working Parties of Hazard and Exposure Assessment group worked together to map the conventional framework of biomarkers and provided recommendations for their systematic use. We summarized the key aspects of this work here, and discussed these in three parts. Part I, we inventory available effect biomarkers and promising new biomarkers for the general population based on the H2020 Human Biomonitoring for Europe (HBM4EU) initiative. Part II, we provide an overview AOP and PBK/D modelling use that improved the selection and interpretation of effect biomarkers. Part III, we describe the collected expertise from the OECD Occupational Biomonitoring subtask effect biomarkers in prioritizing relevant mode of actions (MoAs) and suitable effect biomarkers. Furthermore, we propose a tiered risk assessment approach for occupational biomonitoring. Several effect biomarkers, especially for use in occupational settings, are validated. They offer a direct assessment of the overall health risks associated with exposure to chemicals, chemical mixtures and their transformation products. Promising novel effect biomarkers are emerging for biomonitoring of the general population. Efforts are being dedicated to prioritizing molecular and biochemical effect biomarkers that can provide a causal link in exposure-health outcome associations. This mechanistic approach has great potential in improving human health risk assessment. New techniques such as in silico methods (e.g. QSAR, PBK/D modelling) as well as 'omics data will aid this process. Our multidisciplinary review represents a starting point for enhancing the identification of effect biomarkers and their mechanistic pathways following the AOP framework. This may help in prioritizing the effect biomarker implementation as well as defining threshold limits for chemical mixtures in a more structured way. Several ex vivo biomarkers have been proposed to evaluate combined effects including genotoxicity and xeno-estrogenicity. There is a regulatory need to derive effect-based trigger values using the increasing mechanistic knowledge coming from the AOP framework to address adverse health effects due to exposure to chemical mixtures. Such a mechanistic strategy would reduce the fragmentation observed in different regulations. It could also stimulate a harmonized use of effect biomarkers in a more comparable way, in particular for risk assessments to chemical mixtures., (Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Published
2021
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50. Biomonitoring as an Underused Exposure Assessment Tool in Occupational Safety and Health Context-Challenges and Way Forward.

Author

Viegas S, Zare Jeddi M, B Hopf N, Bessems J, Palmen N, S Galea K, Jones K, Kujath P, Duca RC, Verhagen H, Santonen T, and Pasanen-Kase R

Subjects
Environmental Exposure analysis, Environmental Monitoring, Humans, Risk Assessment, Risk Management, Biological Monitoring, Occupational Exposure analysis, Occupational Health
Abstract

Recent advances in analytical chemistry have allowed a greater possibility of using quantitative approaches for measuring human exposure to chemicals. One of these approaches is biomonitoring (BM), which provides unequivocal evidence that both exposure and uptake of a chemical have taken place. BM has been a longstanding practice in occupational health for several reasons. BM integrates exposure from all routes. It can help identify unintentional and unexpected exposures and assess the effectiveness of existing risk-management measures. BM also provides relevant information to support policy development by delivering better evidence of workers' exposure to chemical substances, even within the framework of the present regulations. Thus, BM can allow for both the evaluation of the impact of regulation and identification of further needs for new or improved regulation. However, despite all these well-recognized advantages, BM is currently an underused exposure assessment tool. This paper provides an overview of the key aspects to be considered when using BM in the context of occupational health interventions. Additionally, this paper describes the potential of BM as an exposure assessment tool, distinguishing the role of BM in exposure assessment and health surveillance and clarifies ethical and communication aspects to guarantee that general data protection regulations are followed. In addition, actions and research needs are identified (particularly with reference to the European situation), which aim to encourage the increased use of BM as an exposure assessment tool.

Published
2020
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