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The main aim of this research was to establish the nucleotide sequence of the highly variable region of the D loop of the mitochondrial DNA of some Georgian domestic animal species (cattle, goat, sheep) as well as their phylogenetic position among the worldwide set of domestic animals. In this study, a total of 5 haplogroups (T – 5; T3 – 7; T1 – 1; T2 – 2; T5 – 2) in 17 Georgian Mountain cattle (GMC), 4 haplogroups (A – 15; A2a1 – 3; A1a – 1; A6 – 3) in 22 Georgian goats and 3 haplogroups (A – 10; B – 16; C -15) in 41 Georgian sheeps (15 Imeretian and 26 Tushetian) were detected. This study represents the first attempt of Genetic study of native Georgian livestocks. The GMC, Georgian (Megrelian) goat, Georgian (Imeretian and Tushetian) sheep mitogenomes were grouped phylogenetically in the haplogroups indicating the closeness to the Near Eastern animals.

The main aim of this research was to establish the nucleotide sequence of the highly variable region of the D loop of the mitochondrial DNA of some Georgian domestic animal species (cattle, goat, sheep) as well as their phylogenetic position among the worldwide set of domestic animals. In this study, a total of 5 haplogroups (T – 5; T3 – 7; T1 – 1; T2 – 2; T5 – 2) in 17 Georgian Mountain cattle (GMC), 4 haplogroups (A – 15; A2a1 – 3; A1a – 1; A6 – 3) in 22 Georgian goats and 3 haplogroups (A – 10; B – 16; C -15) in 41 Georgian sheeps (15 Imeretian and 26 Tushetian) were detected. This study represents the first attempt of Genetic study of native Georgian livestocks. The GMC, Georgian (Megrelian) goat, Georgian (Imeretian and Tushetian) sheep mitogenomes were grouped phylogenetically in the haplogroups indicating the closeness to the Near Eastern animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wheat (Triticum L.) originated in the Fertile Crescent approximately 10 kya BP and has since spread worldwide. The 'Wheat Puzzle' was termed the observation that wild predecessors of five Georgian endemic wheat subspecies are found in Fertile crescent quite far from the South Caucasus. Kartvelian peoples are the ethno-linguistic group of speakers of Kartvelian languages (Georgian, Megrel, Laz, Svan). Kartvelian language is one of the seven language families of Eurasiatic superfamily, that may have arisen from a common ancestor over 15 kya BP (Pagel et al. in Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:8471–8476, 2013). One of the possibility to explain 'Wheat Puzzle' is that speakers of Protokartvelian language could be separated from Protoeurasiatic language speakers after migration from Africa to the Arabian peninsula and later moved to the northern part of Mesopotamia where wheat was domesticated. Kartvelian speakers could migrate further to South Caucasus together with domesticated wheat subspecies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author of the article, based on the onomastic analysis of ancient Greek, Roman and Celtic myths, consisting of taxonomically different implications of the etymological and genetic unity of the Indo-European languages, continues to justify the hypothesis (that was raised at first in his book “Karuo – Iberian secret”) about the existence and interaction of two (Western and of Eastern) ancient Iberian cultures which became the forerunner of the European cultural conglomerate formation.

In this article, the author discusses the existence and interaction of two (Western and of Eastern) ancient Iberian cultures with regards to ancient Greek, Roman and Celtic mythology. Topics discussed include introduction of Hellenic beliefs and worship of the oracles into Greece, importance of seasonal changes in antiquity, celebration of the birth of the sun in Bronze age, Trojan War, and Ares and Apollo gods.

The Black Sea Coast tribe of the Tibarens mentioned in Classical sources is generally connected with Tabal in the Ancient Near Eastern studies. However, Classical scholars, following a scholion, treat them as Scythians, while they are identified as (Western) Kartvelians in the Kartvelological literature. Based on the close reading of the sources and philological analysis it will be argued in this paper that the Classicist point of view is based on an antique misunderstanding and the Kartvelian hypothesis can gain linguistic support, while the connection with Tabal contradicts our current evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]