43 results on '"Kartesz, J"'
Search Results
2. Nomenclatural notes for the North American Flora. XIII
- Author
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Gandhi, K N, Kartesz, J T, and BioStor
- Published
- 1994
3. Nomenclatural notes for the North American flora. XII
- Author
-
Gandhi, K N, Kartesz, J T, and BioStor
- Published
- 1993
4. NOMENCLATURAL NOTES FOR THE NORTH AMERICAN FLORA IX
- Author
-
Kartesz, J T, Gandhi, K N, and BioStor
- Published
- 1992
5. NOMENCLATURAL NOTES FOR THE NORTH AMERICAN FLORA X
- Author
-
Kartesz, J T, Gandhi, K N, and BioStor
- Published
- 1992
6. Nomenclatural notes for the North American Flora. XI
- Author
-
Gandhi, K N, Kartesz, J T, and BioStor
- Published
- 1992
7. Chloris barbata Sw. and C. elata Desvaux (Poaceae), the earlier names for C. inflata Link and C. dandeyana Adams
- Author
-
Kartesz, J T, Gandhi, K N, and BioStor
- Published
- 1992
8. NOMENCLATURAL NOTES FOR THE NORTH AMERICAN FLORA V
- Author
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Kartesz, J T, Gandhi, K N, and BioStor
- Published
- 1991
9. Nomenclatural notes for the North American Flora. VI
- Author
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Gandhi, K N, Kartesz, J T, and BioStor
- Published
- 1991
10. Cymophyllus fraserianus (Ker-Gawler) Kartesz & Gandhi (Cyperaceae), the correct name for Fraser's sedge
- Author
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Kartesz, J T, Gandhi, K N, and BioStor
- Published
- 1991
11. Nomenclatural notes for the North American Flora. II
- Author
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Gandhi, K N, Kartesz, J T, and BioStor
- Published
- 1990
12. NOMENCLATURAL NOTES FOR THE NORTH AMERICAN FLORA I
- Author
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Kartesz, J T, Ghandi, K N, and BioStor
- Published
- 1989
13. Drivers of the relative richness of naturalized and invasive plant species on Earth
- Author
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Essl, F., Dawson, W., Kreft, H., Pergl, J., Pysek, P., van Kleunen, M., Weigelt, P., Mang, T., Dullinger, S., Lenzner, B., Moser, D., Maurel, M., Seebens, H., Stein, A., Weber, E., Chatelain, C., Genovesi, P., Kartesz, J., Morozova, O., Nishino, M., Nowak, P.M., Pagad, S., Shu, W., and Winter, M.
- Abstract
Biological invasions are a defining feature of the Anthropocene, but the factors that determine the spatially uneven distribution of alien plant species are still poorly understood. Here, we present the first global analysis of the effects of biogeographic factors, the physical environment and socio-economy on the richness of naturalized and invasive alien plants. We used generalized linear mixed-effects models and variation partitioning to disentangle the relative importance of individual factors, and, more broadly, of biogeography, physical environment and socio-economy. As measures of the magnitude of permanent anthropogenic additions to the regional species pool and of species with negative environmental impacts, we calculated the relative richness of naturalized (= RRN) and invasive (= RRI) alien plant species numbers adjusted for the number of native species in 838 terrestrial regions. Socio-economic factors (per-capita gross domestic product (GDP), population density, proportion of agricultural land) were more important in explaining RRI (~50 % of the explained variation) than RRN (~40 %). Warm-temperate and (sub)tropical regions have higher RRN than tropical or cooler regions. We found that socio-economic pressures are more relevant for invasive than for naturalized species richness. The expectation that the southern hemisphere is more invaded than the northern hemisphere was confirmed only for RRN on islands, but not for mainland regions nor for RRI. On average, islands have ~6-fold RRN, and >3-fold RRI compared to mainland regions. Eighty-two islands (=26 % of all islands) harbour more naturalized alien than native plants. Our findings challenge the widely held expectation that socio-economic pressures are more relevant for plant naturalization than for invasive plants. To meet international biodiversity targets and halt the detrimental consequences of plant invasions, it is essential to disrupt the connection between socio-economic development and plant invasions by improving pathway management, early detection and rapid response.
- Published
- 2019
14. Global rise in emerging alien species results from increased accessibility of new source pools
- Author
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Seebens, H. Blackburn, T.M. Dyer, E.E. Genovesi, P. Hulme, P.E. Jeschke, J.M. Pagad, S. Pyšek, P. Van Kleunen, M. Winter, M. Ansong, M. Arianoutsou, M. Bacher, S. Blasius, B. Brockerhoff, E.G. Brundu, G. Capinha, C. Causton, C.E. Celesti-Grapow, L. Dawson, W. Dullinger, S. Economo, E.P. Fuentes, N. Guénard, B. Jäger, H. Kartesz, J. Kenis, M. Kühn, I. Lenzner, B. Liebhold, A.M. Mosena, A. Moser, D. Nentwig, W. Nishino, M. Pearman, D. Pergl, J. Rabitsch, W. Rojas-Sandoval, J. Roques, A. Rorke, S. Rossinelli, S. Roy, H.E. Scalera, R. Schindler, S. Štajerová, K. Tokarska-Guzik, B. Walker, K. Ward, D.F. Yamanaka, T. Essl, F.
- Abstract
Our ability to predict the identity of future invasive alien species is largely based upon knowledge of prior invasion history. Emerging alien species-those never encountered as aliens before-therefore pose a significant challenge to biosecurity interventions worldwide. Understanding their temporal trends, origins, and the drivers of their spread is pivotal to improving prevention and risk assessment tools. Here, we use a database of 45,984 first records of 16,019 established alien species to investigate the temporal dynamics of occurrences of emerging alien species worldwide. Even after many centuries of invasions the rate of emergence of new alien species is still high: Onequarter of first records during 2000-2005 were of species that had not been previously recorded anywhere as alien, though with large variation across taxa. Model results show that the high proportion of emerging alien species cannot be solely explained by increases in well-known drivers such as the amount of imported commodities from historically important source regions. Instead, these dynamics reflect the incorporation of new regions into the pool of potential alien species, likely as a consequence of expanding trade networks and environmental change. This process compensates for the depletion of the historically important source species pool through successive invasions. We estimate that 1-16% of all species on Earth, depending on the taxonomic group, qualify as potential alien species. These results suggest that there remains a high proportion of emerging alien species we have yet to encounter, with future impacts that are difficult to predict. © 2018 National Academy of Sciences. All Rights Reserved.
- Published
- 2018
15. Global rise in emerging alien species results from increased accessibility of new source pools
- Author
-
Seebens, H., Blackburn, T.M., Dyer, E.E., Genovesi, P., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M., Pagad, S., Pyšek, P., van Kleunen, M., Winter, M., Ansong, M., Arianoutsou, M., Bacher, S., Blasius, B., Brockerhoff, E.G., Brundu, G., Capinha, C., Causton, C.E., Celesti-Grapow, L., Dawson, W., Dullinger, S., Economo, E.P., Fuentes, N., Guénard, B., Jäger, H., Kartesz, J., Kenis, M., Kühn, Ingolf, Lenzner, B., Liebhold, A.M., Mosena, A., Moser, D., Nentwig, W., Nishino, M., Pearman, D., Pergl, J., Rabitsch, W., Rojas-Sandoval, J., Roques, A., Rorke, S., Rossinelli, S., Roy, H.E., Scalera, R., Schindler, S., Štajerová, K., Tokarska-Guzik, B., Walker, K., Ward, D.F., Yamanaka, T., Essl, F., Seebens, H., Blackburn, T.M., Dyer, E.E., Genovesi, P., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M., Pagad, S., Pyšek, P., van Kleunen, M., Winter, M., Ansong, M., Arianoutsou, M., Bacher, S., Blasius, B., Brockerhoff, E.G., Brundu, G., Capinha, C., Causton, C.E., Celesti-Grapow, L., Dawson, W., Dullinger, S., Economo, E.P., Fuentes, N., Guénard, B., Jäger, H., Kartesz, J., Kenis, M., Kühn, Ingolf, Lenzner, B., Liebhold, A.M., Mosena, A., Moser, D., Nentwig, W., Nishino, M., Pearman, D., Pergl, J., Rabitsch, W., Rojas-Sandoval, J., Roques, A., Rorke, S., Rossinelli, S., Roy, H.E., Scalera, R., Schindler, S., Štajerová, K., Tokarska-Guzik, B., Walker, K., Ward, D.F., Yamanaka, T., and Essl, F.
- Abstract
Our ability to predict the identity of future invasive alien species is largely based upon knowledge of prior invasion history. Emerging alien species—those never encountered as aliens before—therefore pose a significant challenge to biosecurity interventions worldwide. Understanding their temporal trends, origins, and the drivers of their spread is pivotal to improving prevention and risk assessment tools. Here, we use a database of 45,984 first records of 16,019 established alien species to investigate the temporal dynamics of occurrences of emerging alien species worldwide. Even after many centuries of invasions the rate of emergence of new alien species is still high: One-quarter of first records during 2000–2005 were of species that had not been previously recorded anywhere as alien, though with large variation across taxa. Model results show that the high proportion of emerging alien species cannot be solely explained by increases in well-known drivers such as the amount of imported commodities from historically important source regions. Instead, these dynamics reflect the incorporation of new regions into the pool of potential alien species, likely as a consequence of expanding trade networks and environmental change. This process compensates for the depletion of the historically important source species pool through successive invasions. We estimate that 1–16% of all species on Earth, depending on the taxonomic group, qualify as potential alien species. These results suggest that there remains a high proportion of emerging alien species we have yet to encounter, with future impacts that are difficult to predict.
- Published
- 2018
16. No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide
- Author
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Seebens, H. Blackburn, T.M. Dyer, E.E. Genovesi, P. Hulme, P.E. Jeschke, J.M. Pagad, S. Pyšek, P. Winter, M. Arianoutsou, M. Bacher, S. Blasius, B. Brundu, G. Capinha, C. Celesti-Grapow, L. Dawson, W. Dullinger, S. Fuentes, N. Jäger, H. Kartesz, J. Kenis, M. Kreft, H. Kühn, I. Lenzner, B. Liebhold, A. Mosena, A. Moser, D. Nishino, M. Pearman, D. Pergl, J. Rabitsch, W. Rojas-Sandoval, J. Roques, A. Rorke, S. Rossinelli, S. Roy, H.E. Scalera, R. Schindler, S. Štajerová, K. Tokarska-Guzik, B. Van Kleunen, M. Walker, K. Weigelt, P. Yamanaka, T. Essl, F.
- Abstract
Although research on human-mediated exchanges of species has substantially intensified during the last centuries, we know surprisingly little about temporal dynamics of alien species accumulations across regions and taxa. Using a novel database of 45,813 first records of 16,926 established alien species, we show that the annual rate of first records worldwide has increased during the last 200 years, with 37% of all first records reported most recently (1970-2014). Inter-continental and inter-taxonomic variation can be largely attributed to the diaspora of European settlers in the nineteenth century and to the acceleration in trade in the twentieth century. For all taxonomic groups, the increase in numbers of alien species does not show any sign of saturation and most taxa even show increases in the rate of first records over time. This highlights that past efforts to mitigate invasions have not been effective enough to keep up with increasing globalization. © The Author(s) 2017.
- Published
- 2017
17. No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide
- Author
-
Seebens, H., Blackburn, T.M., Dyer, E.E., Genovesi, P., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M., Pagad, S., Pyšek, P., Winter, M., Arianoutsou, M., Bacher, S., Blasius, B., Brundu, G., Capinha, C., Celesti-Grapow, L., Dawson, W., Dullinger, S., Fuentes, N., Jäger, H., Kartesz, J., Kenis, M., Kreft, H., Kühn, Ingolf, Lenzner, B., Liebhold, A., Mosena, A., Moser, D., Nishino, M., Pearman, D., Pergl, J., Rabitsch, W., Rojas-Sandoval, J., Roques, A., Rorke, S., Rossinelli, S., Roy, H.E., Scalera, R., Schindler, S., Štajerová, K., Tokarska-Guzik, B., van Kleunen, M., Walker, A.P., Walker, K., Weigelt, P., Yamanaka, T., Essl, F., Seebens, H., Blackburn, T.M., Dyer, E.E., Genovesi, P., Hulme, P.E., Jeschke, J.M., Pagad, S., Pyšek, P., Winter, M., Arianoutsou, M., Bacher, S., Blasius, B., Brundu, G., Capinha, C., Celesti-Grapow, L., Dawson, W., Dullinger, S., Fuentes, N., Jäger, H., Kartesz, J., Kenis, M., Kreft, H., Kühn, Ingolf, Lenzner, B., Liebhold, A., Mosena, A., Moser, D., Nishino, M., Pearman, D., Pergl, J., Rabitsch, W., Rojas-Sandoval, J., Roques, A., Rorke, S., Rossinelli, S., Roy, H.E., Scalera, R., Schindler, S., Štajerová, K., Tokarska-Guzik, B., van Kleunen, M., Walker, A.P., Walker, K., Weigelt, P., Yamanaka, T., and Essl, F.
- Abstract
Although research on human-mediated exchanges of species has substantially intensified during the last centuries, we know surprisingly little about temporal dynamics of alien species accumulations across regions and taxa. Using a novel database of 45,813 first records of 16,926 established alien species, we show that the annual rate of first records worldwide has increased during the last 200 years, with 37% of all first records reported most recently (1970–2014). Inter-continental and inter-taxonomic variation can be largely attributed to the diaspora of European settlers in the nineteenth century and to the acceleration in trade in the twentieth century. For all taxonomic groups, the increase in numbers of alien species does not show any sign of saturation and most taxa even show increases in the rate of first records over time. This highlights that past efforts to mitigate invasions have not been effective enough to keep up with increasing globalization.
- Published
- 2017
18. PLANT SPECIES INVASIONS ALONG THE LATITUDINAL GRADIENT IN THE UNITED STATES: REPLY
- Author
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Curtis Flather, Stohlgren, T. J., Jarnevich, C., Barnett, D., and Kartesz, J.
- Subjects
Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Published
- 2006
19. Naturalization of central European plants in North America: species traits, habitats, propagule pressure, residence time
- Author
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Pyšek, P., Manceur, Marc Ameur, Alba, C., McGregor, K.F., Pergl, J., Štajerová, K., Chytrý, M., Danihelka, J., Kartesz, J., Klimešová, J., Lučanová, M., Moravcová, L., Nishino, M., Sádlo, J., Suda, J., Tichý, L., Kühn, Ingolf, Pyšek, P., Manceur, Marc Ameur, Alba, C., McGregor, K.F., Pergl, J., Štajerová, K., Chytrý, M., Danihelka, J., Kartesz, J., Klimešová, J., Lučanová, M., Moravcová, L., Nishino, M., Sádlo, J., Suda, J., Tichý, L., and Kühn, Ingolf
- Abstract
The factors that promote invasive behavior in introduced plant species occur across many scales of biological and ecological organization. Factors that act at relatively small scales, for example the evolution of biological traits associated with invasiveness, scale up to shape species distributions amongst different climates and habitats, as well as other characteristics linked to invasion, such as attractiveness for cultivation (and by extension propagule pressure). To identify drivers of invasion it is therefore necessary to disentangle the contribution of multiple factors that are interdependent. To this end, we formulated a conceptual model describing the process of invasion of central European species into North America based on a sequence of 'drivers'. We then used confirmatory path analysis to test whether the conceptual model is supported by a statistical model inferred from a comprehensive database containing 466 species. The path analysis revealed that invasion of central-European plants in North America, in terms of the number of North American regions invaded, most strongly depends on minimum residence time in the invaded range and the number of habitats occupied by species in their native range. In addition to the confirmatory path analysis, we identified the effects of various biological traits on several important drivers of the conceptualized invasion process. The data supported a model, which included indirect effects of biological traits on invasion via their effect on the number of native range habitats occupied and cultivation in the native range. For example, persistent seed banks and longer flowering periods are positively correlated with number of native habitats, while a stress-tolerant life strategy is negatively correlated with native-range cultivation. However, the importance of the biological traits is nearly an order of magnitude less than that of the larger-scale drivers and highly dependent on the invasion stage (traits were associate
- Published
- 2015
20. Widespread plant species: Natives versus aliens in our changing world
- Author
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Stohlgren, TJ, Pyšek, P, Kartesz, J, Nishino, M, Pauchard, A, Winter, M, Pino, J, Richardson, DM, Wilson, JRU, Murray, BR, Phillips, ML, Ming-yang, L, Celesti-Grapow, L, and Font, X
- Subjects
Ecology - Abstract
Estimates of the level of invasion for a region are traditionally based on relative numbers of native and alien species. However, alien species differ dramatically in the size of their invasive ranges. Here we present the first study to quantify the level of invasion for several regions of the world in terms of the most widely distributed plant species (natives vs. aliens). Aliens accounted for 51.3% of the 120 most widely distributed plant species in North America, 43.3% in New South Wales (Australia), 34.2% in Chile, 29.7% in Argentina, and 22.5% in the Republic of South Africa. However, Europe had only 1% of alien species among the most widespread species of the flora. Across regions, alien species relative to native species were either as well-distributed (10 comparisons) or more widely distributed (5 comparisons). These striking patterns highlight the profound contribution that widespread invasive alien plants make to floristic dominance patterns across different regions. Many of the most widespread species are alien plants, and, in particular, Europe and Asia appear as major contributors to the homogenization of the floras in the Americas. We recommend that spatial extent of invasion should be explicitly incorporated in assessments of invasibility, globalization, and risk assessments. © 2011 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.
- Published
- 2011
21. Globalization Effects on Common Plant Species
- Author
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Stohlgren, TJ, Pyšek, P, Kartesz, J, Nishino, M, Pauchard, A, Winter, M, Pino, J, Richardson, DM, Wilson, J, Murray, BR, Phillips, ML, Celesti-Grapow, L, Graham, J, Stohlgren, TJ, Pyšek, P, Kartesz, J, Nishino, M, Pauchard, A, Winter, M, Pino, J, Richardson, DM, Wilson, J, Murray, BR, Phillips, ML, Celesti-Grapow, L, and Graham, J
- Published
- 2013
22. Widespread plant species: natives versus aliens in our changing world
- Author
-
Stohlgren, T.J., Pyšek, P., Kartesz, J., Nishino, M., Pauchard, A., Winter, Marten, Pino, J., Richardson, D.M., Wilson, J.R.U., Murray, B.R., Phillips, M.L., Ming-yang, L., Celesti-Grapow, L., Font, X., Stohlgren, T.J., Pyšek, P., Kartesz, J., Nishino, M., Pauchard, A., Winter, Marten, Pino, J., Richardson, D.M., Wilson, J.R.U., Murray, B.R., Phillips, M.L., Ming-yang, L., Celesti-Grapow, L., and Font, X.
- Abstract
Estimates of the level of invasion for a region are traditionally based on relative numbers of native and alien species. However, alien species differ dramatically in the size of their invasive ranges. Here we present the first study to quantify the level of invasion for several regions of the world in terms of the most widely distributed plant species (natives vs. aliens). Aliens accounted for 51.3% of the 120 most widely distributed plant species in North America, 43.3% in New South Wales (Australia), 34.2% in Chile, 29.7% in Argentina, and 22.5% in the Republic of South Africa. However, Europe had only 1% of alien species among the most widespread species of the flora. Across regions, alien species relative to native species were either as well-distributed (10 comparisons) or more widely distributed (5 comparisons). These striking patterns highlight the profound contribution that widespread invasive alien plants make to floristic dominance patterns across different regions. Many of the most widespread species are alien plants, and, in particular, Europe and Asia appear as major contributors to the homogenization of the floras in the Americas. We recommend that spatial extent of invasion should be explicitly incorporated in assessments of invasibility, globalization, and risk assessments.
- Published
- 2011
23. A Synonymized Checklist of the Vascular Flora of the United States, Canada and Greenland
- Author
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Brummitt, R. K., primary and Kartesz, J. T., additional
- Published
- 1996
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Nomenclatural notes for the North American Flora. XIII
- Author
-
Gandhi, K N, primary and Kartesz, J T, additional
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Nomenclatural notes for the North American flora. XII
- Author
-
Gandhi, K N, primary and Kartesz, J T, additional
- Published
- 1993
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Nomenclatural notes for the North American Flora. XI
- Author
-
Gandhi, K N, primary and Kartesz, J T, additional
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Nomenclatural notes for the North American Flora. VIII
- Author
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Gandhi, K N, primary and Kartesz, J T, additional
- Published
- 1991
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Nomenclatural notes for the North American Flora. II
- Author
-
Gandhi, K N, primary and Kartesz, J T, additional
- Published
- 1990
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Global rise in emerging alien species results from increased accessibility of new source pools
- Author
-
Seebens, H, Blackburn, TM, Dyer, EE, Genovesi, P, Hulme, PE, Jeschke, JM, Pagad, S, Pysek, P, Van Kleunen, M, Winter, M, Ansong, M, Arianoutsou, M, Bacher, Sven, Blasius, B, Brockerhoff, EG, Brundu, G, Capinha, C, Causton, CE, Celesti-Grapow, L, Dawson, W, Dullinger, S, Economo, EP, Fuentes, N, Guénard, B, Jäger, H, Kartesz, J, Kenis, M, Kühn, I, Lenzner, B, Liebhold, AM, Mosena, A, Moser, D, Nentwig, Wolfgang, Nishino, M, Pearman, D, Pergl, J, Rabitsch, W, Rojas-Sandoval, J, Roques, A, Rorke, S, Rossinelli, S, Roy, HE, Scalera, R, Schindler, S, Stajerová, K, Tokarska-Guzik, B, Walker, K, Ward, DF, Yamanaka, T, and Essl, F
- Subjects
13. Climate action ,570 Life sciences ,biology ,590 Animals (Zoology) ,15. Life on land ,580 Plants (Botany) - Abstract
Our ability to predict the identity of future invasive alien species is largely based upon knowledge of prior invasion history. Emerging alien species—those never encountered as aliens before—there-fore pose a significant challenge to biosecurity interventions worldwide. Understanding their temporal trends, origins, and the drivers of their spread is pivotal to improving prevention and risk assessment tools. Here, we use a database of 45,984 first records of 16,019 established alien species to investigate the temporal dy-namics of occurrences of emerging alien species worldwide. Even after many centuries of invasions the rate of emergence of new alien species is still high: One-quarter of first records during 2000–2005 were of species that had not been previously recorded any-where as alien, though with large variation across taxa. Model results show that the high proportion of emerging alien species cannot be solely explained by increases in well-known drivers such as the amount of imported commodities from historically impor-tant source regions. Instead, these dynamics reflect the incorpora-tion of new regions into the pool of potential alien species, likely as a consequence of expanding trade networks and environmental change. This process compensates for the depletion of the histor-ically important source species pool through successive invasions. We estimate that 1–16% of all species on Earth, depending on the taxonomic group, qualify as potential alien species. These results suggest that there remains a high proportion of emerging alien species we have yet to encounter, with future impacts that are difficult to predict.
30. Global rise in emerging alien species results from increased accessibility of new source pools
- Author
-
Seebens, H, Blackburn, TM, Dyer, EE, Genovesi, P, Hulme, Philip, Jeschke, JM, Pagad, S, Pyšek, P, van Kleunen, M, Winter, M, Ansong, M, Arianoutsou, M, Bacher, S, Blasius, B, Brockerhoff, EG, Brundu, G, Capinha, C, Causton, CE, Celesti-Grapow, L, Dawson, W, Dullinger, S, Economo, EP, Fuentes, N, Guénard, B, Jäger, H, Kartesz, J, Kenis, M, Kühn, I, Lenzner, B, Liebhold, AM, Mosena, A, Moser, D, Nentwig, W, Nishino, M, Pearman, D, Pergl, J, Rabitsch, W, Rojas-Sandoval, J, Roques, A, Rorke, S, Rossinelli, S, Roy, HE, Scalera, R, Schindler, S, Štajerová, K, Tokarska-Guzik, B, Walker, K, Ward, DF, Yamanaka, T, and Essl, F
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. The Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database
- Author
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Mauricio Velayos, Jacob Thomas, Elena Zykova, Silvana Masciadri, Michele de Sá Dechoum, Pavel V. Krestov, Arkadiusz Nowak, Liubov A. Antonova, Ori Fragman-Sapir, Mark van Kleunen, Francisco Cabezas, Nicolás Castaño, Dairon Cárdenas, Giuseppe Brundu, José L Villaseñor, Andrey Kupriyanov, Alla Aleksanyan, Ewald Weber, Franz Essl, Abida Zeddam, Bernd Lenzner, Juliana Cárdenas-Toro, Siegmar W Breckle, Jan Pergl, Wayne Dawson, Estrela Figueiredo, Eduardo Chacón-Madrigal, Cyrille Chatelain, Pieter B. Pelser, Quentin Groom, Wen-Sheng Shu, Christian König, Olga Morozova, Ahmet Uludag, Noëlie Maurel, Patrick Weigelt, A. L. Ebel, Jean-Marc Dufour-Dror, Nejc Jogan, Dietmar Moser, Hanno Seebens, Julie F. Barcelona, Alla Verkhosina, Michael Ansong, Misako Nishino, Jan J. Wieringa, Anke Stein, Inderjit, Stefan Dullinger, Nicol Fuentes, Daniel L. Nickrent, Petr Pyšek, Annette Patzelt, L. Henderson, Barry Conn, Holger Kreft, Jan Meerman, Marten Winter, John Kartesz, Ayşe Yazlik, van Kleunen M., Pyšek P., Dawson W., Kreft H., Pergl J., Weigelt P., Stein A., Dullinger S., König C., Lenzner B., Maurel N., Moser D., Seebens H, Kartesz J., Nishino M., Aleksanyan A., Ansong M., Antonova L., Barcelona J., Breckle S., Brundu G., Cabezas F., Cárdenas D., Cárdenas-Toro J., Castaño N., Chacón E., Chatelain C., Conn B., Sá Dechoum M., Dufour-Dror J.M., Ebel A., Figueiredo E., Fragman-Sapir O., Fuentes N., Groom Q., Henderson L., Jogan N., Krestov P., Kupriyanov A., Masciadri Bálsamo Silvana, Universidad de la República (Uruguay). Facultad de Ciencias. Instituto de Biología., Meerman J., Morozova O., Nickrent D., Nowak A., Patzelt A., Pelser P., Wen-sheng S., Thomas J., Uludag A., Velayos M., Verkhosina A., Villaseñor J., Weber E., Wieringa J., Yazlık A., Zeddam A., Zykova E., and Winter M.
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,сосудистые растения ,Species invasions ,Alien plants ,Shapefile ,Alien ,computer.software_genre ,Public domain ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,чужеродные виды растений ,неофиты ,GloNAF, база данных ,Global distribution ,глобальное распространение ,Naturalized plants ,Neophytes ,vascular plants ,Taxonomic rank ,экзотические растения ,non-native plants ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,species invasions ,инвазии видов ,Database ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Vascular plants ,neophytes ,non-nativeplants ,computer.file_format ,global distribution ,Compendium ,Metadata ,Non-native plants ,naturalized plants ,Taxon ,Geography ,натурализованные виды растений ,Mainland ,Exotic plants ,computer ,exotic plants - Abstract
This dataset provides the Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database, ver-sion 1.2. Glo NAF represents a data compendium on th e occurrence and identit y of naturalizedalien vascular plant taxa across geographic regions (e.g. countries, states, provinces, districts,islands) around the globe. The dataset includes 13,939 taxa and covers 1,029 regions (including381 islands). The dataset is based on 210 data sources. For each ta x on-b y-region combination, wepr ovide information on whether the tax on is consider ed to be naturalized in the specific region(i.e. has established self-sustaining popula tions in the wild). Non-native taxa are marked as“alien”, when it is not clear whether they are naturalized. To facilitate alignment with other plantdatabases, we pro v ide f or each taxon the name as given in the original data source and the stan-dardized taxon and family names used by The Plant List Version 1.1 (http://www.theplantlist.org/). We pro vide an ESRI shapefile including polygons f or each region and informa tion on whetherit is an island or a mainland region, the country and the Taxonomic Databases Working Group(TDWG) regions it is part of (TDWG levels 1–4). We also provide several variables that can beused to filter the data according to quality and completeness of alien taxon lists, which varyamong the combinations of regions and da ta sources. A pre vious version of the GloNAF dataset(version 1.1) has already been used in several studies on, for example, historical spatial flows oftaxa between continents and geographical patterns and determinants of naturalization across dif-ferent taxonomic groups. We intend the updated and expanded GloNAF version presented hereto be a global resource useful for studying plant inv asions and changes in biodiversity from regio-nal to global scales. We release these data into the public domain under a Crea ti ve CommonsZer o license waiver (https://creati v ecommons.org/share-y our -work/public-domain/cc0/). Wheny ou use the da ta in your publication, we request that y ou cite this da ta paper. If GloN AF is amajor part of the data analyzed in your study, you should consider inviting the GloNAF coreteam (see Metadata S1: Originators in the Overall project description) as collaborators. If youplan to use the GloNAF dataset, we encourage y ou to contact the GloNAF core team to checkwhether there have been recent updates of the dataset, and whether similar analyses are already ongoing.
- Published
- 2018
32. No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide
- Author
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Seebens, H, Blackburn, TM, Dyer, EE, Genovesi, P, Hulme, Philip, Jeschke, JM, Pagad, S, Pyšek, P, Winter, M, Arianoutsou, M, Bacher, S, Blasius, B, Brundu, G, Capinha, C, Celesti-Grapow, L, Dawson, W, Dullinger, S, Fuentes, N, Jäger, H, Kartesz, J, Kenis, M, Kreft, H, Kühn, I, Lenzner, B, Liebhold, A, Mosena, A, Moser, D, Nishino, M, Pearman, D, Pergl, J, Rabitsch, W, Rojas-Sandoval, J, Roques, A, Rorke, S, Rossinelli, S, Roy, HE, Scalera, R, Schindler, S, Štajerová, K, Tokarska-Guzik, B, van Kleunen, M, Walker, K, Weigelt, P, Yamanaka, T, and Essl, F
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33. A latitudinal gradient in Darwin's naturalization conundrum at the global scale for flowering plants.
- Author
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Fan SY, Yang Q, Li SP, Fristoe TS, Cadotte MW, Essl F, Kreft H, Pergl J, Pyšek P, Weigelt P, Kartesz J, Nishino M, Wieringa JJ, and van Kleunen M
- Subjects
- Humans, Citizenship, Introduced Species, Plants, Ecosystem, Magnoliopsida
- Abstract
Darwin's naturalization conundrum describes two seemingly contradictory hypotheses regarding whether alien species closely or distantly related to native species should be more likely to naturalize in regional floras. Both expectations have accumulated empirical support, and whether such apparent inconsistency can be reconciled at the global scale is unclear. Here, using 219,520 native and 9,531 naturalized alien plant species across 487 globally distributed regions, we found a latitudinal gradient in Darwin's naturalization conundrum. Naturalized alien plant species are more closely related to native species at higher latitudes than they are at lower latitudes, indicating a greater influence of preadaptation in harsher climates. Human landscape modification resulted in even steeper latitudinal clines by selecting aliens distantly related to natives in warmer and drier regions. Our results demonstrate that joint consideration of climatic and anthropogenic conditions is critical to reconciling Darwin's naturalization conundrum., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)
- Published
- 2023
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34. Global models and predictions of plant diversity based on advanced machine learning techniques.
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Cai L, Kreft H, Taylor A, Denelle P, Schrader J, Essl F, van Kleunen M, Pergl J, Pyšek P, Stein A, Winter M, Barcelona JF, Fuentes N, Inderjit, Karger DN, Kartesz J, Kuprijanov A, Nishino M, Nickrent D, Nowak A, Patzelt A, Pelser PB, Singh P, Wieringa JJ, and Weigelt P
- Subjects
- Humans, Phylogeny, Climate, Linear Models, Plants, Ecosystem, Biodiversity
- Abstract
Despite the paramount role of plant diversity for ecosystem functioning, biogeochemical cycles, and human welfare, knowledge of its global distribution is still incomplete, hampering basic research and biodiversity conservation. Here, we used machine learning (random forests, extreme gradient boosting, and neural networks) and conventional statistical methods (generalized linear models and generalized additive models) to test environment-related hypotheses of broad-scale vascular plant diversity gradients and to model and predict species richness and phylogenetic richness worldwide. To this end, we used 830 regional plant inventories including c. 300 000 species and predictors of past and present environmental conditions. Machine learning showed a superior performance, explaining up to 80.9% of species richness and 83.3% of phylogenetic richness, illustrating the great potential of such techniques for disentangling complex and interacting associations between the environment and plant diversity. Current climate and environmental heterogeneity emerged as the primary drivers, while past environmental conditions left only small but detectable imprints on plant diversity. Finally, we combined predictions from multiple modeling techniques (ensemble predictions) to reveal global patterns and centers of plant diversity at multiple resolutions down to 7774 km
2 . Our predictive maps provide accurate estimates of global plant diversity available at grain sizes relevant for conservation and macroecology., (© 2022 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2022 New Phytologist Foundation.)- Published
- 2023
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35. Species clustering, climate effects, and introduced species in 5 million city trees across 63 US cities.
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McCoy DE, Goulet-Scott B, Meng W, Atahan BF, Kiros H, Nishino M, and Kartesz J
- Subjects
- Carbon Dioxide, Cluster Analysis, Ecosystem, Forests, United States, Urban Health, Cities, Introduced Species, Trees
- Abstract
Sustainable cities depend on urban forests. City trees-pillars of urban forests-improve our health, clean the air, store CO
2 , and cool local temperatures. Comparatively less is known about city tree communities as ecosystems, particularly regarding spatial composition, species diversity, tree health, and the abundance of introduced species. Here, we assembled and standardized a new dataset of N = 5,660,237 trees from 63 of the largest US cities with detailed information on location, health, species, and whether a species is introduced or naturally occurring (i.e., "native"). We further designed new tools to analyze spatial clustering and the abundance of introduced species. We show that trees significantly cluster by species in 98% of cities, potentially increasing pest vulnerability (even in species-diverse cities). Further, introduced species significantly homogenize tree communities across cities, while naturally occurring trees (i.e., "native" trees) comprise 0.51-87.4% (median = 45.6%) of city tree populations. Introduced species are more common in drier cities, and climate also shapes tree species diversity across urban forests. Parks have greater tree species diversity than urban settings. Compared to past work which focused on canopy cover and species richness, we show the importance of analyzing spatial composition and introduced species in urban ecosystems (and we develop new tools and datasets to do so). Future work could analyze city trees alongside sociodemographic variables or bird, insect, and plant diversity (e.g., from citizen-science initiatives). With these tools, we may evaluate existing city trees in new, nuanced ways and design future plantings to maximize resistance to pests and climate change. We depend on city trees., Competing Interests: DM, BG, WM, BA, HK, MN, JK No competing interests declared, (© 2022, McCoy, Goulet-Scott et al.)- Published
- 2022
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36. The global loss of floristic uniqueness.
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Yang Q, Weigelt P, Fristoe TS, Zhang Z, Kreft H, Stein A, Seebens H, Dawson W, Essl F, König C, Lenzner B, Pergl J, Pouteau R, Pyšek P, Winter M, Ebel AL, Fuentes N, Giehl ELH, Kartesz J, Krestov P, Kukk T, Nishino M, Kupriyanov A, Villaseñor JL, Wieringa JJ, Zeddam A, Zykova E, and van Kleunen M
- Subjects
- Biodiversity, Climate, Ecosystem, Introduced Species statistics & numerical data, Phylogeny, Plants classification
- Abstract
Regional species assemblages have been shaped by colonization, speciation and extinction over millions of years. Humans have altered biogeography by introducing species to new ranges. However, an analysis of how strongly naturalized plant species (i.e. alien plants that have established self-sustaining populations) affect the taxonomic and phylogenetic uniqueness of regional floras globally is still missing. Here, we present such an analysis with data from native and naturalized alien floras in 658 regions around the world. We find strong taxonomic and phylogenetic floristic homogenization overall, and that the natural decline in floristic similarity with increasing geographic distance is weakened by naturalized species. Floristic homogenization increases with climatic similarity, which emphasizes the importance of climate matching in plant naturalization. Moreover, floristic homogenization is greater between regions with current or past administrative relationships, indicating that being part of the same country as well as historical colonial ties facilitate floristic exchange, most likely due to more intensive trade and transport between such regions. Our findings show that naturalization of alien plants threatens taxonomic and phylogenetic uniqueness of regional floras globally. Unless more effective biosecurity measures are implemented, it is likely that with ongoing globalization, even the most distant regions will lose their floristic uniqueness., (© 2021. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2021
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37. Drivers of the relative richness of naturalized and invasive plant species on Earth.
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Essl F, Dawson W, Kreft H, Pergl J, Pyšek P, Van Kleunen M, Weigelt P, Mang T, Dullinger S, Lenzner B, Moser D, Maurel N, Seebens H, Stein A, Weber E, Chatelain C, Inderjit, Genovesi P, Kartesz J, Morozova O, Nishino M, Nowak PM, Pagad S, Shu WS, and Winter M
- Abstract
Biological invasions are a defining feature of the Anthropocene, but the factors that determine the spatially uneven distribution of alien plant species are still poorly understood. Here, we present the first global analysis of the effects of biogeographic factors, the physical environment and socio-economy on the richness of naturalized and invasive alien plants. We used generalized linear mixed-effects models and variation partitioning to disentangle the relative importance of individual factors, and, more broadly, of biogeography, physical environment and socio-economy. As measures of the magnitude of permanent anthropogenic additions to the regional species pool and of species with negative environmental impacts, we calculated the relative richness of naturalized (= RRN) and invasive (= RRI) alien plant species numbers adjusted for the number of native species in 838 terrestrial regions. Socio-economic factors (per-capita gross domestic product (GDP), population density, proportion of agricultural land) were more important in explaining RRI (~50 % of the explained variation) than RRN (~40 %). Warm-temperate and (sub)tropical regions have higher RRN than tropical or cooler regions. We found that socio-economic pressures are more relevant for invasive than for naturalized species richness. The expectation that the southern hemisphere is more invaded than the northern hemisphere was confirmed only for RRN on islands, but not for mainland regions nor for RRI. On average, islands have ~6-fold RRN, and >3-fold RRI compared to mainland regions. Eighty-two islands (=26 % of all islands) harbour more naturalized alien than native plants. Our findings challenge the widely held expectation that socio-economic pressures are more relevant for plant naturalization than for invasive plants. To meet international biodiversity targets and halt the detrimental consequences of plant invasions, it is essential to disrupt the connection between socio-economic development and plant invasions by improving pathway management, early detection and rapid response., (© The Author(s) 2019. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Annals of Botany Company.)
- Published
- 2019
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38. The Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database.
- Author
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van Kleunen M, Pyšek P, Dawson W, Essl F, Kreft H, Pergl J, Weigelt P, Stein A, Dullinger S, König C, Lenzner B, Maurel N, Moser D, Seebens H, Kartesz J, Nishino M, Aleksanyan A, Ansong M, Antonova LA, Barcelona JF, Breckle SW, Brundu G, Cabezas FJ, Cárdenas D, Cárdenas-Toro J, Castaño N, Chacón E, Chatelain C, Conn B, de Sá Dechoum M, Dufour-Dror JM, Ebel AL, Figueiredo E, Fragman-Sapir O, Fuentes N, Groom QJ, Henderson L, Inderjit, Jogan N, Krestov P, Kupriyanov A, Masciadri S, Meerman J, Morozova O, Nickrent D, Nowak A, Patzelt A, Pelser PB, Shu WS, Thomas J, Uludag A, Velayos M, Verkhosina A, Villaseñor JL, Weber E, Wieringa JJ, Yazlık A, Zeddam A, Zykova E, and Winter M
- Abstract
This dataset provides the Global Naturalized Alien Flora (GloNAF) database, version 1.2. GloNAF represents a data compendium on the occurrence and identity of naturalized alien vascular plant taxa across geographic regions (e.g. countries, states, provinces, districts, islands) around the globe. The dataset includes 13,939 taxa and covers 1,029 regions (including 381 islands). The dataset is based on 210 data sources. For each taxon-by-region combination, we provide information on whether the taxon is considered to be naturalized in the specific region (i.e. has established self-sustaining populations in the wild). Non-native taxa are marked as "alien", when it is not clear whether they are naturalized. To facilitate alignment with other plant databases, we provide for each taxon the name as given in the original data source and the standardized taxon and family names used by The Plant List Version 1.1 (http://www.theplantlist.org/). We provide an ESRI shapefile including polygons for each region and information on whether it is an island or a mainland region, the country and the Taxonomic Databases Working Group (TDWG) regions it is part of (TDWG levels 1-4). We also provide several variables that can be used to filter the data according to quality and completeness of alien taxon lists, which vary among the combinations of regions and data sources. A previous version of the GloNAF dataset (version 1.1) has already been used in several studies on, for example, historical spatial flows of taxa between continents and geographical patterns and determinants of naturalization across different taxonomic groups. We intend the updated and expanded GloNAF version presented here to be a global resource useful for studying plant invasions and changes in biodiversity from regional to global scales. We release these data into the public domain under a Creative Commons Zero license waiver (https://creativecommons.org/share-your-work/public-domain/cc0/). When you use the data in your publication, we request that you cite this data paper. If GloNAF is a major part of the data analyzed in your study, you should consider inviting the GloNAF core team (see Metadata S1: Originators in the Overall project description) as collaborators. If you plan to use the GloNAF dataset, we encourage you to contact the GloNAF core team to check whether there have been recent updates of the dataset, and whether similar analyses are already ongoing., (© 2018 The Authors. Ecology © 2018 The Ecological Society of America.)
- Published
- 2019
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39. Global rise in emerging alien species results from increased accessibility of new source pools.
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Seebens H, Blackburn TM, Dyer EE, Genovesi P, Hulme PE, Jeschke JM, Pagad S, Pyšek P, van Kleunen M, Winter M, Ansong M, Arianoutsou M, Bacher S, Blasius B, Brockerhoff EG, Brundu G, Capinha C, Causton CE, Celesti-Grapow L, Dawson W, Dullinger S, Economo EP, Fuentes N, Guénard B, Jäger H, Kartesz J, Kenis M, Kühn I, Lenzner B, Liebhold AM, Mosena A, Moser D, Nentwig W, Nishino M, Pearman D, Pergl J, Rabitsch W, Rojas-Sandoval J, Roques A, Rorke S, Rossinelli S, Roy HE, Scalera R, Schindler S, Štajerová K, Tokarska-Guzik B, Walker K, Ward DF, Yamanaka T, and Essl F
- Subjects
- Animals, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, History, 16th Century, History, 17th Century, History, 18th Century, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Introduced Species history, Models, Biological, Population Dynamics history, Introduced Species statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Our ability to predict the identity of future invasive alien species is largely based upon knowledge of prior invasion history. Emerging alien species-those never encountered as aliens before-therefore pose a significant challenge to biosecurity interventions worldwide. Understanding their temporal trends, origins, and the drivers of their spread is pivotal to improving prevention and risk assessment tools. Here, we use a database of 45,984 first records of 16,019 established alien species to investigate the temporal dynamics of occurrences of emerging alien species worldwide. Even after many centuries of invasions the rate of emergence of new alien species is still high: One-quarter of first records during 2000-2005 were of species that had not been previously recorded anywhere as alien, though with large variation across taxa. Model results show that the high proportion of emerging alien species cannot be solely explained by increases in well-known drivers such as the amount of imported commodities from historically important source regions. Instead, these dynamics reflect the incorporation of new regions into the pool of potential alien species, likely as a consequence of expanding trade networks and environmental change. This process compensates for the depletion of the historically important source species pool through successive invasions. We estimate that 1-16% of all species on Earth, depending on the taxonomic group, qualify as potential alien species. These results suggest that there remains a high proportion of emerging alien species we have yet to encounter, with future impacts that are difficult to predict., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
- Published
- 2018
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40. No saturation in the accumulation of alien species worldwide.
- Author
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Seebens H, Blackburn TM, Dyer EE, Genovesi P, Hulme PE, Jeschke JM, Pagad S, Pyšek P, Winter M, Arianoutsou M, Bacher S, Blasius B, Brundu G, Capinha C, Celesti-Grapow L, Dawson W, Dullinger S, Fuentes N, Jäger H, Kartesz J, Kenis M, Kreft H, Kühn I, Lenzner B, Liebhold A, Mosena A, Moser D, Nishino M, Pearman D, Pergl J, Rabitsch W, Rojas-Sandoval J, Roques A, Rorke S, Rossinelli S, Roy HE, Scalera R, Schindler S, Štajerová K, Tokarska-Guzik B, van Kleunen M, Walker K, Weigelt P, Yamanaka T, and Essl F
- Subjects
- Computer Simulation, Geography, Internationality, Islands, Species Specificity, Time Factors, Introduced Species
- Abstract
Although research on human-mediated exchanges of species has substantially intensified during the last centuries, we know surprisingly little about temporal dynamics of alien species accumulations across regions and taxa. Using a novel database of 45,813 first records of 16,926 established alien species, we show that the annual rate of first records worldwide has increased during the last 200 years, with 37% of all first records reported most recently (1970-2014). Inter-continental and inter-taxonomic variation can be largely attributed to the diaspora of European settlers in the nineteenth century and to the acceleration in trade in the twentieth century. For all taxonomic groups, the increase in numbers of alien species does not show any sign of saturation and most taxa even show increases in the rate of first records over time. This highlights that past efforts to mitigate invasions have not been effective enough to keep up with increasing globalization.
- Published
- 2017
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41. Global exchange and accumulation of non-native plants.
- Author
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van Kleunen M, Dawson W, Essl F, Pergl J, Winter M, Weber E, Kreft H, Weigelt P, Kartesz J, Nishino M, Antonova LA, Barcelona JF, Cabezas FJ, Cárdenas D, Cárdenas-Toro J, Castaño N, Chacón E, Chatelain C, Ebel AL, Figueiredo E, Fuentes N, Groom QJ, Henderson L, Inderjit, Kupriyanov A, Masciadri S, Meerman J, Morozova O, Moser D, Nickrent DL, Patzelt A, Pelser PB, Baptiste MP, Poopath M, Schulze M, Seebens H, Shu WS, Thomas J, Velayos M, Wieringa JJ, and Pyšek P
- Subjects
- Databases, Factual, North America, Pacific Islands, Phylogeography, Biodiversity, Geographic Mapping, Introduced Species statistics & numerical data, Plants
- Abstract
All around the globe, humans have greatly altered the abiotic and biotic environment with ever-increasing speed. One defining feature of the Anthropocene epoch is the erosion of biogeographical barriers by human-mediated dispersal of species into new regions, where they can naturalize and cause ecological, economic and social damage. So far, no comprehensive analysis of the global accumulation and exchange of alien plant species between continents has been performed, primarily because of a lack of data. Here we bridge this knowledge gap by using a unique global database on the occurrences of naturalized alien plant species in 481 mainland and 362 island regions. In total, 13,168 plant species, corresponding to 3.9% of the extant global vascular flora, or approximately the size of the native European flora, have become naturalized somewhere on the globe as a result of human activity. North America has accumulated the largest number of naturalized species, whereas the Pacific Islands show the fastest increase in species numbers with respect to their land area. Continents in the Northern Hemisphere have been the major donors of naturalized alien species to all other continents. Our results quantify for the first time the extent of plant naturalizations worldwide, and illustrate the urgent need for globally integrated efforts to control, manage and understand the spread of alien species.
- Published
- 2015
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42. Naturalization of central European plants in North America: species traits, habitats, propagule pressure, residence time.
- Author
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Pyšek P, Manceur AM, Alba C, McGregor KF, Pergl J, Stajerová K, Chytrý M, Danihelka J, Kartesz J, Klimesova J, Lucanova M, Moravcová L, Nishino M, Sadlo J, Suda J, Tichy L, and Kühn I
- Subjects
- Ecosystem, Europe, Models, Biological, North America, Plant Development, Plant Dispersal, Time Factors, Introduced Species, Plant Physiological Phenomena
- Abstract
The factors that promote invasive behavior in introduced plant species occur across many scales of biological and ecological organization. Factors that act at relatively small scales, for example, the evolution of biological traits associated with invasiveness, scale up to shape species distributions among different climates and habitats, as well as other characteristics linked to invasion, such as attractiveness for cultivation (and by extension propagule pressure). To identify drivers of invasion it is therefore necessary to disentangle the contribution of multiple factors that are interdependent. To this end, we formulated a conceptual model describing the process of invasion of central European species into North America based on a sequence of "drivers." We then used confirmatory path analysis to test whether the conceptual model is supported by a statistical model inferred from a comprehensive database containing 466 species. The path analysis revealed that naturalization of central European plants in North America, in terms of the number of North American regions invaded, most strongly depends on residence time in the invaded range and the number of habitats occupied by species in their native range. In addition to the confirmatory path analysis, we identified the effects of various biological traits on several important drivers of the conceptualized invasion process. The data supported a model that included indirect effects of biological traits on invasion via their effect on the number of native range habitats occupied and cultivation in the native range. For example, persistent seed banks and longer flowering periods are positively correlated with number of native habitats, while a stress-tolerant life strategy is negatively correlated with native range cultivation. However, the importance of the biological traits is nearly an order of magnitude less than that of the larger scale drivers and highly dependent on the invasion stage (traits were associated only with native range drivers). This suggests that future research should explicitly link biological traits to the different stages of invasion, and that a failure to consider residence time or characteristics of the native range may seriously overestimate the role of biological traits, which, in turn, may result in spurious predictions of plant invasiveness.
- Published
- 2015
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43. The myth of plant species saturation.
- Author
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Stohlgren TJ, Barnett DT, Jarnevich CS, Flather C, and Kartesz J
- Subjects
- Geography, Northwestern United States, Southwestern United States, Time Factors, Biodiversity, Plants
- Abstract
Plant species assemblages, communities or regional floras might be termed 'saturated' when additional immigrant species are unsuccessful at establishing due to competitive exclusion or other inter-specific interactions, or when the immigration of species is off-set by extirpation of species. This is clearly not the case for state, regional or national floras in the USA where colonization (i.e. invasion by exotic species) exceeds extirpation by roughly a 24 to 1 margin. We report an alarming temporal trend in plant invasions in the Pacific Northwest over the past 100 years whereby counties highest in native species richness appear increasingly invaded over time. Despite the possibility of some increased awareness and reporting of native and exotic plant species in recent decades, historical records show a significant, consistent long-term increase in exotic species (number and frequency) at county, state and regional scales in the Pacific Northwest. Here, as in other regions of the country, colonization rates by exotic species are high and extirpation rates are negligible. The rates of species accumulation in space in multi-scale vegetation plots may provide some clues to the mechanisms of the invasion process from local to national scales.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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