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The article E-learning platform Intercultural education in era of distance - new challenges for teachers deals with the issues related to the development of intercultural education, new challenges faced by teachers in the era of the Covid-119 pandemic, socio-economic changes and armed conflicts in the world. The author of the article presents new challenges for current and future educators on the example of an international project aimed at creating new tools and methods in the field of teaching intercultural education.

Ethnocentrism refers to the degree to which one sees his or her culture as superior and the standard by which other cultures should be judged (Neuliep, Hintz, XXABSTRACT McCroskey, 2005). Ethnocentrism negatively influences intercultural communication, especially one’s motivation to interact with persons from dif-ferent cultures (Goncz, 2018; Nameni, 2020; Pla, 2021). As ethnocentrism increases, cultural compe-tence decreases. This study seeks to investigate the levels of students’ ethnocentrism. The additional questions there are about differences between Lithuanian and international students’ levels of ethno-centrism in the study. Students completed the Generalized Ethnocentrism (GENE) Scale (Neuliep and McCroskey). The scale, designed to assess people’s ethnocentrism irrespective of cultural background, consists of 22 items assessed via a 5-point Likert-type scale, 15 of which assess ethnocentrism and 7 of which serve as distracters. Assessing ethnocentrism is important for training and development purpos-es. By comparing the levels of ethnocentrism, it can be better assessed whether an educational objec-tive such as “Learning to live together” consisting of developing an understanding of other people and an appreciation of interdependence is being met. This information may be of use in the design of pro-grams to improve the cultural competence of students.

PURPOSE: The aim of the article is to define the role of remote education in the process of educating students, their course and adaptation to the conditions of Covid-19 pandemic., DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: The research was conducted by means of the diagnostic survey method, using the CSAQ (computerized self-administered questionnaire) technique in June 2020 on a randomly selected sample of 1533 students studying in Poland., FINDINGS: The obtained data was analyzed. The results of the analysis confirmed that the distance education implemented in 2020/2021 in the entire educational program was accepted in the situation of the Covid-19 pandemic by over one third of the respondents. Students must devote more time to it than in the traditional form, and there are also factors that hinder it. Also, more than a third of respondents are in favor of participation in perspective in all education and 60% in distance learning., PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: The article shows that remote education is already a regular type of education. The Covid-19 pandemic meant that practically the entire program for students at that time was implemented in the remote formula. Its implementation required both legal and organizational solutions, and all the competences were granted. Thus, it has been proved that remote education is widely used in the education of students in lifelong learning. Its share in the education process will be significant. It requires competences, but also significantly influences the shaping of competences, while it requires systematic monitoring., ORIGINALITY/VALUE: The article shows that in the process of education in an emergency, which is probably a pandemic, it is justified to use the classical concept of education, but also remote education. This training should be present in the normal learning process. However, in emergency situations, e.g., during the pandemic, its contribution is significant, or even comprehensive, and may last for a considerable period. Such a situation requires new competences, which influences the shaping of new ones required for social functioning during the pandemic., peer-reviewed

Cultural orientation is conceptualized as a moderator variable of behavior. People of different ethnic groups possess cultural orientations different from those of the majority. Assuming cultural homogene-ity across all people of a given nation-state may lead to neglecting the potentially multi-layered nature of national cultural values. Cultural differences offer guidelines to equip oneself better in personal communication (Yi 2021). This study examines the cultural value orientations of Lithuania’s Russian diaspora, who in 2015 made up of 4.8% national average. The research question was concerned with characteristics of value orientations concerning four dimensions of Hofstede’s cultural value orientation. A total of 193 respon-dents of the target group completed the adopted Yoo, Donthu, and Lenartowicz’s (2011) questionnaire CVSCALE. The study explored ethnic-based intra-country cultural differences and similarities providing a greater understanding of the societal differences in value orientations.

The article “Foster care system in Great Britain and Polish foster families” is devoted to the British system of foster care, which allows to create a foster family by Polish citizens. The article discusses the main principles on which the foster care and its forms are based. National standards and requirements for candidates to foster families were presented as well as issues related to the implementation of foster care, including these regarding support for foster parents and housing or financial requirements.

The article deals with the problem of illegal marriages among the Ukrainian Orthodox population of the XVIIIth ‒ the first half of the ХІХth centuries. The Scientific Novelty. The study of the common people family life in the context of various directions of a historical anthropology has determined the topicality, the scientific novelty of the issue under analysis and the need to study a significant array of sources of an administrative, procedural and legal direction, especially, the ego-documents from seven state archives. The Methodology of the Research. The research objectives were solved at the sensory and rational levels of cognition, but with the use of the general scientific (analysis and synthesis, abstraction and concretization, verification, etc.), special historical methods – prosopographic, a critical analysis and sources deconstruction and the principle of objectivity. The Conclusions. The marriages of persons of both sexes were considered invalid: if concluded between one or both mentally disabled brides; not divorced but remarried; divorced, when one representative of the couple did not have a permission for a new marriage and violated this requirement. The factors that caused a disorderly marital mobility and illegal marriages have been determined ‒ the restrictions on divorce rights, an uncontrolled mobility of the population, the lack of an effective institution of a passport control, church ceremony weddings of brides not in their native parishes, a long-term absence of one marital partner, documents falsification, giving false information by witnesses, etc. It has been determined that violation of matrimonial requirements could give rise to a special type of adultery ‒ bigamy (polygamy (polygyny) and polygamy (polyandry)). According to a civil law, an invalid marriage was terminated and the bigamist had to return to his legal spouse. In the case of divorce – the victim had the right to form a new family union, and the bigamist as a violator was doomed to celibacy. Soldiers' wives had a special status: the divorce process had certain restrictions. Since 1812, on condition of an unknown absence of a military man for seven years, his wife could file for divorce. Beginning in 1841, no terms of a military man absence were taken into account by the court, only a documentary evidence of the death of an officer or soldier allowed his wife to remarry.

Walancik-Ryba Karolina, Rodzina naturalna a rodzina zastępcza. Pojęcia, podobieństwa i różnice [Natural Family and Foster Family. Concepts, Similarities and Differences]. Studia Edukacyjne nr 56, 2020, Poznań 2020, pp. 297-307. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. ISSN 1233-6688. DOI: 10.14746/se.2020.56.16The article “Natural Family and Foster Family. Concepts, Similarities and Differences” covers the problem of defining the terms: the family and the foster family. The author compares these concepts, focusing on the similarities and differences between the two. Based on the issues related to these concepts, she attempts to define the concept of the foster family.