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The review highlights that TN has a prevalence of 0.16%–0.3%, predominantly affecting women, with an increased incidence among individuals over 50 years of age. TN etiology includes neurovascular compression, demyelinating conditions like multiple sclerosis, and familial genetic predispositions. Classification systems, such as the 2018 ICHD-3, provide diagnostic criteria and categorize TN into classical, secondary, and idiopathic types. First-line treatments involve antiepileptic medications such as carbamazepine and oxcarbazepine, with second-line options including lamotrigine and baclofen. For refractory cases, microvascular decompression and percutaneous techniques are recommended, with options like gamma knife radiosurgery (GKRS) and botulinum toxin injections showing promise. Despite available treatments, TN’s recurrent nature underscores the need for personalized, multidisciplinary management to address both physiological and mental health impacts.

Ankyloglossia is a condition of limited tongue mobility caused by a restrictive lingual frenulum. Proper tongue mobility is essential for proper food intake (breastfeeding, speech development or proper development of facial bones). There is no clear classification that would indicate the need for surgical intervention or conservative treatment. Material and method: A literature review was conducted by searching the PubMed database, Google Scholar, literature using the keywords 'ankyloglossia', ‘tongue tie', 'frenotomy,' ‘breastfeeding’, :lingual frenulum’. Focusing on the most recent reports, the selected articles were published from 2019 to 2024. Brief description of the state of knowledge: The aim of the study was to review the literature on current recommendations regarding etiology, diagnostics, typical clinical manifestations of ankyloglossia in newborns and infants with particular emphasis on the effect on breastfeeding, indications for surgical treatment, complications after surgery and its effectiveness. Result and conclusion: There is no clear consensus in the literature on the management of surgical treatment. However, There is a consent that surgery should be performed as soon as possible after an infant has been diagnosed with ankyloglossia and breastfeeding problems that do not improve with conservative treatment.It should be noted that surgical treatment is not the only method of dealing with ankyloglossia.

Background: Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) is a prevalent respiratory sleep disorder in children, associated with severe health consequences, including hypertension, cardiac dysfunction, and neurocognitive impairment. Despite extensive research on OSAS in adults, the risk factors for pediatric OSAS remain underexplored. Objective: This literature review aims to identify and present the key risk factors associated with pediatric OSAS based on contemporary studies. Methods: A systematic search of the PubMed and Scopus databases was conducted for literature published between 2016 and 2024. Search terms included “obstructive sleep apnea,” “children,” and “risk factors.” A total of 93 relevant studies were reviewed after excluding non-pediatric and irrelevant papers from an initial pool of 283. Results: The most commonly identified risk factors for pediatric OSAS include adenoid and tonsillar hypertrophy, obesity, craniofacial abnormalities, and asthma. Additional risk factors such as allergic rhinitis, recurrent upper respiratory infections, nasal stenosis, congenital diseases, low vitamin D levels, and preterm birth were also noted. Conclusion: Pediatric OSAS is influenced by multiple factors, including anatomical, physiological, and genetic components. Further research is required to explore emerging risk factors, such as role of vitamin D deficiency and microbiota, and to clarify the impact of variables like ethnicity and breastfeeding.

Introduction and purpose: Scars represent a prevalent skin irregularity encountered by a significant portion of the population. Beyond merely impacting physical appearance, they can also contribute to the onset of depression and anxiety disorders, which may hinder athletic recovery. The treatment landscape for scars is diverse, spanning non-invasive to invasive procedures. This literature review endeavors to explore scar management, particularly focusing on methodologies involving microneedling, dermal fillers, and laser interventions. By examining these innovative approaches, we aim to provide insights into their efficacy and implications for clinical practice, with a particular emphasis on facilitating a faster return to sport and optimal athletic performance. Material and methods: The literature was conducted using "Pub Med" and "Google Scholar" databases with the keywords „scars”, „microneedling”, „dermal fillers”, „lasers” Brief description of the state of knowledge: Scar therapy using microneedling, dermal fillers, and lasers has shown high effectiveness and significantly improves the lives of patients undergoing treatment. Results and conclusions: Treating scars using microneedling, dermal fillers, and laser therapy has led to significant enhancements in both physical functioning and psychological well-being among patients with visible scars. These procedures exert their efficacy by promoting collagen synthesis and facilitating skin regeneration, thereby ameliorating skin redness, erythema, and scar tissue formation. However, it's important to note that the effectiveness of these interventions varies depending on factors such as the type and depth of the scar, as well as the age of the patient.

Introduction and purpose: Migraines are one of the most common neurological conditions in the world. They are characterized by recurring, intense headaches, often on one side of the head, which may be accompanied by symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. Migraines affect overall well-being and are an indicator of health, as well as potentially causing difficulties in normal functioning. One of the most effective methods of treating migraines in recent times has become botulinum toxin. This literature review will discuss how botulinum toxin affects the body and the course of treatment for chronic migraines. Material and methods: The literature was conducted using "Pub Med" and "Google Scholar" databases with the keywords „botulinum toxin”, „botox”, „migraine”, „botulinum toxin type A”. Brief description of the state of knowledge: Treatment of chronic migraines with type A botulinum toxin preparations was a breakthrough discovery. This medication demonstrates high effectiveness and better tolerance compared to other preparations used in the treatment of chronic migraines. Results and conclusions: Type A botulinum toxin has emerged as a versatile therapeutic tool with approved indications for treating chronic migraines and various other medical conditions. Despite its widespread application, gaps in research persist, particularly concerning its use during pregnancy, lactation, and among individuals under 18 years old. Further comprehensive studies in these demographics hold the potential to revolutionize chronic migraine treatment approaches. The administration method of botulinum toxin, exemplified by the Botox (Allergan) preparation, is meticulously defined and substantiated by extensive research validating its efficacy over the years.

Introduction and purpose: As the elderly population grows, the risk of cognitive decline and dementia increases. Environmental toxicants, including metals, have been identified as potential contributors to these conditions. This literature review investigated the potential contribution of metals, such as aluminium, lead, zinc and copper to Alzheimer's disease development. Material and methods: The literature was conducted using "Pub Med" and "Google Scholar" databases with the keywords "metals", "Alzheimer's disease", "aluminium", "lead", "neurodegenerative diseases", "copper". Brief description of the state of knowledge: Metals can negatively affect the functionality of the central nervous system, leading to impairments in behavior, motor skills, and cognitive abilities. The development of Alzheimer's disease can be influenced by several factors, including Aβ aggregates, tau tangles, synaptic dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress, which may be worsened by interactions with these metals. Results and conclusions: Extensive research has shown a link between metal exposure and neurodegeneration. Understanding the role of metals like lead, copper, aluminum, and zinc in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis remains crucial, but further investigation is needed. A better insight into the impact of metal exposure on brain health could help find the way for effective prevention and treatment strategies for neurodegenerative diseases.