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The use of drones to explore indoor spaces has gained attention and popularity for disaster management and indoor navigation applications. In this paper we present the operations and mapping techniques of two drones that are different in terms of size, the sensors deployed, and the positioning and mapping techniques used. The first drone is a low-cost commercial quadcopter microdrone, a Crazyflie, while the second drone is a relatively expensive research quadcopter macrodrone, called MAX. We investigated their feasibility in mapping areas where satellite positioning is not available, such as indoor spaces. We compared the point clouds obtained by a multi-ranger deck, a multi-layer LIDAR scanner and a stereo camera, and assessed each against ground truth obtained with a terrestrial laser scanner. Results showed that both drones are capable of mapping relatively cluttered indoor environments and can provide point clouds that are sufficient for a quick exploration. Furthermore, the LIDAR scanner-based system can handle a relatively large office environment with an accumulated drift less than 0.02% (1 cm) on the Z-axis and 0.77% (50 cm) on the X and Y axes over a length trajectory of about 65 m. Despite the limited features of the sensor configuration of the Crazyflie, its performance is promising for mapping indoor spaces, given the relatively low deviation from the ground truth: cloud-to-cloud distances measured were generally less than 20 cm.

In a literature survey, Chernoff et al. (2017) dismissed the hypothesis that chronic exposure to β-N-methylamino-L-alanine (BMAA) may be a risk factor for progressive neurodegenerative disease. They question the growing scientific literature that suggests the following: (1) BMAA exposure causes ALS/PDC among the indigenous Chamorro people of Guam; (2) Guamanian ALS/PDC shares clinical and neuropathological features with Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and ALS; (3) one possible mechanism for protein misfolds is misincorporation of BMAA into proteins as a substitute for L-serine; and (4) chronic exposure to BMAA through diet or environmental exposures to cyanobacterial blooms can cause neurodegenerative disease. We here identify multiple errors in their critique including the following: (1) their review selectively cites the published literature; (2) the authors reported favorably on HILIC methods of BMAA detection while the literature shows significant matrix effects and peak coelution in HILIC that may prevent detection and quantification of BMAA in cyanobacteria; (3) the authors build alternative arguments to the BMAA hypothesis, rather than explain the published literature which, to date, has been unable to refute the BMAA hypothesis; and (4) the authors erroneously attribute methods to incorrect studies, indicative of a failure to carefully consider all relevant publications. The lack of attention to BMAA research begins with the review’s title which incorrectly refers to BMAA as a “non-essential” amino acid. Research regarding chronic exposure to BMAA as a cause of human neurodegenerative diseases is emerging and requires additional resources, validation, and research. Here, we propose strategies for improvement in the execution and reporting of analytical methods and the need for additional and well-executed inter-lab comparisons for BMAA quantitation. We emphasize the need for optimization and validation of analytical methods to ensure that they are fit-for-purpose. Although there remain gaps in the literature, an increasingly large body of data from multiple independent labs using orthogonal methods provides increasing evidence that chronic exposure to BMAA may be a risk factor for neurological illness.

The discoloration of uncoated wood surfaces in both outdoor and indoor use in non-heated spaces has become an increasing problem in European timber constructions due to the use of less toxic substances for protection and also changes in outdoor climate conditions, necessitating the use of protective coatings. To investigate the effect of methyl methacrylic (MMA) resin for the protection of wood from discoloration and mould growth, resin-treated wood surfaces were studied in a laboratory-scale mould test, as well as in an outdoor weathering test. Non-modified Scots pine and Norway spruce were used, and some of the test materials were also thermally modified. The resin suppressed mould growth for the laboratory-scale experiments. The protective effect was considerably reduced for outdoor tests. The MA resin did not effectively prevent the wood from greying from ultraviolet (UV) radiation exposure; there was some protective effect detected on the pine. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of weathered specimens showed a reduction of lignin-associated absorption bands for all treatments, which corresponded to the UV degradation and greying of the wood surface. It is suggested that MMA resin may provide adequate protection against mould growth on wood without direct exposure to rain and sunshine (e.g., attics, basements, etc). Validerad;2020;Nivå 2;2020-09-02 (johcin)

The growing grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) population in the Baltic Sea has created conflicts with local fisheries, comparable to similar emerging problems worldwide. Adequate information on the foraging habits is a requirement for responsible management of the seal population. We investigated the applicability of available dietary assessment methods by comparing morphological analysis and DNA metabarcoding of gut contents (short-term diet; n = 129/125 seals, respectively), and tissue chemical markers i.e. fatty acid (FA) profiles of blubber and stable isotopes (SIs) of liver and muscle (mid- or long-term diet; n = 108 seals for the FA and SI markers). The methods provided complementary information. Short-term methods indicated prey species and revealed dietary differences between age groups and areas but for limited time period. In the central Baltic, herring was the main prey, while in the Gulf of Finland percid and cyprinid species together comprised the largest part of the diet. Perch was also an important prey in the western Baltic Proper. The DNA analysis provided firm identification of many prey species, which were neglected or identified only at species group level by morphological analysis. Liver SIs distinguished spatial foraging patterns and identified potentially migrated individuals, whereas blubber FAs distinguished individuals frequently utilizing certain types of prey. Tissue chemical markers of adult males suggested specialized feeding to certain areas and prey, which suggest that these individuals are especially prone to cause economic losses for fisheries. We recommend combined analyses of gut contents and tissue chemical markers as dietary monitoring methodology of aquatic top predators to support an optimal ecosystem-based management.

The biocidal properties of an industrially used copper-based preservative were evaluated at different planing depths on exposure of pine wood to mold fungi in direct and indirect contamination methods, with simultaneous verification of white rot fungi virulence on wood. The preservative was an aqueous solution of copper carbonate, 2-aminoethanol, and quaternary ammonium compounds. Full cell preservative impregnation efficiency against visual mold fungi growth was tested on sapwood surfaces planed to different depths before impregnation. The virulence of two white rot fungal strains of Trametes versicolor (441 and JPEI) against the dried non-impregnated and impregnated wood samples was also tested. The unplaned surface of impregnated timber was occupied by air-borne contaminants, such as Paecilomyces variottiand Aspergillus niger up to 30%, and, even after impregnation it was necessary to process the surface to avoid micro-fungi settlement. The virulence of the tested rot fungi strains was confirmed by the aggressive degradation of non-impregnated wood with a mass loss of over 40%. Both Trametes sp. strains degraded the preservative-impregnated wood with a mass loss of 3.1% to 4.8%, but degradation by the JPEI strain was more intensive and more dependent on planing depth than the other strain (441). Validerad;2018;Nivå 2;2018-10-30 (svasva)

Sedan 1970-talet har gråsäl (Halichoerus grypus), knubbsäl (Phoca vitulina) och vikare (Phoca hispida) insamlats och undersökts på Naturhistoriska riksmuseet (NRM). Majoriteten av de undersökta sälarna är gråsälar. Beroende på jakt under 1900-talet och nedsatt reproduktion under århundradets senare del så minskade sälpopulationerna i Östersjön. Under 1970-och 1980-talet noterades ett antal sjukliga förändringar som kallades Baltic Seal Disease Complex framför allt hos gråsäl och som misstänktes ha samband med höga halter av miljögifter som PCB och DDT. Förekomsten av flera av dessa förändringar liksom halterna av PCB och DDT har minskat sedan dess. Hos gråsäl har därefter förekomst av tarmsår ökat och minskat, späcktjockleken minskat och förekomst av leverparasiter ökat. Under år 2015 insamlades och undersöktes sälar och prover från 137 gråsälar, 44 knubbsälar och 27 vikare. I övrigt inrapporterades 196 döda sälar funna på stränder av allmänheten. Gråsälspopulationen ökar för närvarande med ca 8% per år och 85% av de undersökta honorna mellan 6-24 år var dräktiga. Knubbsälspopulationerna ökar för närvarande med 7-9% per år. Antal undersökta knubbsälar var visserligen betydligt färre än antal undersökta gråsälar men andel dräktiga honor i motsvarande åldersgrupp var endast 57%. Vikarepopulationen i Bottenviken ökar för närvarande med ca 4,5% per år. Hos vikare inkom endast en könsmogen hona från dräktighetsperioden och hon var dräktig. Av de undersökta vikarna var 20 av 27 yngre än 4 år gamla. Två två-åriga vikarhonor hade missbildningar i form av diafragmabråck hos den ena och avsaknad av ett livmoderhorn hos den andra. Sammanfattningsvis ser hälsosituationen för undersökta gråsälar i Östersjön delvis bättre ut än tidigare och populationstillväxten har varit stabil under de senaste 15 åren. Antal undersökta knubbsälar och vikare är för få för att redovisa patologiska trender men undersökta knubbsälar visade tendens till låg dräktighetsfrekvens som bör studeras närmare. De båda västliga bestånden av knubbsälar drabbades av epidemier 1988, 2002 och 2014 och populationstillväxten hos dessa bestånd har minskat efter 2002. Däremot har populationen av knubbsälar på östkusten visat på en stadig populationstillväxt sedan 1970-talet. Vikarepopulationen i Bottniska viken har en fortsatt låg tillväxt. Since the 1970s, grey seals (Halichoerus grypus), harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and ringed seals (Phoca hispida) have been collected and necropsied at the Swedish Museum of Natural History. Mostly have grey seals been examined. The effect of hunting during 19th century and reproductive failure during the latter half of the century decreased Baltic seal populations. In the 1970s and 1980s, pathological changes found mostly in grey seals was called the Baltic Seal Disease Complex and was thought to be related to high levels of PCB and DDT. Since then several pathological changes have decreased in prevalence as well as levels of PCB and DDT. Since then in grey seals, the prevalence of intestinal ulcers has increased and then decreased, blubber thickness has decreased and the prevalence of a zoonotic biliary trematode infection increased. In 2015, whole bodies and samples from 137 grey seals, 44 harbour seals and 27 ringed seals were examined at the museum. The public reported 196 seals found dead along the Swedish coast. At present, the Baltic grey seal population increases with 8% each year and 85% of the examined females 6-24 years old were pregnant during the pregnant period (August-February) in 2015. The harbour seal populations presently increase with 7-9 % per year, although the numbers of examined harbour seals are much lower than the number of grey seals, the proportion of examined pregnant harbour seals in corresponding age group was only 57%. The ringed seal population in the Gulf of Bothnia presently increase with 4,5% per year. One mature female examined from the period of pregnancy was pregnant. Of the examined 27 ringed seals, 20 of them were younger than 4 years. Two two-year old females showed malformations as diaphragmatic hiatus in one of them and the other female lacked one of the uterine horns. In conclusion, the health situation for examined Baltic grey seals is better and the increase in the population during the last 15 years is stable. The number of examined harbour seals and ringed seals is small for presenting trends but harbour seals showed a tendency to low pregnancy rate that needs further studies. The populations of harbour seals on the Swedish west coast were affected by epidemics in 1988, 2002 and 2014 and the development rate of these populations have decreased since 2002. The development of the harbour seal population on the Swedish east coast has a steady increase since the 1970s. The population of ringed seals has a low increase in the Gulf of Bothnia Sälpatologi

Report on effects of changing predation pressure on benthic and pelagic species

Background Objective measures are required that may be used as a proxy for exacerbations in asthma. The aim was to determine the sensitivity and specificity of electronic diary data to detect severe exacerbations (SEs) of asthma. A secondary aim was to identify phenotypic variables associated with a higher risk of exacerbation. Methods In the BIOAIR study, 169 patients with asthma (93 severe (SA); 76 mild to moderate (MA)) recorded lung function, symptoms and medication use in electronic diaries for 1 year. Data were analysed using receiver-operator characteristics curves and related to physician-diagnosed exacerbations. Medical history and baseline clinical data were used to assess risk of exacerbation. Results Of 122 physician-diagnosed exacerbations, 104 occurred in the SA group (1.1 per patient/year), 18 in the MA group (0.2 per patient/year) and 63 were severe using American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society criteria. During exacerbations, peak expiratory flow (PEF) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s significantly decreased, whereas day and night symptoms significantly increased. An algorithm combining a 20% decrease in PEF or a 20% increase in day symptoms on 2 consecutive days was able to detect SEs with 65% sensitivity and 95% specificity. The strongest risk factors for SEs were low Asthma Control Questionnaire score, sputum eosinophils ≥3%, body mass index >25 and low quality of life (St George9s Respiratory Questionnaire), with ORs between 3.61 and 2.22 (p Conclusions Regular electronic monitoring of PEF and asthma symptoms provides an acceptable sensitivity and specificity for the detection of SEs and may be suitable for personal internet-based monitoring of asthma control.

The purpose of this study is to determine the technical and economic feasibility of a smallscale bioreactor called the Methanizer for a restaurant. The bioreactor converts organic waste produced by the restaurant into methane. This methane can be used to power the restaurant’s cooking stoves. The system proposed is a double-tank, batch-fed bioreactor. This product will help reduce the need for natural gas as well as cut down on landfill use. Results from the technical analysis showed that the product would take 6 m3 of space, but is capable of saving a natural gas equivalent of 735 m3/year and 1470 m3/year for a small and medium sized restaurant, respectively. Economic analysis showed that the product is not economically viable for a small-scale restaurants but increased gas prices, subsidies, payment plans and scaling up to larger restaurants would make the Methanizer marketable. Producing a marketable Methanizer is estimated to take around four years and would therefore be possible in 2013.