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Over the past few decades, neuroimaging has become a ubiquitous tool in basic research and clinical studies of the human brain. However, no reference standards currently exist to quantify individual differences in neuroimaging metrics over time, in contrast to growth charts for anthropometric traits such as height and weight1. Here we assemble an interactive open resource to benchmark brain morphology derived from any current or future sample of MRI data ( http://www.brainchart.io/ ). With the goal of basing these reference charts on the largest and most inclusive dataset available, acknowledging limitations due to known biases of MRI studies relative to the diversity of the global population, we aggregated 123,984 MRI scans, across more than 100 primary studies, from 101,457 human participants between 115 days post-conception to 100 years of age. MRI metrics were quantified by centile scores, relative to non-linear trajectories2 of brain structural changes, and rates of change, over the lifespan. Brain charts identified previously unreported neurodevelopmental milestones3, showed high stability of individuals across longitudinal assessments, and demonstrated robustness to technical and methodological differences between primary studies. Centile scores showed increased heritability compared with non-centiled MRI phenotypes, and provided a standardized measure of atypical brain structure that revealed patterns of neuroanatomical variation across neurological and psychiatric disorders. In summary, brain charts are an essential step towards robust quantification of individual variation benchmarked to normative trajectories in multiple, commonly used neuroimaging phenotypes.

Isabel Morales-Muñoz,1,2 Katri Kantojärvi,1,3 Veli-Matti Uhre,1 Outi Saarenpää-Heikkilä,4,5 Anneli Kylliäinen,6 Pirjo Pölkki,7 Sari-Leena Himanen,8,9 Linnea Karlsson,10– 12 Hasse Karlsson,10– 12 E Juulia Paavonen,1,13 Tiina Paunio1,3 1Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland; 2Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; 3Department of Psychiatry and SleepWell Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland; 4Pediatric Clinic, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; 5Tampere Centre for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland; 6Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; 7Department of Social Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland; 8Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Tampere University Hospital, Medical Imaging Centre and Hospital Pharmacy, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland; 9Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland; 10The FinnBrain Birth Cohort Study, Turku Brain and Mind Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; 11Centre for Population Health Research, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, Turku, Finland; 12Department of Psychiatry, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland; 13Pediatric Research Center, Child Psychiatry, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, FinlandCorrespondence: Isabel Morales-Muñoz Tel +358 29 524 6000Email isabel.morales@thl.fiTiina Paunio Tel +358 29 410 2941Email tiina.paunio@helsinki.fiPurpose: No previous research has examined the impact of the genetic background of diurnal preference on children´s sleep. Here, we examined the effects of genetic risk score for the liability of diurnal preference on sleep development in early childhood in two population-based cohorts from Finland.Participants and Methods: The primary sample (CHILD-SLEEP, CS) comprised 1420 infants (695 girls), and the replication sample (FinnBrain, FB; 962 girls) 2063 infants. Parent-reported sleep duration, sleep-onset latency and bedtime were assessed at three, eight, 18 and 24 months in CS, and at six, 12 and 24 months in FB. Actigraphy-based sleep latency and efficiency were measured in CS in 365 infants at eight months (168 girls), and in 197 infants at 24 months (82 girls). Mean standard scores for each sleep domain were calculated in both samples. Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were used to quantitate the genetic risk for eveningness (PRSBestFit) and morningness (PRS10kBest).Results: PRSBestFit associated with longer sleep-onset latency and later bedtime, and PRS10kBest related to shorter sleep-onset latency in CS. The link between genetic risk for diurnal preference and sleep-onset latency was replicated in FB, and meta-analysis resulted in associations (P< 0.0005) with both PRS-values (PRSBestFit: Z=3.55; and PRS10kBest: Z=− 3.68). Finally, PRSBestFit was related to actigraphy-based lower sleep efficiency and longer sleep latency at eight months.Conclusion: Genetic liability to diurnal preference for eveningness relates to longer sleep-onset during the first two years of life, and to objectively measured lowered sleep efficiency. These findings enhance our understanding on the biological factors affecting sleep development, and contribute to clarify the physiological sleep architecture in early childhood.Keywords: genetic risk, chronotype, sleep, early childhood, cohorts

Linn Karlsson,1 Björn Gerdle,1 Esa-Pekka Takala,2 Gerhard Andersson,3,4 Britt Larsson1 1Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; 2Work-related Diseases, Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland; 3Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, Swedish Institute for Disability Research, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden; 4Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe how patients with chronic pain experience physical activity and exercise (PA&E).Method: This qualitative interview study included 16 women and two men suffering from chronic pain and referred to a multimodal pain rehabilitation program. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and qualitative content analysis was used to analyze the interviews.Results: One main theme emerged: “To overcome obstacles and to seize opportunities to be physically active despite chronic pain.” This main theme was abstracted from five themes: “Valuing a life with physical activity,” “Physical activity and exercise – before and after pain,” “A struggle – difficulties and challenges,” “The enabling of physical activity,” and “In need of continuous and active support.” Conclusion: Although these participants valued PA&E, they seldom achieved desirable levels, and performance of PA&E was undermined by difficulties and failure. The discrepancy between the intention to perform physical activity and the physical activity accomplished could be related to motivation, self-efficacy, and action control. The participants desired high-quality interaction with healthcare providers. The findings can be applied to chronic pain rehabilitation that uses PA&E as treatment. Keywords: chronic pain, experiences, physical activity, rehabilitation, qualitative content analysis

Context: Breech strike is a serious disease particularly in wool sheep. Skin wrinkle and dags are known predisposing factors for breech strike, although a large part of the variation between sheep is unexplained. Aims: We used sensor buttons to determine whether there were differences in humidity and temperature in the breech area of Merino sheep exposed to blowflies without traditional preventive measures being used in the flock. Methods: Sixty-two Merino rams and 62 Merino ewes that had high or low breeding values for breech strike were each fitted with a sensor button to record hourly temperature and humidity in the breech over 49 days. The sensors were fitted before the onset of the blowfly season. The sensor was tied to a wool staple close to the skin in the breech and was removed when a sheep was struck. All remaining buttons were removed prior to shearing. Breech wrinkle, neck wrinkle, breech cover and faecal soiling (dags) were recorded on all the sheep. A total of 98 213 hourly temperature and humidity records were analysed with cubic smoothing splines to assess how humidity and temperature differed between struck and unstruck sheep, and whether the breech indicator traits affect temperature and humidity in the breech. Results: Time of day and day-to-day variation prior to being struck explained most of the variation of temperature and humidity in the breech of the sheep. Humidity and temperature increased with an increase in breech cover. The humidity in the breech area was, on average, 2% higher in struck sheep prior to being struck. There was a sharp increase in humidity in struck sheep in the 8 days leading up to detection of breech strike relative to unstruck animals, most probably due to exudate from the wound. Conclusions: Sheep prone to be struck have higher humidity in the breech than sheep less prone to be struck. Implications: Temperature in the breech does not qualify as a potential indicator trait for breech strike in wool sheep, whereas humidity needs further research to determine its effectiveness as a potential indicator trait. Sheep were fitted with sensors to record hourly temperature and humidity in the breech over 49 days before the onset of the blowfly season. Sheep susceptible to breech strike had higher humidity in the breech than resistant sheep. Further studies needs to be undertaken to determine whether humidity may qualify as a potential indirect indicator trait to differentiate between sheep resistant and susceptible for breech strike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]