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For a minority of alcohol users, the initial sip of alcohol marks the start of a life-threatening process. This thesis studies cognitive mechanisms pertinent to alcohol addiction and its development, using a spectrum of individuals that range from healthy social drinkers, through people with hazardous use, to those suffering from alcohol addiction. Decision making can be altered in addiction, but less is known on the direct pharmacodynamic effects of alcohol intake in healthy people. Study 1 addressed decision making under the effects of moderate alcohol intoxication in healthy social drinkers using established behavioral economics tasks. The investigated processes encompassed both personal and social aspects of decision making. Within the personal domain, impulsivity and risk taking were investigated, while in the social domain, prosocial attitudes along with moral judgment were assessed. Moderate alcohol intoxication was found to impact only the social domain, leading to increased prosocial and utilitarian behaviors, but did not affect measures of impulsivity. Choosing alcohol over other natural rewards despite negative consequences is a central phenomenon of alcohol addiction. Two studies of this thesis investigated choice preference for alcohol compared to snack, using a cost manipulation paradigm, in light and heavy drinkers. Study 2 was a laboratory experiment whereas Study 3 was an imaging experiment for characterization of neural substrates. Cost was an important predictor of choice, as in both groups, alcohol choice was sensitive to cost in a parametric manner. This was mirrored in the brain by activity in value-based and salience regions, including orbitofrontal cortex and insula. In Study 2 we found that heavy drinkers showed generally higher alcohol choice preference and attenuated cost sensitivity. Failure to replicate this finding in Study 3, was possibly due to the artificial scanner environment. Craving is a key component in the cycle of addiction

Denna kvalitativa studie syftar till att undersöka hur yrkesrollen controller har utvecklats men även hur den utvecklas i framtiden. Detta har studerats med hjälp av professionsteorin där utgångspunkten är att undersöka hur professionaliseringen av controllerns yrkesroll ser ut. Studien utgår från ett strategiskt urval eftersom att studien grundar sig i en specifik yrkesroll. Urvalet innefattar tolv respondenter från sju olika företag där alla respondenter har eller arbetar som controller. För att undersöka syftet har studien utgått från en analysmodell med sex specifika professionskriterier. Studien utgår utifrån en induktiv ansats. Studien visar att yrkesrollen befinner sig i en förändringsfas och håller på att utvecklas bort från sin ursprungliga definition och innebörd. Yrkesrollen utvecklas främst i takt med teknologin och hållbarheten men även i regulatoriska krav. Studien indikerar att controllern i nuläget inte kan identifieras som en profession men i takt med utvecklingen går yrkesrollen mer mot en profession. I nuläget kan den ses mer som en semiprofession eller pre profession. Tidigare forskning har lagt stort fokus på att identifiera vilken utveckling yrkesrollen står inför, där teknologin har varit en utstickande faktor. I denna studie ansågs det vara av betydelse att studera vilka utvecklingsfaktorer som en controller möter i praktiken, samt hur och på vilket sätt teknologin har implementeras i deras roll. Vidare finns det inte någon tydlig forskning kring controller som profession i förhållande till utvecklingsfaktorer vilket denna studie även ska bidra med. Studiens förslag till framtida forskning är en bredare urvalsgrupp samt en mer djupgående studie där observationer även förekommer., This qualitative study aims to investigate how the role of the controller has but also how it develops in the future. The starting point of the study is to investigate how the professionalization of the controller role looks like. This will be studied with the help of the profession theory. The study is based on the strategic sample because it is based on a specific role, in this case the controller. The sample includes twelve respondents from seven different companies where all the respondents have or work as a controller. To investigate the purpose, the study has been based on an analysis model with six specific profession criteria. The study is based on an inductive approach. The study shows that the controller is in a phase of a change and is evolving away from its original definition and meaning. The controller is evolving mainly in line with technology and sustainability but also in regulatory requirements. The study indicates that the controller cannot be identified as a profession at present but as it develops the role is moving more toward a profession. At present it can be seen more as a semiprofession or preprofession. Previous research has great emphasis on identifying the developments facing the role, where technology has been an outlying factor. In this study, it was considered important to study which development factors that a controller encounters in practice, as well as how and in what way technology has been implemented in their role. Furthermore, there is no clear research on the controller as a profession in relation to development factors, which this study will also contribute to. The studies proposal for future research is a broader sample group and more in-depth study that also includes observations. Furthermore, this study is conducted in swedish.

Vår intention med arbetet är att upptäcka olika metoder för att främja arbetet med högläsning. Syftet med litteraturöversikten är därför att granska tidigare forskning som redogör för olika metoder om högläsning för att gynna elevernas läsförmåga. Detta syftet leder till forskningsfrågan som litteraturöversikten utgår ifrån: Vilka metoder för högläsning gynnar utvecklingen av elevers läsförmåga? Datainsamlingen består av systematiska sökningar genom söksträngar i olika databaser som bland annat ERIC (EBSCO), Swepub, Scopus och DiVA. Forskningen är både internationell och nationell. Tematisk analys används för att analysera datainsamlingen. Utifrån analysen identifieras teman som utgör våra rubriker i resultatdelen. Studiens resultat visar att interaktiv högläsning är en metod som gynnar elevers literacyutveckling. Även andra faktorer såsom valet av bok och vid vilken tidpunkt på dagen påverkar främjandet av läsutvecklingen. Slutsatsen av litteraturstudien är att interaktiv högläsning, val av bok och tidpunkt med flera, främjar läskunnigheten och förståelsen. Ett aktivt lärande bidrar till en ökad motivation hos eleverna., Our intention with this study is to discover different methods to promote the work with reading aloud. The purpose of this study is therefore to review previous research that outlines different approaches to reading aloud to benefit students' reading skills. This purpose leads to the research question on which this study is based: What methods of reading aloud benefit the development of students' reading skills? Data collection consists of systematic searches through search strings in various databases such as ERIC (EBSCO), Swepub, Scopus and Diva. The research is both international and national. Thematic analysis is used to analyze the data collection. Based on the analysis, themes are identified and form our headings in the results section. The results of the study shows that interactive reading aloud is a method that benefits students' literacy development. Other factors such as the choice of book and the time of day also influence the promotion of reading development. The conclusion of this study is that interactive reading aloud, choice of book and time of day, among others, promotes literacy and comprehension. Active learning contributes to increased motivation among students.

This essay seeks to explore how the word "Sedlighet" ("morality”) was purposefully redefined by Swedish syndicalists during 1922–1938. Examining how the term was disparaged, specifically, within the context of the so-called "sexual question" of the time. During this time period, Swedish syndicalists argued for a modernized, science-based sexual education – and by extension sexuality. This modernized sexuality was to be built upon the use of birth control and appeal to a sense of logic and common sense. This stood in opposition to what the syndicalists considered to be outdated sexual morality based off of hypocritical Christian ideology, which urged abstinence and stifled natural urges. This was portrayed as exclusively benefiting the sexually deviant upper class, as they used the concept of "morality" to oppress the working class and exploit them for capitalistic gains. By tying sexuality to class, combining psychoanalysis and socialism, Swedish syndicalists could claim that ”morality” was oppressive as well as the cause of sexual deviancy. Several arguments also highlighted the suffering of working class women, who the syndicalists claimed were forced to go against their nature by having abortions out of necessity, or by exhausting their bodies through frequent childbirths. At the same time syndicalists frequently used gendered language and misogynist stereotypes to mock and delegitimize those who advocated for ”morality.” Through organizations meant to spread sexual education, such as RFSU – which was supported mostly by syndicalists at the time of its founding – it is likely that this recoding of the commonly used word caught on in wider circles of society and played a key role in the construction of a modernized sexuality.

Ett relativt stort antal elever deltar inte aktivt under lektionerna i ämnet idrott och hälsa på grund av olika anledningar. Syftet med denna studien var att undersöka varför elever väljer att inte byta om eller duscha i samband med lektionerna. Studien samlade in empiri genom en enkätundersökning som gick ut till elever i årkurs 9 på en skola i södra Sverige. I studien användes teorier om kroppsideal och socialpsykologi för att analysera den insamlade empirin. Resultatet visar bland annat att många av eleverna byter om i samband med ämnet men däremot valde de att inte duscha. Faktorer till varför elever valde att inte duscha var främst att det inte fanns tid, eleverna kände sig obekväma eller att det inte var avgränsat i duschrummet. I analysen gick det att urskilja att flera av eleverna ansåg att dagens normer om kroppsideal påverkar om de byter om och duschar eller inte. Elever som mår bra över sin kropp var mer benägna att duscha och byta om än elever som mådde dåligt över sin kropp. Det går även att urskilja utifrån det socialpsykologiska perspektivet att eleverna jämförde sig med andra i klassen för att bilda sig en uppfattning om sig själva.

Concrete is a versatile building material used all over the world. Today's constructions in building and civil engineering have high requirements and complexity that require a carefully executed dimensioning in connection with planning. Calculation programs that work based on standards are a tool for designers in calculation work. Complicated programs or ambiguities in the programs can take up important time, therefore good and clear programs are necessary for time efficiency. This thesis has compared the calculation programs Concrete Beam and Beam EC2, which both are calculation programs used for dimensioning concrete beams. Concrete Beam is used by most constructors in Sweden, while Beam EC2 is a new calculation program that is not used to the same extent. There is therefore a need to evaluate the respective calculation programs in order to increase knowledge in the construction industry about the differences between the calculation programs, as well as to open up the possibility of using more calculation programs in the future. The aim of the thesis is to investigate whether there are differences between Concrete Beam and Beam EC2 when dimensioning a concrete beam. To implement this, the differences in factors such as ease of use, available functions and a calculation result are examined. A smaller sensitivity analysis is also performed to analyze the stability of the calculation programs' values. The thesis is carried out as a case study with input from a completed reference project by Sweco Sverige AB. The reference project contributes realistic values ​​that are used as input data in the study. The values ​​from the reference project are supplemented with smaller hand calculations for the loads acting on the beam, for example the dead weight and the wind load. This is because values ​​from the reference project are missing. The implementation involves applying the specified values ​​for the inputs from the case study and the hand calculations in the program

Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with a wide range of adverse health effects, but it is still unclear how particles from various transport modes differ in terms of toxicity and associations with different human health outcomes. This literature review aims to summarize toxicological and epidemiological studies of the effect of ultrafine particles (UFPs), also called nanoparticles (NPs, <100 nm), from different transport modes with a focus on vehicle exhaust (particularly comparing diesel and biodiesel) and non-exhaust as well as particles from shipping (harbor), aviation (airport) and rail (mainly subway/underground). The review includes both particles collected in laboratory tests and the field (intense traffic environments or collected close to harbor, airport, and in subway). In addition, epidemiological studies on UFPs are reviewed with special attention to studies aimed at distinguishing the effects of different transport modes. Results from toxicological studies indicate that both fossil and biodiesel NPs show toxic effects. Several in vivo studies show that inhalation of NPs collected in traffic environments not only impacts the lung, but also triggers cardiovascular effects as well as negative impacts on the brain, although few studies compared NPs from different sources. Few studies were found on aviation (airport) NPs, but the available results suggest similar toxic effects as traffic-related particles. There is still little data related to the toxic effects linked to several sources (shipping, road and tire wear, subway NPs), but in vitro results highlighted the role of metals in the toxicity of subway and brake wear particles. Finally, the epidemiological studies emphasized the current limited knowledge of the health impacts of source-specific UFPs related to different transport modes. This review discusses the necessity of future research for a better understanding of the relative potencies of NPs from different transport modes, QC 20230714

A common conversation starter is to ask for someone's working title, this title is then often used as a label to define an individual. To label an individual affects how they perceive themself both at work and outside of work. Therefore work plays a big part in an individual's life and is also strongly connected to one's identity. It is in the social interactions that the identity process takes place, both the professional identity and the personal identity. The aim of this study is therefore to study how interactions and perceptions about the HR-profession affects HR-working professionals' own views of their working identity and personal identity. The method that is used to answer the study's aim and research question is a qualitative method based on six semi-structured interviews. Working HR-professionals within the public sector were interviewed. Theories used in this paper to analyze results are Mead's theory about “I and Me” as well as Berger and Luckammans theoretical concept including: socialization, internalization and typification. The findings of the study conclude that HR-professionals do not perceive that their own perception of the profession is coherent with other individuals' perception. Lastly the results show that HR-professionals personal identity is affected by their working identity but in different ways. Their personal identity is affected by both working life experience and social interactions, this is because work is present in a lot of conversations outside of work., Arbetet är många gånger en konversationsstartare och yrkestiteln blir ofta en etikett på hur en människa är. Denna etikett kan påverka hur en individ uppfattar sig själv både på arbetet och utanför arbetet. Yrket blir därav en stor del av människans liv som också kan bli starkt förknippad med en identitet. Det är i de sociala interaktionerna som identitetsskapandet sker, såväl yrkesidentiteten som den personliga identiteten. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur omgivningens interaktioner och föreställningar om HR-yrket påverkar HR-arbetarnas syn på deras yrkesidentitet och personliga identitet. Metoden som används för att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar är en kvalitativ metod baserat på sex semistrukturerade intervjuer. Yrkesverksamma HR-arbetare inom den offentliga sektorn intervjuades och den teoritillämpning som används för att analysera studiens resultat är Meads teori om “I and Me”. Samt Berger och Luckmanns begrepp: socialisering, internalisering och typifiering. Slutsatserna av studien visar att HR-arbetarna inte upplever att deras egen uppfattning om yrket överensstämmer med den föreställning som de upplever att omgivningen har. Slutligen visar studien att HR-arbetarnas personliga identitet påverkas av yrkesidentiteten men detta sker på olika vis. Deras personliga identitet påverkas av både arbetslivserfarenheter och sociala interaktioner då yrket är närvarande i många konversationer utanför arbetet.

Barns motoriska utveckling är en viktig del av arbetet i förskolan. I Läroplan för förskolan, Lpfö 18 (Skolverket 2018, s. 9) står det att förskolans uppdrag är att utmana och främja barns motoriska utveckling och lärande i varierande miljöer. Den forskning som undersökt barns motoriska utveckling i utomhusmiljöer och vid riskfylld lek är bristfällig, vilket innebär att mer forskning inom området behövs. Därav är syftet med denna studie att undersöka hur förskollärare arbetar i utomhusmiljöer och hur riskfylld lek används för att främja barns motoriska utveckling. Studien har genomförts med den kvalitativa metoden self-report, där förskollärare besvarat nio frågor via e-post. I studiens resultat framkommer det att förskollärarna anser utomhusmiljön som betydelsefull för barns motoriska utveckling. Det framgår dessutom att när barn får möta varierande miljöer och leka med olika material främjas deras motorik. Förskollärarna lyfter fram vikten av närvarande, medforskande och stöttande pedagoger när barn utvecklas motoriskt i utomhusmiljöer. Resultatet visar även att förskollärarna anser att riskfylld lek är gynnsamt för barns motoriska utveckling, då de utmanas i olika rörelseaktiviteter vilket främjar deras motorik., Children's motor development is an important part of the work in preschool. In the Swedish Curriculum for the preschool, Lpfö 18 (Skolverket 2018, p. 9) it is stated that the preschool's mission is to challenge and promote children's motor development and learning in varying environments. Previous research that has studied children's motor development in outdoor environments and at risky play is inadequate, which means that more research in the area is needed. Hence, the purpose of this study is to investigate how preschool teachers work in outdoor environments and how risky play is used to promote children's motor development. The study has been conducted using the qualitative method self-report, where preschool teachers answered nine questions via e-mail. The results of the study show that preschool teachers consider the outdoor environment to be important for children's motor development. It also appears that when children encounter varying environments and play with different materials, their motor skills are promoted. The preschool teachers highlight the importance of present, co-researching and supportive teachers when children develop motor skills in outdoor environments. The results also show that preschool teachers consider risky play to be beneficial for children's motor development, as they are challenged in various activities which promotes their motor skills.

Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with a wide range of adverse health effects, but it is still unclear how particles from various transport modes differ in terms of toxicity and associations with different human health outcomes. This literature review aims to summarize toxicological and epidemiological studies of the effect of ultrafine particles (UFPs), also called nanoparticles (NPs, <100 nm), from different transport modes with a focus on vehicle exhaust (particularly comparing diesel and biodiesel) and non-exhaust as well as particles from shipping (harbor), aviation (airport) and rail (mainly subway/underground). The review includes both particles collected in laboratory tests and the field (intense traffic environments or collected close to harbor, airport, and in subway). In addition, epidemiological studies on UFPs are reviewed with special attention to studies aimed at distinguishing the effects of different transport modes. Results from toxicological studies indicate that both fossil and biodiesel NPs show toxic effects. Several in vivo studies show that inhalation of NPs collected in traffic environments not only impacts the lung, but also triggers cardiovascular effects as well as negative impacts on the brain, although few studies compared NPs from different sources. Few studies were found on aviation (airport) NPs, but the available results suggest similar toxic effects as traffic-related particles. There is still little data related to the toxic effects linked to several sources (shipping, road and tire wear, subway NPs), but in vitro results highlighted the role of metals in the toxicity of subway and brake wear particles. Finally, the epidemiological studies emphasized the current limited knowledge of the health impacts of source-specific UFPs related to different transport modes. This review discusses the necessity of future research for a better understanding of the relative potencies of NPs from different transport modes and

Nanoparticle emissions from transport are of considerable importance because of their dominance in terms of particle number concentration in most urban atmospheres. Nanoparticles may carry toxic substances, posing a serious threat to pedestrians, passengers and residents. The road sector has been studied intensively in both academia and industry and considerable knowledge has already been gathered. Shipping is also a significant source of nanoparticles both at the global and the European level and may be responsible for cardiopulmonary diseases and lung cancer at the global level, while ship emissions are known as one of the least regulated sources of pollutants. Aviation nanoparticle emissions have also received increasing attention in recent years because of the rapid growth of air transport volumes and the expected expansion to meet capacity needs for future years. Exhaust nanoparticle emissions from diesel rail transport are not very well known and only a few sources addressing actual emission rates are available. All modes of transport are sources of non-exhaust nanoparticle number emission associated with the tire, brake, and road/rail surface wear and tear. This paper provides a literature review to identify the different aerosol modes (i.e., primary, delayed primary, and secondary) from each transport source (road, shipping, aviation, rail), in both laboratory and field tests and to explore their toxicity relevance. The review focuses on nanoparticles (<100 nm) and investigates both exhaust and non-exhaust emissions. We present details on nanoparticles produced by transport sources in the urban environment and parameters that influence nanoparticle emissions. Also, we review the potential relationship between the different aerosol modes and their toxicity effects and point out some issues concerning nanoparticle collection for chemical and toxicity characterization. As regards the toxicity part, it is concluded that transport sources emit large number of nan

Road, rail, air, and sea transport generate a major fraction of outdoor ultrafine particles. However, there is no common methodology for comparable sub 100 nm particle emissions measurement. This paper presents the nPETS (grant agreement No 954377) concept to understand and mitigate the effects of emerging non-regulated nanoparticle emissions. This paper presents the concept and selected results. For example, nucleation and condensation mechanisms occur more frequently in the urban background site, leading to new particle formation, while mostly fresh emissions are measured in the traffic site.