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Rad se bavi usporedbom izgovora naglasaka učenika iz Osnovne škole Generalski Stol i učenika iz Osnovne škole Grabrik iz Karlovca i koliko se izgovori naglasaka razlikuju od standardnog jezika. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 20 učenika sedmoga i osmoga razreda, odnosno 10 učenika iz Osnovne škole Generalski Stol i 10 učenika iz Osnovne škole iz Karlovca. Ujedno, u slušnom procjenjivanju izgovora naglasaka učenika je sudjelovalo i 38 studenata s diplomskog studija Fonetike. Istraživanju je prethodio i prozodijski opis hrvatskog standardnog jezika kao i opis govora Karlovačke županije. U ovome radu je slušnom analizom studenata Fonetike potvrđena pretpostavka, odnosno da se izgovor naglasaka učenika iz Osnovne škole Generalski Stol više razlikuje od standardnog jezika u odnosu na učenike iz Karlovca. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da učenici najčešće izgovaraju kratkosilazne i dugosilazne naglaske, a rijetko i dugouzlazne. Kratkouzlazni naglasak se je pojavio nekoliko puta u govoru učenika iz Karlovca i to se smatra slučajnošću. S obzirom na korištenje većinski samo silaznog naglaska, učenicima su u metodičkom dijelu predložene vježbe za ispravljanje izgovora naglasaka. The thesis studies shows the comparison of the accent pronunciation of students from the "Generalski Stol" elementary school and students from the "Grabrik" elementary school from Karlovac and how much the accent pronunciations differ from the standard language. In this research participated 20 seventh and eighth grade students. 10 students were from the elementary school "Generalski Stol" and 10 students wee from the elementary school from Karlovac. Also 38 students from the graduate study of Phonetics participated in the evaluation of the pronunciation of student accents. The research was preceded by a prosodic description of the Croatian standard language as well as a description of the dialect of the city of Karlovac and its surroundings. In this thesis, the auditory analysis of phonetics students confirmed assumption, namely that the accent pronunciation of students from the "Generalski Stol" elementary school is more different from the standard language compared to students from Karlovac. The results of the research showed that students most often pronounce short-falling and long-falling accents, and rarely long-rising ones. A short rising accent appeared several times in the speech of students from Karlovac and this is considered a coincidence. At the end of this thesis there are suggested exercises for correcting the pronunciation of accents.

Osnovni cilj rada je pokazati mogućnosti razvoja turističkog biciklizma kao rekreacijske ponude Karlovačke županije te predstaviti temelj za daljnji razvoj turističkog biciklizma i istražiti trenutne ponude i mogućnosti regije. Karlovačka županija posjeduje povoljan geostrateški položaj koji, uz prirodna obilježja, određuje mogućnosti i vrste turizma na ovom području. Njezina kulturno-povijesna i prirodna baština je dobro očuvana uz krajolike, četiri rijeke, očuvan okoliš i brojna zaštićena prirodna područja. Zbog tih okruženja, ali i prometne povezanosti i ugodne kontinentalne klime, Karlovačka županija iz godine u godinu bilježi pozitivni razvoj turističkog biciklizma i povećanje broja mreža biciklističkih ruta. Turistički biciklizam kao način promicanja zdravog načina života i održivog prometa sve je više prepoznat kako na lokalnoj tako i na međunarodnoj razini, što pogoduje Karlovačkoj regiji na koju se gleda kao ekoturističko područje sa sportsko rekreacijskim ruralnim potencijalom. The primary objective of this work is to showcase the potential for the development of bicycle tourism as a recreational attraction in Karlovac County. The problem at hand is to lay the groundwork for further development of bicycle tourism and explore the current options and possibilities of the region. Karlovac County possesses a favorable geostrategic position that, coupled with its natural characteristics, determines the potential and types of tourism in this area. Its well-preserved cultural, historical, and natural heritage, complemented by landscapes, four rivers, preserved environment, and numerous protected natural areas, contribute to this. Due to these surroundings, as well as its transportation connectivity and pleasant continental climate, Karlovac County has been experiencing positive growth in bicycle tourism year after year, with an increasing number of cycling routes. Bicycle tourism, recognized locally and internationally as a means to promote a healthy lifestyle and sustainable transportation, benefits the Karlovac region, which is viewed as an ecotourism area with sports and recreational rural potential.

Ovaj rad opisuje sportsko – rekreacijski turizam na području Karlovačke županije. U radu je opisan sportsko – rekreacijski turizam na području Karlovačke županije koja je pogodna za aktivan odmor. U ponudi turističkih sportsko-rekreacijskih sadržaja nalaze se biciklizam, jahanje, kanuing, kajaking, špiljarenje i mnoge druge aktivnosti koje su opisane u radu. Također, analizirani su smještajni kapaciteti i napravljena je SWOT analiza za stanje sportsko-rekreacijskog turizma u Karlovačkoj županiji. Konačno, predložene su mjere kojima se sportsko-rekreacijski turizam u županiji može unaprijediti. This paper describes sports and recreation tourism in the area of Karlovac County. The paper describes sports and recreational tourism in the area of Karlovac County, which is ideal for an active vacation. The offer of tourist sports and recreational facilities includes cycling, horseback riding, canoeing, kayaking, caving and many others activities that are described in the paper. Accommodation capacities were also analyzed and a SWOT analysis was made for the state of sports and recreation tourism in Karlovac County. Finally, measures were proposed to improve sports and recreational tourism in the county.

Osnovni cilj ovog diplomskog rada bio je ispitati mišljenje građana Karlovačke županije o izgradnji Centra sportova na vodi. Istraživanje je provedeno između 533 ispitanika od kojih je 392 ženskih i 141 muški ispitanik. Najveći broj ispitanika dolazi iz grada Karlovca (78,2%). Riječ je uglavnom o osobama životne dobi između 18 i 24 godine (31,5%), osobama koje su trenutno zaposlene/samozaposlene (60,8%) te tjelesno aktivnim osobama (87,8%). Mišljenje građana ispitivalo se putem online anonimnog upitnika. Upitnik je bio javno objavljen, sastojao se od 25 pitanja te su mu građani slobodno pristupali. Karlovačka županija nalazi se u središtu Hrvatske te je bogata prirodnim resursima, rijekama i jezerima. Zahvaljujući svojim prirodnim ljepotama i raznim mogućnostima, ima dobro razvijen turizam i sportsku rekreaciju. Sportovi na vodi u Karlovačkoj županiji postoje od kraja 19. stoljeća. Uz trenutno razvijene sportove, postoji mogućnost za razvoj dodatnih sportova, koji se do sada još nisu imali prilike razviti, poput jedrenja i jedrenja na dasci. U ovom diplomskom radu, uz pomoć deskriptivne statistike i frekvencije čestica, analizirana su mišljenja građana Karlovačke županije o izgradnji Centra sportova na vodi. Građani u najvećem broju podržavaju izgradnju Centra (87,6%), smatraju izgradnju potrebnom (78,8%), smatraju ideju ostvarivom (64,4%) te smatraju da je trenutna infrastruktura pogodna za razvoj Centra (60,4%). Veliki broj ispitanika (80,9%) uključio bi se u sportove na vodi, ponajprije na veslanje (46,9%). Također, veliki broj roditelja (68,5%) uključio bi svoju djecu u sportove na vodi, gdje opet prednjači veslanje (73,1%). Najviše ispitanika (46,7%) smatra „ŠRC Korana“ najprikladnijom lokacijom za razvoj Centra sportova na vodi. Veslanje, kao sport najpogodniji za razvoj u Karlovačkoj županiji, odabrao je najveći broj ispitanika (93,6%). Uzimajući u obzir trenutnu situaciju s pandemijom COVID-19, dio ispitanika smatra provedbu sportova na vodi sigurnom (61,2%) dok se dio ispitanika niti slaže niti ne slaže s tvrdnjom da su sportovi na vodi popularni među populacijom tijekom trenutne situacije (37,1%). The main goal of this thesis was to examine the opinion of the citizens of Karlovac County on the construction of the Water Sports Center. The study was conducted between 533 respondents of which 392 were female and 141 male respondents. The largest number of respondents comes from the city of Karlovac (78.2%). These are mainly people aged between 18 and 24 (31.5%), people who are currently employed / self-employed (60.8%) and physically active people (87.8%). Citizens' opinions were surveyed through an online anonymous questionnaire. The questionnaire was made public, consisted of 25 questions and was freely accessible to citizens. Karlovac County is located in the center of Croatia and is rich in natural resources, rivers and lakes. Thanks to its natural beauty and various possibilities, it has well-developed tourism and sports recreation. Water sports in Karlovac County have existed since the end of the 19th century. In addition to currently developed sports, there is the possibility of developing additional sports, which have not yet had the opportunity to develop, such as sailing and windsurfing. In this diploma thesis, with the help of descriptive statistics and particle frequency, the opinions of the citizens of Karlovac County on the construction of the Water Sports Center are analyzed. Citizens mostly support the construction of the Center (87.6%), consider construction necessary (78.8%), consider the idea feasible (64.4%) and believe that the current infrastructure is suitable for the development of the Center (60.4%). A large number of respondents (80.9%) would be involved in water sports, primarily rowing (46.9%) Also, a large number of parents (68.5%) would involve their children in water sports, where rowing is again (73.1%). Most respondents (46.7%) consider "SRC Korana" the most suitable location for the development of the Water Sports Center. Rowing, as the sport most suitable for development in Karlovac County, was chosen by the largest number of respondents (93.6%). Taking into account the current situation with the COVID-19 pandemic, some respondents consider the implementation of water sports safe (61.2%) while some respondents neither agree nor disagree with the statement that water sports are popular among the population during the current situation (37, 1%).

Laici u palijativnoj skrbi su punoljetne osobe koje dobrovoljno pružaju skrb, a iznimna su pomoć zdravstvenom sustavu. Skrb u završnoj fazi života nosi specifične poteškoće i pitanja, zbog čega laici njegovatelji u palijativnoj skrbi imaju specifične potrebe kao što su: psihološka i emocionalna podrška, pomoć oko zdravstvene njege, financijska pomoć, te podrška izvan radnog vremena i noću . Zdravstveni radnici moraju biti proaktivni u identificiranju tko pruža skrb za pacijenta i kakvu vrstu skrbi, kako bi se svim njegovateljima mogla pružiti ona vrsta podrške koju trebaju. Zato je potrebno određivanje ključnog profesionalca koji će koordinirati različite formalne i neformalne pomagače. Sukladno Strateškom planu razvoja palijativne skrbi u Republici Hrvatskoj za razdoblje 2014.-2016. Karlovačka županija donijela je svoju Strategiju razvoja palijativne skrbi gdje je prepoznata uloga volontera i udruga civilnog društva, te se navodi da njihov rad ima potpunu vrijednost i smisao samo ako djeluju unutar sustava palijativne skrbi. U ovom radu prikazane su aktivnosti uključivanja laika u sustav palijativne skrbi koje je moguće provesti na području županije, a mogu doprinijeti boljoj skrbi za palijativnog pacijenta pružajući im potporu i adekvatnu edukaciju., Non-professionals in palliative care are adults who provide care voluntarily and are an exceptional help to the health system. End-of-life care carries specific difficulties and issues, in particular for no-professionals in palliative care who have specific needs such as: psychological and emotional support, help with personal and health care, financial help, and support outside working hours and at night. Healthcare professionals must be proactive in identifying who provides patient care and what type of care, so that all carers can be provided with the type of support they need. That is why it is necessary to appoint a key professional who will coordinate various formal and informal helpers. In accordance with the Strategic Plan for the Development of Palliative Care in the Republic of Croatia for the period 2014-2016. Karlovac County has adopted its Strategy for the Development of Palliative Care, which recognizes the role of volunteers and civil society organizations, and states that their work has full value and meaning only if they operate within the palliative care system. In this paper are presented the activities necessary to include nonprofessionals in the palliative care system that can be carried out in the county, and can contribute to better care for the palliative patient by providing them with support and adequate education.

Crkvišće–Bukovlje je kasnoantičko visinsko utvrđeno naselje s jednostavnom jednobrodnom crkvom s apsidalnim završetkom koja se datira u razdoblje 5./6. Stoljeća. Rad se bavi analizom lokaliteta tako da izlaže općenitu sliku lokaliteta i njegove antičke i kasnoantičke okolice, opisuje trenutno stanje istraženosti, stavlja lokalitet u kontekst povijesnih zbivanja te pruža analogije sa sličnim lokalitetima. Cilj ovog rada je, osim detaljnog opisa lokaliteta, pokazati kako su konkretna povijesna zbivanja u južnoj Panoniji utjecala na razvoj visinskog lokaliteta Crkvišće–Bukovlje te usporediti lokalitet sa sličnim lokalitetima iz istočnoalpskog i zapadnobalkanskog područja. Crkvišće–Bukovlje is a late antique fortified hilltop settlement with a simple single-nave church with the apsidal ending from 5./6. century. The paper concerns with the analysis of the site in a way that shows a general picture of the site and its antique and late antique surroundings, describes current state of research, puts the site in the context of historical events and provides analogies with similar sites. The goal of this paper, except detailed description of the site, is to show how specific historical events in southern Pannonia influenced the development of the hilltop site Crkvišće–Bukovlje and compare the site with similar sites from the Eastern Alps and the Western Balkans

Tourism can provide a strong contribution and a boost to the protection of intangible cultural-historical heritage. This paper examines the role and significance of gastronomy in achieving positive effects of valorization of the intangible cultural-historical heritage. The purpose of this paper is to investigate to what extent is homemade bread recognized as an authentic indigenous gastronomic product by the owners and restaurant managers in Karlovac County. The paper also points out the role and significance of homemade traditional bread as a tool of interpretation of the intangible cultural-historical heritage. To achieve the aim of this paper, various scientific methods were used, such as field research methods, desk research methods, descriptive methods, deductions, descriptive statistics, synthesis and semi structured interviews with target group representatives, owners and restaurant managers in Karlovac County. The research results suggest that gastronomy, as a modern and sophisticated tool of interpretation of the intangible cultural-historical heritage can significantly contribute to its efficient preservation, while at the same time it develops and raises the quality of the tourist product. Homemade bread made according to the original recipe can also have an efficient contribution to preservation of the intangible cultural-historical heritage while at the same time raising the quality of the tourist product at the destination level. However, it is not sufficiently exploited.

Na području Karlovačke županije klizišta su česta pojava te predstavljaju prijetnju za lokalno stanovništvo, njihovu imovinu te prometnice. Kroz rad je istražena i prikazana prostorna rasprostranjenost klizišta na sjevernom dijelu Karlovačke županije, određen je njihov geomorfološki značaj te povezana njihova pojavnost sa određenim klimatološkim prilikama. Za potrebe rada korištene su metode prikupljanja ulaznih podataka o klizištima, GIS analize reljefa istraživanog područja, metode terenskog istraživanja, analize geomorfoloških i geoloških uvjeta u kojima nastaju klizišta, analize meteoroloških podataka te analize antropogenih uvjeta i uzroka nastanka klizišta. Analize su ukazale na uzročno - posljedičnu vezu između klizišta i prometnica te moguću povezanost pojavnosti klizišta sa iznadprosječnim količinama padalinama u razdoblju od 2013. do 2015. godine. Landslides are common occurrence in Karlovac County and they pose a threat to local population, their property and traffic network. Main goal of this paper was to research and display spatial distribution of landslides in the northern part of Karlovac County, to determine their geomorphological significance and to connect the occurrence of the landslides with certain climate conditions. For the purpose of this paper certain methods were used: collecting of the input data on landslides positions, GIS analysis of relief of research area, terrain research, analysis of geomorphological and geological conditions in which landslides are formed, analysis of meteorological data, analysis of anthropogenic conditions and causes of landslide formation. The analyses pointed to the causal and consequential connection between the landslide formation and the roads and possible connection of the incidence of landslides with above the average precipitation in the period from 2013 to 2015.

Karlovačka županija sa svojim ključnim prometno-geografskim položajem u Hrvatskoj ima odlične predispozicije za razvoj turizma. Kamping turizam je jedan od najbrže rastućih oblika turizma, a u Karlovačkoj županiji ima vrlo važnu ulogu jer doprinosi s trećinom svih turističkih dolazaka i noćenja. Cilj ovog rada je proučiti utjecaj kamping turizma na turizam Karlovačke županije, utvrditi njegove glavne značajke, prednosti i nedostatke te usporediti razvijenost kamping turizma na području Karlovačke županije s turizmom u regiji Jugoistočna Slovenija. Uz analizu trenutne turističke situacije u kamping turizmu, rad analizira i njegov budući razvoj temeljem mišljenja i statvova intervjuiranih relevantnih aktera razvoja kamping turizma. Karlovac County with its crucial geotraffical position in Croatia has a great predisposition for tourist development. Camping tourism is one of the fastest growing type of tourism, and in Karlovac County it has an important role beacuse it contributes with one third of all tourist arrivals and accomodations. Purpose of this thesis is to examine the impact of camping tourism on tourism in Karlovac County, to identify its main attributes, advantages and disadvantages and to compare the development of camping tourism between the Karlovac County and region of the Southeastern Slovenia. Beside analysis of current turist situation in camping tourism, the thesis also discuss the future development of camping tourism based on interviews conducted with relevant actors of development of camping tourism.

U ovom radu prikazana je analiza nodalno-funkcionalne organizacije Karlovačke županije, na temelju prostorno-integrativnih funkcija među naseljima te stupnja prostornog razvoja. Nodalno-funkcionalna organizacija županije prikazana je hijerarhijom naselja različitog stupnja centraliteta. Grad Karlovac centar je karlovačke nodalne regije, a Karlovačka županija njegovo je gravitacijsko područje. Sekundarni subregionalni centri su Ogulin i Duga Resa, a Ozalj i Slunj značajni su kao mikroregionalna središta. Pomoću Prostornog plana i Razvojne strategije županije istraženo je u kojoj mjeri administrativno-teritorijalna organizacija odgovara stvarnoj funkcionalnoj organizaciji područja. Utvrđena je visoka ovisnost naselja prema gradu Karlovcu, ali i povezanost graničnih općina županije prema susjednim područjima. Stupanj korelacije između razvoja središnjih naselja, prostornog rasporeda demografskih resursa i općeg razvoja županije nije izrazito balansiran jer je područje rijetko i neravnomjerno naseljeno, a razvijenost gospodarstva nije na visokoj razini. Razvoj sustava središnjih naselja važan je za održivost, zadržavanje stanovništa, zaposlenost i privlačenje investicija što zahtijeva kvalitetnu politiku sveukupnog regionalnog razvoja. This thesis represents the analysis of the nodal functional organization of Karlovac County, based on the spatial integrate of functions between settlements and the level of spatial development. Aforesaid nodal functional county organization is represented by the hierarchy of settlements through varying degrees of centrality. The city of Karlovac is center of Karlovac node region and Karlovac County is its gravitational area. Secondary headquaters are the subregional centers Ogulin and Duga Resa, with Ozalj and Slunj being significant as micro-regional centers. Through the Spatial Plan and the County Development Strategy, it was analysed to what extent the administrative and territorial organization responds to the actual functional organization of the area. The high dependency of the settlements towards the city of Karlovac, as well as the connection of the county border municipalities to neighboring areas, was determined. The degree of correlation between the development of central settlements, the spatial distribution of demographic resources and the general development of the county is not highly balanced due the area which is seldomly and unevenly populated, bearing in mind that the development of the economy is not at a high level. System development of central settlements is important for sustainability, retention of the local population, employability and attracting investments, which requires a high quality policy of overall regional development.

Palijativna skrb je pristup koji poboljšava kvalitetu života bolesnika i njihovih obitelji suočenih s problemima povezanim s neizlječivom bolesti. Cilj zdravstvene njege palijativnog bolesnika je umanjiti ili odgoditi patnju i bol, osigurati bolesniku kvalitetan život, omogućiti dostojanstven proces umiranja te pružiti podršku obitelji koja sudjeluje u zbrinjavanju bolesnika. Proces provođenja palijativne skrbi je kompleksan i zahtijeva angažman cijelog tima dobro educiranih stručnjaka, a to su liječnici, medicinske sestre, fizioterapeut, psiholog, socijalni radnik i duhovnik. Tim je glavno sredstvo djelovanja, a upravo su interakcijski procesi među članovima od vitalne važnosti za uspjeh. Procjenjuje se da je neki oblik palijativne skrbi potreban kod 50% do 89% umirućih pacijenata, što bi za Republiku Hrvatsku iznosilo između 26000 do 46000 pacijenta godišnje. SB za produženo liječenje Duga Resa je ustanova koja pruža produženo liječenje, palijativnu skrb i djelatnosti specijalističko konzilijarne zdravstvene zaštite. U bolnicu se primaju bolesnici koji boluju od teških kroničnih bolesti, nakon prethodne akutne hospitalizacije, kako bi im se poboljšala kvaliteta života i omogućio što brži povratak u obitelj. Bolnica ima dugu tradiciju i mnogo iskustva u pružanju dugotrajnog liječenja, osim toga, od 2012. godine ima registrirane postelje za palijativnu skrb, a od 2015. godine i zaseban odjel. To je najveća ustanova u Karlovačkoj županiji koja pruža takvu skrb. Osim bolesnika iz Karlovačke županije i bolesnici iz drugih susjednih županija česti su korisnici skrbi i liječenja koje nudi SB Duga Resa. SB Duga Resa ima realnu praksu, posjeduje odgovarajuće resurse i znanje, postoje velike potrebe za usluge koje pruža te postoje mogućnosti i potrebe za daljnji razvoj., Palliative care is an approach that improves the quality of patients' lives and the lives of their families, facing problems associated with a life-threatening disease. The aim of palliative care is to reduce or delay pain and suffering, to ensure quality of life for the patient, to enable patients to die with dignity and to support the family that takes care of the patient. The process of palliative care is complex and requires the engagement of a whole team of educated specialists, such as doctors, nurses, physical therapists, psychologists, social workers and priests. It is of vital importance for an efficient palliative care to be provided in the first place by a professional team of specialists who work together. It is estimated that between 50% and 89% of all dying patients require some form of palliative care. In the Republic of Croatia that would mean between 26 000 and 46 000 patients per year. It is estimated that in Karlovac County approximately 4 300 patients will require some form of palliative care during a period of three years. Special hospital Duga Resa is a hospital that provides long-term treatment, palliative care, and specialist conciliar health care. Patients who are diagnosed with a severe chronic disease, after previous treatment in acute hospital, are hospitalized to improve the quality of their life and to prepare them for a return to their homes. The hospital has a long tradition and a lot of experience in providing long-term treatment. What is more, since 2012 it has had registered beds for palliative care, and since 2015 a separate hospital ward for palliative care. It is the biggest hospital in Karlovac County which provides such care. Special hospital Duga Resa provides care not only for patients from Karlovac County but also for patients from other, neighbouring counties. Special hospital Duga Resa possesses the right resources and knowlege, also, there is great demand for the service it provides. In the future further development is expected.

U radu se proučavaju promjene u sastavu stanovništva prema narodnosti u Karlovačkoj i Ličko-senjskoj županiji od 1991. do 2011. te se analiziraju čimbenici koji su utjecali na te promjene. Posebna se važnost pridaje proučavanju dviju najzastupljenijih etničkih skupina – Hrvata i Srba. Analizom popisnih podataka pokazuje se da su najveće promjene zabilježene u prvome međupopisnom razdoblju od 1991. do 2001. što autori vežu uz zbivanja povezana s emigracijom, Domovinskim ratom, starenjem stanovništva i promjenama u popisnim metodologijama. Prema popisu stanovništva iz 1991., u obje je županije većinski bilo prisutno stanovništvo hrvatske narodnosti, dok su Srbi predstavljali najbrojniju nacionalnu manjinu sa značajnim udjelom od 25,4% u Karlovačkoj te 36,4% u Ličko-senjskoj županiji. Popis iz 2001. bilježi nacionalnu homogenizaciju u narodnosnom sastavu stanovništva obiju županija s izraženijom dominacijom Hrvata (oko 85% u obje županije). Najnoviji popis stanovništva iz 2011. nije donio znatnije promjene u narodnosnom sastavu u odnosu na prethodni u Karlovačkoj županiji, dok je u nekim dijelovima Ličko-senjske županije zabilježena značajnija promjena zbog povratka hrvatskih građana srpske nacionalne pripadnosti. Proučavana se problematika sagledava i u kontekstu krajnje nepovoljnoga općeg demografskog stanja okarakteriziranog izrazitim starenjem stanovništva i depopulacijom u dvije promatrane županije te nepovoljnim ekonomskim prilikama u njima., In this article the authors deal with the changes in the ethnic structure of Karlovac and Lika-Senj counties in the period from 1991 to 2011 and analyse the factors influencing these changes. Special attention is given to the two most represented ethnic groups in Croatia – the Croats and the Serbs. Analysing the census data the authors emphasize that the most significant changes have been registered in the first analysed inter-census period from 1991 to 2001 what is ascribed to emigration, the Croatian War of Independence, population ageing and changes in the population census methodology. According to the population census from 1991 both counties recorded the majority of residents of Croatian ethnicity, while the population of Serbian ethnic group represented the most numerous national minority counting significant proportion of 25.4% in Karlovac and 36.4% in Lika-Senj County. The 2001 population census recorded national homogenization in the ethnic structure of both counties determined by the domination of Croats (counting around 85% in both counties). The data gathered by the most recent 2011 population census have not brought any significant changes in relation to the previous ones in Karlovac County, while in some parts of Lika-Senj County they registered a significant change associated with the return of the Croatian citizens of Serbian ethnicity. The studied issue was considered in the context of highly unfavourable general demographic situation characterised by significantly pronounced processes of population ageing and depopulation as well as by adverse economic conditions in the two analysed counties.

Prijevoz putnika ima nezamjenjivu ulogu prometne djelatnosti u sklopu svakog nacionalnog gospodarstva, sa putnikom kao prijevoznim objektom u svom središtu. Upravo zato, kvaliteta prijevozne usluge ima za cilj što više moguće povećati zadovoljstvo korisnika kako bi zadržala njihovu privrženost i učinila ih stalnim korisnicima usluga. Kroz ovaj diplomski rad obrađena je tematika istraživanja kvalitete pružanja usluge prijevoza na primjeru učenika u Karlovačkoj županiji. Dobiveni rezultati pokazuju da je kvaliteta usluge prijevoza učenika na prihvatljivoj razini, ali je potrebno još mnogo ulaganja za pospješenje kvalitete prijevoza., Passenger transport has an irreplaceable role of transport activity within each national economy, with a passenger as a transport facility in its center. That is precisely why the quality of transport services aims to maximize customer satisfaction so as to maintain their commitment and make them permanent service users. Through this graduate paper, the elaboraed topic of the research is the quality of service provision of transport on the example of students in Karlovac County. The obtained results show that the quality of student transport services is at an acceptable level, but there is still a need to invest in improving transport quality.

U radu je istražen demogeografski razvoj Karlovačke županije od 1991. do 2011. godine. Naglasak je stavljen na kretanje ukupnog broja stanovnika i razvoj etničke strukture županije koji su uvjetovani povijesnim događajima i društveno-gospodarskim razvojem. Metodologija koja je korištena u izradi ovog rada je analiza popisa stanovništva i znanstvene literature, te su na temelju brojčanih podataka izrađene slike i tablice. Opća depopulacija nažalost uzima sve veći zamah koji se posebno intenzivirao zadnjih dvadesetak godina. Ona je rezultat emigracijske depopulacije i prirodne depopulacije, uz istovremeno intenzivno starenje stanovništva. Tomu su uvelike doprinijele i slabe gospodarske prilike. Sve strukture populacije pokazuju nepovoljna obilježja koja će uzrokovati nastavak regresivnog demografskog razvoja u obliku smanjenja broja stanovnika, denataliteta te erozije svih demografskih i gospodarskih struktura. The paper explores the demographic development of Karlovac County from 1991 to 2011. Emphasis is placed on population trends and the development of the ethnic structure of the county, which are influenced by historical events and socio-economic development. The methodology used in the preparation of this paper is to analyze the population and scientific literature, and are based on figures which made the whole pitcure and statistic tables. General depopulation unfortunately are on the rise, which is especially intensified last twenty years. It is the result of emigration and depopulation natural depopulation, while intensive aging population. Situation is greatly contributed to the poor economic conditions. All the structure of the population show unfavorable characteristics that will cause continuation of regressive demographic development in the form of declining population, natural decrease and erosion of all demographic and economic structure.

Slunjsko-plitvički kraj kontaktni je prostor dviju hrvatskih županija, Karlovačke i Ličko-senjske. U teritorijalno-administrativnom smislu definira se kao prostor grada Slunja te općina Cetingrad, Plitvička jezera, Rakovica i Saborsko. Promatrani prostor nalazi se na krškoj podlozi, koja je zbog svojih geološko-hidrološko-pedoloških specifičnosti, kao i geomorfoloških karakteristika, u prošlosti negativno determinirala kretanje stanovništva i razvoj naseljenosti. Cijeli taj prostor ima prevladavajuća ruralna obilježja i periferno je položen u odnosu na županijska središta (Karlovac i Gospić) te je kao takav dio negativnog pola populacijskoga, ekonomskog i regionalnog razvoja Hrvatske. Začeci duboke demografske krize u njemu datiraju iz prve polovine 20. stoljeća. Tijekom devedesetih godina već postojeće negativne demografske prilike dodatno su pogoršane srbijanskom oružanom agresijom. Cjelokupni tematizirani prostor pretrpio je znatne ljudske žrtve, migracijske gubitke i materijalna razaranja. Po oslobođenju počinje proces obnove, koji teče sporo i s brojnim poteškoćama. Zbog prisutnosti dugotrajnih, vrlo negativnih demografskih procesa, čija su glavna obilježja depopulacija (ukupna, prirodna i emigracijska) i starenje stanovništva, taj je prostor izgubio vlastiti demografsko-revitalizacijski potencijal. Populacijsko obnavljanje Slunjsko-plitvičkoga kraja nije provedivo bez primjene sustavnih poticajnih mjera demografske obnove i gospodarskog oporavka. Demografska obnova mora, uz pronatalitetne mjere, svakako obuhvatiti i poticanje naseljavanja mladoga, pretežno visokoobrazovanog stanovništva., The Slunj-Plitvice region is a contact area between two Croatian counties: Karlovac County and Lika-Senj County. It can be defined in territorial-administrative terms as the area of the administrative Town of Slunj and the following municipalities: Cetingrad, Plitvička Jezera (Plitvice Lakes), Rakovica and Saborsko. The investigated region is located in the karst zone, which exerted a negative influence on demographic development in the past because of its geological, hydrological, pedological and geomorphologic characteristics. The entire researched region is predominantly rural. It is peripheral compared with the county centres Karlovac (Karlovac County) and Gospić (Lika-Senj County). Therefore, the Slunj-Plitvice region can be described as an integral part of the negative population, economic and regional development pole of Croatia. The beginnings of the demographic crisis in the region date back from the first half of 20th century. During the 1990s, the already existing negative demographic circumstances were additionally worsened by Serbian armed aggression. The entire region suffered significant war casualties, migratory losses and material destruction. After liberation of the region, the process of reconstruction began. Its course has been very slow and marked by many obstacles. Because of the presence of the long-lasting, very negative demographic processes – total depopulation, natural depopulation, emigration depopulation and population ageing – the Slunj-Plitvice region has lost its ability to achieve demographic revitalisation. Population regeneration and renewal in the region will not be possible without the application of systematic stimulating measures for demographic and economic recovery. The demographic recovery plans must by all means include, besides pro birth-rate measures, stimulation for immigration of a young, predominately highly-educated population., La région de Plitvice-Slunj est l’espace de contact de deux comitats croates, celles de Karlovac et Lika-Senj. D’un point de vue territorial et administratif, elle définit l’espace comprenant la ville de Slunj et les communes de Cetingrad, des lacs de Plitvice, de Rakovica et de Saborsko. L’espace étudié se situe sur un terrain karstique, dont les particularités géologiques, hydrologiques et pédologiques ainsi que ses spécificités géomorphologiques ont exercé, dans le passé, une influence négative sur les mouvements de population de même que le développement des agglomérations. Dans son intégralité, cet espace présente des caractéristiques rurales dominantes et se situe en périphérie des chefs-lieux de comitats de Karlovac et de Gospić. Dans ces conditions, il s’inscrit dans le pôle négatif du développement démographique, économique et régional. Les prémices de la profonde crise démographique datent de la première moitié du 20e siècle. Au cours des années quatre-vingt-dix, la situation s’est vue aggravée par l’agression militaire serbe. L’ensemble de l’espace thématisé a été le théâtre de drames humanitaires, de migrations négatives et de dévastations matérielles. La libération du territoire s’est ensuivie du déclenchement du processus de reconstruction, lent et difficile. A cause de l’étendue de cette évolution démographique très négative, principalement caractérisée par le dépeuplement (total, naturel et migratoire) et par le vieillissement de la population, cet espace a perdu son potentiel de revitalisation démographique. Le renouveau démographique de la région de Plitvice-Slunj est en ce sens tributaire de la mise en œuvre de mesures de stimulation systématiques visant à relancer la démographie et à redresser l’activité économique. Le renouveau démographique implique obligatoirement, outre des mesures natalistes, des démarches destinées à encourager l’installation d’une population jeune et en grande partie hautement qualifiée.

Na podruĉju Karlovaĉke županije ustanovljeno je 76 lovišta, od ĉega 22 vlastitih lovišta (državna – vlasništvo RH) i 54 zajedniĉkih lovišta (na zemljištima raznih vlasnika). Isto tako, županija broji 75 lovišta otvorenog tipa i 1 uzgajalište divljaĉi (uzgajalište divljaĉi IV/15 Draganići). Ima 12 nizinskih lovišta, 16 nizinsko - brdskih, 54 brdska, 3 brdsko - planinska i 1 planinsko lovište, dakle ima najviše brdskih lovišta iznad 200 m nadmorske visine. Ovdje postoje dobri prirodni uvjeti za obitavanje raznih životinja pa tako i lovne divljaĉi, prevladavaju šumska staništa sa 68% ukupne površine, brojni su pašnjaci, vodene površine, a klima ima obilježja umjerene kontinentalne i planinske klime. Postoji duga tradicija organiziranog lovstva, fond divljaĉi je vrlo stabilan. Matiĉni fond planirani/ostvareni za 2012/2013. godinu je bio za jelena obiĉnog 368/383 grla, njime se gospodari kao jednom od glavnih vrsta divljaĉi u nekoliko lovišta, srnu obiĉnu 4.657/4.612, a ima je gotovo u svim karlovaĉkim lovištima, svinju divlju 1.467/1.553. Iako je divlja svinja posljednjih godina u ekspanziji u 2013. godini je došlo do poplave, stoga su zabilježena velika stradavanja ove vrste naroĉito na pomlatku. Za smeđeg medvjeda procjenjeno brojno stanje iznosi 160 jedinki, a obitava u državnim brdskim i brdsko - planinskim lovištima. Od sitne divljaĉi gospodari se sa zecom obiĉnim, fazanom, trĉkom skvržuljom iako je brojno stanje trĉke u stalnom padu. Prepelica pućpura je prolaznica, kao i šljuka bena, dok se divlja patka gluhara i liska crna uzgaja u relativno visokom broju zbog obilja vodotokova, a posebice paĉarnika u Šumbaru. S obzirom na povoljne prirodne uvjete za obitavanje i gospodarenje divljaĉi u planu je izrada Strategije lovnog i ribolovnog turizma koja bi trebala biti okosonica za dalje smjernice razvoja ove dvije znanstvene, gospodarske i turistiĉke grane., There are 76 hunting grounds established in region of Karlovac county, of which 22 are own hunting grounds (state hunting grounds – owned by the Republic Croatia) and 54 common hunting grounds (established on property owned by different owners). There are 75 open hunting grounds in Karlovac county and 1 game breeding site (game breeding site IV/15 Draganići). There are 12 lowland hunting grounds, 16 lowland - highland, 54 highland, 3 highland - mountainous and 1 mountainous hunting ground, therefore there are mostly highland hunting grounds above 200m altitude. Here are good natural conditions for habitation of various animals including game, forest habitat prevails with 68% of total area, there are numerous grasslands, water surfaces, and the climate has features of moderate continental and mountain climate. There is a long tradition of organized hunting and the game number is very stable. The main game number planned/achieved for year 2012/2013. was 368/383 for reed deer. It is managed as one of the major game species in several hunting areas. For roe deer it was 4.657/4.612, which can be found in almost every hunting ground in county. For wild boars it was 1.467/1.553 units. Even though the wild boars is in an expansion in last few years, flood occurred in 2013., therefore big casualties of this species were registered, especially of the youth. There is estimated unit number of 160 units for brown bear, which habitats in highland and highland-mountainous hunting grounds. It is managed with small game: brown hare, pheasant and gray partridge, even though the unit number of partridge is in steady decline. Common quail is pipeline, eurasian woodcock also, while wild mallard and common coot are grown in relatively high numbers because of the abundance of waterways, especially duck ponds in Šumbar. Considering all this, the Strategies of hunting and fishing tourism.

Cilj ovoga rada jest identificirati privlačne prirodne i društvene faktore turizma u Karlovačkoj županiji te istražiti u kojoj su mjeri do sada turistički vrednovani u aktualnoj turističkoj ponudi. Osim toga, detaljno će se analizirati prometnogeografski faktori kao važan preduvjet turizma, kao i smještajni kapaciteti i turistički promet u županiji. Na osnovi analize utvrdit će se najvažnije prednosti, nedostaci, mogućnosti i prijetnje razvoja turizma u prostoru istraživanja. The aim of this paper is to identify natural and social attractive factors of tourism in Karlovac County and to explore the extent to which so far tourism is evaluated in the current tourist offer. In addition, communication and geographic factors will be analyzed as an important precondition for tourism, as well as accommodation and tourist traffic in the County. Based on the analysis, it will be determined what are the most important strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of tourism development in the area of research.

Hrvatska i dalje ima neiskorištenih vodotoka za izgradnju malih hidroelektrana. Samo u Karlovačkoj županiji iskorištavanje vodnih potencijala udvostručilo bi trenutno instaliranu snagu. Na četiri glavne Karlovačke rijeke postoje ostaci mlinova odnosno brana koje se uz odgovarajuću restauraciju i izgradnju mogu pretvoriti u postrojenja za proizvodnju električne energije iz obnovljivih izvora. Zbog osjetljive i problematične prirode lokacije, svaki projekt potrebno je sagledati individualno uvažavajući sve zahtjeve održivog razvoja. Lokacija Donjeg mlina izuzetno je atraktivna prvenstveno zbog toga što se nalazi nizvodno od već postojeće hidroelektrane s akumulacijom, u Dugoj Resi, što na neki način ujednačava i protok na Donjem mlinu. Protoci se kontinuirano prate već desetljećima pa i to olakšava procjene i izračune. Nije zanemariva ni činjenica da su mlin i brana u vlasništvu Republike Hrvatske što olakšava rješavanje imovinsko pravnih odnosa u slučaju da lokalna zajednica bude glavni nositelj projekta i budući korisnik. Analize pokazuju da je moguće izgraditi hidroelektranu snage 600 MW koja ima potencijal proizvodnje električne energije 10 mjeseci u godini, u iznosu od 1,7 GWh. Taj projekt vratio bi uloženo lokalnoj zajednici za nekih 6 do 7 godina, što ga čini atraktivnim za potencijalne investitore. There are still plenty locations in Croatia for the construction of small hydro power plants. The entire installed small hydro plants power could be doubled by using only Karlovac County potentials. There are several mills and dams on the four major rivers in Karlovac that can be converted to small hydro plants with proper restoration and construction. However, special care should be taken in order to preserve sensitive eco sistems in potential locations. Donji mlin is an attractive location primarily because it is located downstream of existing Duga Resa hydro power plant with accumulation. Equalized flow from Duga Resa hydro power plant is continuously monitored through decades and facilitates estimates and calculations. Not less important is the fact that the mill and dam are public owned, making easier resolving administrative problems. According to the analyses and calculations there is possible to build a 600 MW hydro power plant, with electricity production potential of 1,7 GWh during 10 months a year. The return of investment would be in about 6-7 years, and this makes project attractive for investors.

Makrofiti su dobri indikatori stanja rijeke jer brzo odgovaraju na promjene u fizikalno-kemijskim svojstvima, brzini ili razini vode. Cilj ovog rada bio je istražiti sastav i strukturu makrofitske vegetacije srednjeg toka rijeke Mrežnice i ocijeniti njeno biološko stanje. Istraživano je ukupno 14 lokaliteta i zabilježeno ukupno 48 makrofitskih vrsta. Najviše je bilo zakorijenjenih vaskularnih biljaka koje rastu u sporijim i dubljim dijelovima rijeke i pojavljuju se u više morfoloških oblika, a svrstavamo ih u Sparganium emersum zajednicu. Mahovine su s najvećom pokrovnošću rasle na sedrenim barijerama, a pripadale su Berula-Agrostis zajednici koja je značajna za sedrene slapove. Na ovom tipu staništa bila je i najveća bioraznolikost i homogenost makrofitske vegetacije. Ukupno je bilo devet vrsta zaštićenih na nacionalnoj razini, jedna je vrsta bila strogo zaštićena sa statusom ugrožene svojte (EN), a jedna vrsta imala je status nedovoljno poznate (DD) prema kriterijima Međunarodne unije za očuvanje prirode (IUCN). Na temelju analize makrofita, biološko stanje srednjeg toka Mrežnice svrstava se u vrlo dobro stanje (klasa 1). Ovaj rad pomnije istražuje makrofitsku vegetaciju rijeke Mrežnice i može poslužiti za daljnji monitoring koji je važan za izradu plana upravljanja i zaštite. Macrophytes are good indicators of the river condition because they respond quickly to the changes in physico-chemical parameters, velocity or the level of water. The aim of this study was to investigate the composition and structure of macrophyte vegetation of the middle course of the Mrežnica River and evaluate its biological condition. A total of 14 sites were investigated resulting in 48 recorded macrophyte species. The majority of species were rooted vascular plants that grow in slower and deeper parts of the river and appear in several morphological forms that are classified in Sparganium emersum community. The highest coverage of mosses was found on travertine barriers. They belonged to the Berula-Agrostis community that is significant for travertine waterfalls. This type of habitat had the highest biodiversity and homogeneity of macrophyte vegetation. Nine species were protected at the national level, while one was strictly protected with the status of endangered species (EN), and one was classified in the data-deficient category (DD) according to the criteria of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). Based on the analysis of macrophytes, the biological condition of the middle course of the Mrežnica River is classified as “in very good condition” (class 1). This work closely examined the macrophyte vegetation of Mrežnica and can be used for future monitoring, which is important for the development of the management and protection plans.

Povoljni geografski i prometni položaj, specifičnost hidrološke mreže i geomorfološki uvjeti osnovni su preduvjeti za turistički razvoj Karlovačke županije. Veća važnost prirodne baštine, prvenstveno rijeka, samim time i riječnih dolina utjecala je na koncentraciju turističkih sadržaja na tim prostorima. Istraživanje je dobrim dijelom usmjereno na provođenje anketa o informiranosti, stavovima i posjećenosti riječnih dolina, učestalosti i vrsti turističko- rekreacijskih aktivnosti, te načinima valorizacije rijeka i riječnih dolina Karlovačke županije, te baštine koju povezujemo s istima. Za svaku rijeku iznesene su turističke aktivnosti, udio u ukupnim turističkim kretanjima, načini valorizacije i sl. Važni su i različiti geografski utjecaji turističko-rekreacijskih sadržaja i aktivnosti na riječne doline, te njihov direktni utjecaj na prostor s geografskog aspekta, a s naglaskom na kuće za odmor i rekreaciju. Prikazane su prednosti i nedostatci turističkih aktivnosti, kao i tendencije budućeg razvoja i perspektive koje će usmjeriti turizam na rijeke i prostore riječnih dolina Karlovačke županije. The main prerequisite for the development of tourism in Karlovac county are its favourable geographical and transport position, particular hydrological area and geomorphologic conditions. Importance of natural heritage, especially rivers, became the main focus of attention on which various touristic contents are centred. This research is focused on gathering information about general knowledge, visiting frequency, number of recreational facilities, and the rivers’ natural heritage. For each river, tourist attractions, percentage in tourist movement, forms of valorisation, etc. was brought forth. Different geographical impacts on the river valleys are important for the development of tourism and recreational facilities, as well as their direct effect on the land itself, regarding the construction of summer houses along the river banks. Pros and cons of these touristic activities are stated, and the possibilities of further development and perspective that could bring the tourist attractions along the river valleys of the Karlovac county in the focus of attention.

Forty two dragonfly species were previously reported for Karlovac County. Historical as well as recently collected but unpublished records add seven more species to records for the analysed territory, raising the number of dragonfly species to 49. Analysis revealed uneven temporal and spatial distribution of records, showing that the SE part of the county (Kordun subregion) is the most underexplored. Although most of the published and unpublished data were collected during the last 25 years it is obvious that odonatological inventory was not conducted systematically but rather accidentally. Furthermore, only three NATURA 2000 species (Cordulegaster heros Theischinger, 1979, Leucorrhinia pectoralis (Charpentier, 1825) and Qphiogomphus cecilia (Fourcroy, 1785)) with very low number of records have been reported for Karlovac County. However, the presented synthesis provides a valuable contribution to the knowledge on the Croatian dragonfly fauna., Za područje Karlovačke županije do sada su zabilježene 42 vrste vretenaca. Neobjavljeni podatci tome broju pridodaju sedam novih vrsta pa fauna vretenaca Županije sada broji 49 vrsta. Analiza objavljenih i neobjavljenih nalaza pokazala je njihovu nejednoliku vremensku i prostornu raspodjelu, a područje Korduna je najneistraženije. Premda je većina objavljenih i neobjavljenih podataka prikupljena tijekom posljednjih 25 godina, iz raščlambe podataka je razvidno da dosadašnja inventarizacija vretenaca Karlovačke županije nije provođena sistematično već slučajnim odabirom lokacija istraživanja. To je posebice vidljivo kroz raščlambu prisutnosti NATURA 2000 vrsta na istraživanom području gdje su do sada zabilježene tek tri vrste s vrlo malim brojem njihovih nalaza.

Forty two dragonfly species were previously reported for Karlovac County. Historical as well as recently collected but unpublished records add seven more species to records for the analysed territory, raising the number of dragonfly species to 49. Analysis revealed uneven temporal and spatial distribution of records, showing that the SE part of the county (Kordun subregion) is the most underexplored. Although most of the published and unpublished data were collected during the last 25 years it is obvious that odonatological inventory was not conducted systematically but rather accidentally. Furthermore, only three NATURA 2000 species {;Cordulegaster heros Theischinger, 1979, Leucorrhinia pectoralis (Charpentier, 1825) and Qphiogomphus cecilia (Fourcroy, 1785)) with very low number of records have been reported for Karlovac County. However, the presented synthesis provides a valuable contribution to the knowledge on the Croatian dragonfly fauna

Renewable energy sources (RES) are being increasingly considered as key elements in future development strategies on a national, regional and local level. This paper discusses the methodological approach to local energy planning proposed by the authors and identifies the most important drivers for its application at the regional level. This approach is different to the previous ‘top-down’ or strategic assessments as seen many times in the past in Croatia and is expected to herald a new future for the local community ownership and ‘buy-in’ to renewable energy, resulting in the greater probability of individual project success where local stakeholder sympathy is retained. The implementation of the developed approach is demonstrated on Karlovac County (western Croatia), which has considerable potential for the utilisation of different RES. The main outcomes are described: approved Regional strategy for utilisation of renewable energy sources in the Karlovac County; number of individual projects identified, supported and launched; and a Regional energy agency created as the implementing body for future renewable energy projects.

Tijekom srpnja 2010. godine provedeni su terenski pregledi područja karlovačke regije, točnije općine Barilovići i općine Generalski Stol. Terenskim pregledom područja karlovačke regije pregledano je više gradinskih lokacija duž tokova rijeka Dobre, Mrežnice i Korane. Poduzeta su i manja sondažna iskopavanja spomenutih gradina kako bi se dobio uvid u stratigrafije lokaliteta., In July 2010, field surveys of the Karlovac region were conducted in the municipalities of Barilovići and Generalski Stol. Several hill fort sites of the Karlovac region were surveyed along the Dobra, Mrežnica and Korana rivers. Smaller trial-trenches were dug at the aforementioned hill forts to obtain an insight into the sites’ stratigraphy. The prehistoric hill fort of Osovlje in Barilović is located opposite the Old Town (Stari grad) in Barilović, at approximately 200 metres above sea level. The hill fort’s ground-plan is almost rectangular, its size being 90 x 50 metres. We dug a trial trench on its north-eastern side on the spot where we assumed the existence of a fortification wall. Among the pottery shards, the most significant is the fragment of a lid from classical antiquity. Due to the fragmentary nature of finds, we have not been able to come up with a more detailed conclusion as to chronology, but it is certain that the hill fort was visited in the classical antiquity period. Other shards belong to the prehistoric period, though it is not possible to determine with certainty whether we are dealing with the Bronze Age or early Iron Age. The site is directly threatened by a nearby quarry. Near the Osovlje site, there is Kosijersko Selo, where field surveys have revealed the existence of a tumulus which might belong to the late Bronze Age or, more probably, to the early Iron Age. The hill fort in the village of Bukovlje is situated above the River Mrežnica. It has an irregular, triangular ground-plan. It is 100 metres long on the western side, towards the Mrežnica, and approximately 65 metres wide. Probe 1 (5 x 3 m) was opened along its southern plateau. With Probe 2, we made a cross-section to the stone wall surrounding the hill fort on the south-eastern side. The stone wall is bound with mortar, is 2.2 metres wide, and belongs to the Middle Ages. In Probe 1, several prehistoric layers were unearthed and documented in which we found shards of pottery vessels of different shapes. These displayed various decorations and workmanship. Bowls with an inverted rim predominate, decorated with vertical grooves along the edges. Such bowls are characteristic of the Ha B period and transition to the Ha C period. They are familiar from the hill forts of Belaj, Kiringrad and Turska Kosa, which are extraordinarily rich in ceramic artefacts. Special finds included pyramidal weights and whorls, which suggests the existence of weaving activity in this part of the settlement. Many of them come from pit SU 015/027/028, which is rich in pottery finds. Under the layers from the late Bronze Age, a layer belonging to the Aeneolithic period, i.e. the Lasinja culture, has been partly preserved.

Geostrateški položaj Republike Hrvatske te njezina politicka i infrastrukturna involviranost u Europsku uniju i europske prometne tokove prilika su za dodatni gospodarski razvoj njenim regijama. Više od dvije trecine robne razmjene Hrvatska obavlja sa svojim susjedima i zemljama Europske unije, pa je jasno kako je interakcija izmedu prometa i prometne infrastrukture i zbog njene efikasnosti smanjenih transportnih troškova znacajan doprinos konkurentnosti hrvatskih proizvoda i usluga. Prometni položaj i razvoj prometne infrastrukture definiraju se u okviru gospodarskih razvojnih strategija kao znacajan element privlacenja stranih investitora na naše podrucje. Tim je važnije da se prometna infrastruktura planira i osmišljava u funkciji gospodarskog i ukupnog razvoja regije. Analizirane prometne strategije Karlovacke županije i susjednih regija ukazuju na nedovoljnu zastupljenost gospodarskih aspekata pri osmišljavanju prometnih strategija. Ipak, prometno gledano, vidljiva je prometna kompatibilnost i orijentiranost susjednih regija na našu prometnu infrastrukturu, što se smatra razvojnom prednošcu. Druga karakteristika analiziranih strategija je iskazana kroz nepostojanje njihovog inoviranja, dakle, nepostojanje kontinuiranog strateškog procesa kao važnog cinitelja postizanja postavljenih strateških ciljeva, a time i konkurentske prednosti. Analiza utjecaja izgradnje prometne infrastrukture ukazuje na pozitivan utjecaj na glavne gospodarske grane, posebno na graditeljstvo. Vidljiv je rast svih gospodarskih pokazatelja, narocito u vrijeme intenzivne izgradnje, ali i nakon dovršetka. Sukladno analiziranim teorijama evidentni su i ucinci na razvoj lokalne zajednice, kao rezultat primjene prometne strategije, cak i u uvjetima njezine manjkavosti. Na osnovu teorijskih postavki provedenih istraživanja utjecajnih gospodarskih cimbenika ukazuje se na mogucnost unapredenja procesa strateškog prometnog planiranja, primjenom procesa strateškog menadžmenta uz dodatno naglašavanje gospodarskog aspekta pri izradi i implementaciji prometne strategije. Takoder, se ukazuje na model kontinuiranog strateškog procesa i povezanost regionalne razvojne strategije, gospodarske strategije, prostornih planova pri izradi i implementaciji prometne strategije. U radu je naglašena mogucnost da se kroz razvoj prometne infrastrukture dodatno unapreduje gospodarski razvitak i to razvojem pojedinih gospodarskih grana, razvojem gospodarske infrastrukture - prvenstveno industrijskih zona, turistickih potencijala, poslovno stambenih zona i trgovackih centara i razvoj strateških potencijala logisticke industrije. Prikazana je analiza koja potvrduje županijski cestovni cvor, kao optimalan izbor logisticko distributivnog centra za širu regiju. Dokazana uzajamna zavisnost kvalitetne implementacije prometnih strateških procesa i gospodarskog razvitka u opisanim uvjetima nedovoljne povezanosti prometnih strategija s razvojem regionalnih i gospodarskih potencijala te predloženi model izrade prometne strategije baziran na principima strateškog menadžmenta, koji posebno ukljucuje gospodarske potencijale znanstveni je doprinos iskazan u ovom radu, cija se primjena ogleda u mogucnosti definiranja strateških smjernica kod izrade prometnih strategija, u smislu cjelovitog sagledavanja gospodarskih i drugih potencijala. Regionalni znacaj ogleda se u mogucnosti primjene na osmišljavanju i planiranju strategije razvitka Karlovacke županije, smjernicama za bolje korištenje infrastrukture i njenih potencijala. The geostrategic position of Croatia and her political involvement and infrastructure in the European Union and European traffic flows are opportunities for additional economic development of its regions. More than two thirds of the Croatian foreign trade is exercised with its neighbors and the European Union so it is clear that the interaction between the traffic and transport infrastructure and because of its efficiency with reduced transport costs is a significant contribution to the competitiveness of Croatian products and services. Road location and developed traffic infrastructure are defined in the framework of economic development strategies as an important element in attracting foreign investors to our area. Therefore it is even more important that the transport infrastructure is planned and designed as a function of economic and overall development of the region. The analyzed traffic strategy of the Karlovac County and neighboring regions indicate the lack of presence of economic aspects in designing transport strategy. However, from the traffic point of view, traffic compatibility and orientation of neighboring regions on our transport infrastructure is visible, and it is considered to be a development advantage. Another characteristic of the analyzed strategies is exemplified by the lack of innovation, i.e., the absence of a continuous strategic process as an important factor to achieve the strategic goals, and consequently competitive advantages as well. The impact of the construction of transport infrastructure analysis indicates a positive impact on major economic sectors, especially construction. The growth of all economic indicators is visible, particularly at a time of intense construction, and after completion. In accordance with the analyzed theories the effects on the development of local communities as a result of the implementation strategy for transport, are evident even its shortcomings. Based on theoretical research conducted on influential economic factors, the possibility of improving the process of strategic transport planning is evident by means of implementing strategic management, with additional emphasis on economic aspects in the preparation and implementation of transport strategy. The model also shows a continuous strategic process and the relationship between regional development strategies, economic strategies, regional plans in the preparation and transport strategy implementation. The paper emphasizes the possibility of improving the economic development through the development of transport infrastructure, by developing certain economic sectors, economic infrastructure-primarily industrial zones, tourism resources, business and residential areas and shopping centers and developing the strategic potential of logistics industry. The analysis that confirms the county road facilities as the optimal choice of logistics distribution center for the wider region is presented. Proven interdependence of high quality implemented strategic transport and economic development processes described in terms of inadequate strategic transport strategies with the development plans of regional and economic potential, and proposed model of transport strategy based on the principles of strategic management, which includes especially the economic potential is a scientific contribution presented in this paper whose applications reflect the possibilities of defining strategic guidelines for the development of transport strategies in terms of overall consideration of economic and other resources. Regional importance is reflected in the possibility of its application in designing and planning the development strategy of the Karlovac county and the guidelines for better use of infrastructure and its potential.

Od 1981. do 2001. godine dogodile su se osjetne promjene u obrazovnoj strukturi Karlovačke županije. Vidi se postupno poboljšanje obrazovnih strukturnih značajki stanovništva. Promjene u obrazovnoj strukturi valja promatrati u svjetlu njihove interakcije s ostalim demografskim procesima, posebno procesima depopulacije te demografskoga starenja. Žarište istraživanja ovoga rada usmjereno je na objašnjavanje i razumijevanje promjena obrazovne strukture te utvrđivanje stupnja povezanosti negativnih demografskih procesa i razine obrazovanosti stanovništva. Obrazovanost stanovništva ove županije nalazi se ispod hrvatskoga prosjeka. Promjene u obrazovnoj strukturi valja promatrati s aspekta ukupne gospodarske situacije u Karlovačkoj županiji, jer snažna povezanost demografskih i društveno-gospodarskih procesa posebno dolazi do izražaja u slučaju njezina razmatranja. Dakako, intenzivan utjecaj na demografske i društveno- -gospodarske procese imala su ratna zbivanja na prostoru Karlovačke županije tijekom 1990-ih. Dugotrajno iseljavanje stanovništva poprimilo je još veće razmjere tijekom velikosrpske agresije na promatrani prostor, što je negativno utjecalo na obrazovnu strukturu promatranoga prostora., In the period between 1981 and 2001 significant changes in the educational structure of the population of Karlovac County occurred. The improvement in the educational structure of the population is noticeable. The changes in the educational structure of the population should be seen in the interaction with other demographic processes (especially depopulation and population ageing). The focus of this paper is based on the explanation and understanding of changes in the educational structure of the population and its correlation with negative demographic processes. There is a strong correlation between the economic situation and demographic trends which affects the educational structure of the population. The Croatian Homeland War had an intense influence on the demographic and socio-economic situation during the 1990s. The long-lasting process of emigration was intensified during Serbian aggression on the researched county, which had negative consequences on the educational structure of the population., In der Zeit von 1981 bis 2001 ist es zu spürbaren Veränderungen in der Bildungsstruktur innerhalb der Gespanschaft Karlovac gekommen, und zwar im Sinne einer allmählich voranschreitenden Verbesserung. Diese Wandel sind im Rahmen des Wechselverhältnisses mit anderen demografischen Vorgängen zu betrachten, insbesondere mit Prozessen der Entvölkerung und der demografischen Alterung. Die vorliegende Arbeit fokussiert sich auf das Verständnis und die Erläuterung der gewandelten Bildungsstruktur sowie auf die Beantwortung der Frage, inwiefern negative demografische Prozesse mit dem Bildungsniveau der Bevölkerung verbunden sind. Der Bildungsgrad der Menschen in der Gespanschaft Karlovac liegt unterhalb dem kroatischen Durchschnitt. Die jüngsten Wandel müssen unter dem Aspekt der gesamtwirtschaftlichen Lage in dieser Gespanschaft betrachtet werden, da die Interaktion zwischen demografischen und gesellschaftlichwirtschaftlichen Prozessen gerade hier besonders deutlich spürbar ist. Einen besonders großen Ausschlag gab natürlich das Kriegsgeschehen der 90er-Jahre des 20. Jahrhunderts. Die Entvölkerung, die lange vor dem Krieg in dieser Gespanschaft eingesetzt hatte, nahm im Laufe des großserbischen Aggressionskriegs noch größere Ausmaße an und wirkte sich negativ auf die Bildungsstruktur der Bevölkerung aus.

Karlova~ka `upanija ubraja se u negativan pol demografskog i ekonomskog razvoja Hrvatske. Negativni demografski procesi u promatranoj `upaniji prisutni su vrlo dugo. Spomenuti su se procesi postupno poja~avali od po~etka 1970-ih godina, a najnegativnija obilje`ja poprimili su nakon 1991. godine. Glavni demografski proces koji karakterizira promatrani prostor jest depopulacija. Stoga je u ovom radu istra`ena promjena broja stanovnika prema svim dosada{njim popisima, kako bi se utvrdio njezin intenzitet kroz pojedina razdoblja. Popisna promjena broja stanovnika najto~niji je pokazatelj demografske dinamike u nekom prostoru. Uzroci negativnoga demografskog stanja ponajprije se povezuju s lo{im ekonomskim prilikama, koje su rezultat dugogodi{njeg izostanka planiranih ulaganja u ovaj prostor. U najnovijem je razdoblju posebno nagla{en Domovinski rat, koji je dodatno pogor{ao ve} ionako lo{a demografska obilje`ja. Projekcija stanovni{tva do 2021. godine upu}uje na nastavak negativnih obilje`ja i procesa u demografskom razvoju `upanije. Za izlazak iz sada{nje situacije treba osmisliti sustavne poticajne mjere za demografski oporavak i ekonomski razvoj, koje moraju poticati sve razine vlasti. Takve mjere treba najprije po~eti provoditi u ruralnim prometno izoliranim dijelovima `upanije i na prostorima koji su u Domovinskom ratu bili izlo`eni izravnim ratnim razaranjima., The Karlovac County belongs within the negative pole of the demographic and economic development of Croatia. The negative demographic trends have been present in the Karlovac County for a long time. These trends have gradually worsened since the 1970s culminating in the period after 1991. The most significant demographic trend characteristic of the observed area is depopulation. Therefore, in this paper the author has researched the changing population numbers in all the past censuses in order to determine the intensity of these changes throughout specific periods. Census population change is the most accurate indicator of demographic dynamics in any area. The causes of the current negative demographic situation are mostly a result of poor economic circumstances, due to years of insufficient investment planning in the area. In recent years the most important factor has been the Croatian War of Independence, which has further deteriorated the already unsatisfactory demographic characteristics. Population projections until the year 2021 indicate continuing negative features and trends of the demographic development of the County. In order for a breakthrough to occur there should be systematic stimulative measures for demographic renewal and economic development, which should be encouraged by all levels of government. Such measures should first be taken in the transportationally isolated rural areas of the County, as well as in places which were directly exposed to destruction during the Croatian War of Independence., In der Gespanschaft Karlovac ist hinsichtlich der demografischen und wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung Kroatiens ein negativer Ausschlag zu verzeichnen. Die negativen demografischen Prozesse sind in dieser Gespanschaft schon seit langem spürbar. Ab den 70er-Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts war es allmählich zu einer Intensivierung der negativen Trends gekommen, die in der Zeit nach 1991 ihren Höhepunkt erreichten. Den relevantesten demografischen Vorgang stellt die Bevölkerungsabwanderung dar. Diese Arbeit untersucht daher die an den Ergebnissen bisheriger Volkszählungen abzulesenden Schwankungen der Bevölkerungszahlen, um die Intensität dieser Schwankungen während einzelner Zeitabschnitte feststellen. Volkszählungen sind die genauesten Indikatoren für die demografische Dynamik eines bestimmten geografischen Raums. Die Ursachen der gegenwärtigen negativen Trends sind zunächst in den schlechten Wirtschaftsbedingungen zu suchen, die wiederum auf den Umstand zurückgehen, dass planmäßige Investitionen in diesem Gebiet seit Jahren ausbleiben. In jüngerer Zeit wurde die ohnehin ungünstige Lage durch den Kroatischen Unabhängigkeitskrieg (1991–95) zusätzlich verschlechtert. Eine bis ins Jahr 2021 reichende demografische Projektion verweist auf einen zu erwartenden Fortbestand der negativen Merkmale und Prozesse. Um aus der bestehenden Situation wieder herauszufinden, sind auf allen politischen Ebenen systematische Unterstützungsmaßnahmen zur demografischen Erneuerung und wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung notwendig. Diese Maßnahmen müssen zuallererst in abgelegenen ländlichen Gebieten umgesetzt werden, des Weiteren in Gebieten, die vom Kriegsgeschehen in Kroatien direkt betroffen waren.

Za potpuno vrednovanje biomase kao obnovljivog izvora energije u obzir je potrebno uzeti čitav niz različitih socijalno-gospodarskih posljedica. Korištenje biomase omogućava zapošljavanje (otvaranje novih i zadržavanje postojećih radnih mjesta), povećanje lokalne i regionalne gospodarske aktivnosti te ostvarivanje dodatnog prihoda. U sklopu doktorske disertacije razvila se metodologija koja sadržava načela i proceduru pristupa promatranom području (vrsta i način sakupljanja podataka), način obrade sakupljenih podataka te tablični model. Pri razradi metodologije procjene energetskih, gospodarskih i socijalnih učinaka uporabe energije biomase detaljno su razmotreni procesi, proizvodi i aktivnosti koje čine promatrani bioenergetski sektor. Model koji je u radu opisan predstavlja ključni dio znanstvenog doprinosa disertacije, a čine ga međusobno povezani listovi-tablice. Korisnik modela ulazne podatke unosi samo jednom i to na početnom listu-tablici (list Unos), a zatim prati proračun, te izlazne rezultate prikazane brojčano i grafički. Dijelovi modela s kojima korisnik izravno dolazi u doticaj su listovi Unos, Biomasa, Bioenergane, Zarade i radna mjesta te Rezultati. Primjena modela na Karlovačku županiju pokazuje izrazito visoku razinu slaganja rezultata s iskustvenim vrijednostima i vrijednostima iz literature. Rezultati primjene (modelirana su ukupno četiri postrojenja za stvarne uvjete u Karlovačkoj županiji) upućuju na znatne socijalno-gospodarske učinke uporabe energije biomase. Posebno su analizirana izravna, neizravna i inducirana radna mjesta koja je moguće otvoriti, zarada i prihod ostvaren uporabom energije biomase te niz drugih čimbenika. For complete evaluation of biomass as a renewable energy source, different socio-economic impacts should be also taken into account. Using biomass enables employment, increase of local and regional economic activities and additional income. In the framework of this Ph. D. thesis, developed was a methodology that contains principles and procedure for analysis of investigated area (types and ways of data collection), ways of collected data processing as well as a spreadsheet model. During the elaboration of methodology for evaluating the energy, economic and social impacts of using biomass, all parts of the bioenergy sector (processes, products and activities) were analysed in details. Described models represents the most significant part of this Ph. D. thesis and it is made of various spreadsheets. Model user inserts the input data on an introductory sheet (Unos) and then follows the calculation and results shown as tables and diagrams. Model user directly deals with following parts of the model: Unos, Biomasa, Bioenergane, Zarade i radna mjesta and Rezultati. Application of the model on the Karlovac county results with extremely high level of accordance with experience and literature values. Application results (modelled were four bioenergy plants in real conditions of the Karlovac county) show significant socio-economic impact of using biomass for energy production. Direct, indirect and induced jobs, earnings and profit resulted from using biomass as well as other factors were analysed.