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El yacimiento mineral de perlita Selene del Noreste de Sonora, Mexico, se encuentra en el limite sur de un extenso paquete de rocas volcanicas Oligoceno temprano-Mioceno. Este ensamble volcanico, limitado por fallas y basculado hacia el Este (85 x 35 km), es de composicion variable y fue emplazado sobre un basamento Cretacico. Este paquete volcanico se encuentra localizado dentro de una region tectonicamente extendida en la porcion norte de la Gran Provincia ignea Silicica de la Sierra Madre Occidental (SMO). El mapeo geologico realizado en el area de estudio revela una sucesion volcanica de tipo bimodal y de edad Oligoceno temprano, que ha sido fallada y levantada. La secuencia contiene abundantes vestigios perliticos y es cortada por fallas de a lo mas una edad Mioceno temprano, que promueven el desarrollo de un semi-graben adyacente, rellenado por una unidad volcaniclastica. La secuencia volcanica bimodal comprende, a la base, tanto un derrame, como una toba de composicion riolitica, que son cubiertos por un deposito ignimbritico de edad Eoceno temprano. Un domo-colada de composicion riolitica en la parte intermedia, hospeda a la perlita Selene y, un basalto en la parte superior cubre discordantemente a la secuencia. La unidad volcaniclastica, considerada Mioceno temprano, ocurre en discordancia angular sobre la secuencia volcanica bimodal. Esta unidad presenta, a la base, brechas de falla con clastos de volcanicas locales, una capa previamente no identificada de cuarzo-arenita y, en la parte superior, un potente conglomerado polimictico, que contienen clastos de perlita, riolita fluidal, andesita y basalto. Las fuentes potenciales para los miembros maficos y felsicos del volcanismo bimodal se consideran puntos de emision de tipo fisural y distal, y/o distal-proximal, que fueron controlados por fallas ligadas a la Provincia Extensional del Basin and Range. Esto

An energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) analysis of nineteen obsidian source rocks from a mid-Tertiary rhyolite/perlite flow in the upper Rio Bavispe basin of northeastern Sonora, Mexico solves the location of “Sonora Unknown B” as reported by ) for recent archaeological projects in northeastern Sonora and southeastern Arizona. This newly discovered source, called Selene, is a relatively large marekanite source consisting of a very high-silica rhyolite with regionally distinct high barium (Ba) and strontium (Sr) values, and low zirconium (Zr) elemental concentrations. The Selene nodules are relatively large compared to nodules from other northern Sonoran and Chihuahuan obsidian sources, and have excellent knapping qualities. We believe these attributes contributed to the transport, trade, and use of Selene obsidian hundreds of kilometers from the source. This is in contrast to marekanites from some other sources in northwestern Mexico, which were at most transported and used a few tens of ...

This paper discusses the timing, processes, and nature of shelter deposits, and their relationships to climatic conditions during the Late Holocene at Boren Shelter No. 2 in Garza County, Texas. Sedimentation within the shelter is characterized by granular disintegration of the sandstone walls and ceiling, spalling of larger clasts (rockfall), and colluvial and eolian deposition of externally derived sediments. The occurrence of granular disintegration and rockfall appears to be independent of climatic conditions; however, the deposition of colluvial and eolian sediments appears to be a response to climatic changes on the Southern Plains during the second millennium AD.

Register of Historic Places and State Antiquities Landmark testing of 11 prehistoric sites that will be impacted by construction of the proposed U.S. Highway 271 relief route around Mount Pleasant in Titus County, Texas. The work was done in 2005 for the Texas Department of Transportation’s Environmental Affairs Division under Contract No. 575XXSA006, Work Authorization No. 57501SA006. This research design provides support for a scope of work for testing, prepared as a separate document. The primary relevant historic context for future work on this project is The Development of Agriculture in Northeast Texas Before a.d. 1600 (Kenmotsu and Perttula 1993). Significant information on all nine study units defined for that context (chronology and typology, settlement systems, subsistence systems, social and political complexity, demographic change, mortuary practices, local and extralocal trade and exchange, technological change, and material culture) may be recovered. The overall project goal is to identify and explore Caddo community structure, with an emphasis on behavior and how people interacted and organized space at different spatial scales, including within single houses, on individual house lots, within villages, between one or more contemporaneous villages, and as villages and other components of the settlement system (e.g., field houses, mounds, cemeteries, agricultural fields, ceremonial centers).

Personnel from Prewitt and Associates, Inc., conducted archeological site assessments and survey at Aquilla Lake from November to December 2010 in preparation for a pool raise planned by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District. The proposed pool raise could potentially raise the conservation pool level of the lake by 6.5 ft. Field investigations revisited and reevaluated 41 previously recorded sites and surveyed 10 previously unsurveyed areas (180 total acres) within the confines of the proposed 6.5-ft conservation pool raise. The investigations consolidated 8 of the 41 previously recorded sites into 3, therefore reassessments are given for 36 sites. In addition, 3 new sites were recorded within the 10 previously unsurveyed areas. Of the 39 sites assessed in this report, 5 (41HI74/114, 41HI128, 41HI134, 41HI146, and 41HI169) are recommended as being potentially eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (under Criterion D) pending additional investigations. Of these 5 sites, only 41HI74/114, 41HI134, and 41HI146 will be adversely impacted by the 6.5-ft pool raise and therefore warrant additional investigations.

Prewitt and Associates, Inc., conducted archeological test excavations at 41BQ285 in June 2006 for the Texas Department of Transportation under Texas Antiquities Permit No. 4102. Site 41BQ285, in southeastern Bosque County, was located during an archeological survey for the proposed replacement of the FM 56 bridge over the North Bosque River. It is a prehistoric campsite buried in a cumulic soil in the upper deposits of a late Holocene alluvial terrace. Mechanical excavations consisted of re-opening four backhoe trenches from the survey phase followed by hand excavation of six 1x1-m test units. This work identified three burned rock features and yielded a moderate amount of materials, including projectile points and bifaces, pottery sherds, unmodified debitage, vertebrate faunal remains, and freshwater mussel shells. Diagnostic artifacts and five radiocarbon ages indicate that the site has a lower but rather ephemeral Late Archaic component and an upper and more substantial Late Prehistoric component. The Late Prehistoric component yielded Perdiz arrow points and ceramics, and it is radiocarbon dated to between a.d. 1280 and 1650. The evidence suggests a series of relatively short occupations and a focus on the use of local resources. Site activities included late-stage biface reduction and bifacial tool production, tool resharpening, and the exploitation and intensive processing of deer. Foodstuffs were processed and prepared using bifacial tools, ground and battered stone tools, rock-lined cooking basins, and small ceramic jars and bowls. The Late Prehistoric component is Toyah-like in many ways, but the small sample size and nature of the materials preclude assigning it a specific sociocultural group or archeological phase. Of particular interest are the five pottery sherds—two plain, two fingernail punctate, and one engraved sherd from a carinated bowl with a Caddo-like design. Geochemical analysis indicates that none of the pottery, including the engraved bowl sherd, matches any Caddo-made pottery from East Texas. The fact that a Caddo vessel form and decorative style appears on pottery that was probably made in or near Bosque County is interesting and adds a new dynamic to our understanding of the Toyah phenomenon in central Texas. The portion of site 41BQ285 within FM 56 is considered eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) or for designation as a State Archeological Landmark (SAL). However, current investigations already recovered most of the Late Prehistoric component within the spatially limited project area, and additional investigations inside the highway right of way cannot reasonably be expected to contribute any more significant archeological information. Therefore, no further fieldwork is recommended, and construction should be allowed to proceed.

This document constitutes the final report of work done by Prewitt and Associates, Inc. (PAI), under a contract from the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to provide archeological services in four TxDOT districts—Abilene, Brownwood, Fort Worth, and Waco. Under this contract, PAI completed Impact Evaluations and Surveys to assist TxDOT in meeting the requirements of their Memorandum of Understanding with the Texas Historical Commission and a Programmatic Agreement between the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the Federal Highway Administration, the Texas Historical Commission, and TxDOT. The contract began on 26 September 2003. A total of 77 projects were conducted. The 77 projects consisted of 25 Impact Evaluations and 52 Surveys. Combined, these entailed efforts at 52 bridge replacements, 14 road realignment or widening projects (many also involving bridge replacements), 1 new road construction project, 1 hike-and-bike trail construction project, 5 projects involving upgrading or replacing existing culverts, 1 project involving construction of drainage improvements, 2 unspecified road maintenance or improvement projects, and 1 project involving replacement of an interstate highway interchange. Of the 25 Impact Evaluations done, 8 led to recommendations that survey could be needed before construction. In 4 cases, the need for survey depended on whether new right of way would be acquired, which was unknown when the Impact Evaluations were done. The other 17 Impact Evaluations resulted in recommendations that no survey be required before construction based on the limited potential for sites with good integrity. Of the 52 Surveys done under this contract, 9 investigated six newly recorded and four previously recorded sites; eight of the sites are prehistoric, and two are of historic age. Four prehistoric sites were recommended for testing to assess eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places and designation as State Archeological Landmarks, and one historic site was recommended for archival and oral history research. The other 43 Surveys did not find any archeological sites. All artifacts collected and records generated by projects done under this contract are curated at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory (TARL), The University of Texas at Austin. Artifacts were collected from five sites (41BQ285, 41CV1636, 41HM53, 41LT307, and 41SV4). Those from 41HM53 and 41SV4 are from State-owned lands and thus are curated in a held-in-trust status at TARL. The artifacts from 41BQ285, 41CV1636, and 41LT307 are from private lands and are curated in a non-held-in-trust status.

This document constitutes the final report of work done by Prewitt and Associates, Inc. (PAI), under a contract from the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to provide archeological services in seven TxDOT districts—Abilene, Austin, Brownwood, Bryan, Fort Worth, Waco, and Yoakum. Under this contract, PAI completed Impact Evaluations and Surveys to assist TxDOT in meeting the requirements of their Memorandum of Understanding with the Texas Historical Commission and a Programmatic Agreement among the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the Federal Highway Administration, the Texas Historical Commission, and TxDOT. The contract began on 21 September 2001, and the last work authorization was issued on 15 September 2003. During those two years, fieldwork was done under 96 work authorizations. The 97 work authorizations consisted of 94 Impact Evaluations, 74 Surveys, and 14 Surveys with Geoarcheological Evaluation. Combined, these work authorizations entailed efforts at 128 bridge replacements, 40 road realignments or widening projects (many also involving bridge replacements), 5 new road construction projects, 4 hike-and-bike trail construction projects, 4 rest area construction projects, 3 projects involving upgrades to 9 existing bridges or culverts, 2 projects where new borrow pits are planned, 2 projects involving relocation of historic bridges to public parks, 1 project involving construction of 2 new bridges, 1 project involving replacement of an interstate highway interchange, and 1 project involving establishment of a wetland mitigation area. During completion of these work authorizations, 43 newly discovered or previously recorded archeological sites were investigated, although in the case of 14 previously recorded sites, no archeological remains were observed in the areas that will be affected by the proposed Transportation Activities. Twenty-three of the Impact Evaluations led to recommendations that survey could be needed before construction, in some cases depending on whether new right of way would be required. Based on the limited potential for sites with good integrity, the other 71 Impact Evaluations resulted in recommendations that no survey be required before construction. Twenty-two of the Surveys investigated a total of 17 newly recorded and 9 previously recorded sites. Of these 26 sites, 6 were recommended for testing to assess eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places and designation as State Archeological Landmarks. The other 82 Surveys either did not find any archeological sites or investigated sites that could be assessed as ineligible for National Register listing and State Archeological Landmark designation using the survey data. All artifacts collected and records generated by projects done under this contract are curated at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory (TARL), The University of Texas at Austin. Artifacts were collected from four sites. Those from 41GM3 are from state-owned lands and thus are curated in a held-in-trust status at TARL. The artifacts from 41BU51, 41BU54, and 41LE325 are from private lands and are curated in a non-held-in-trust status.

This document constitutes the final report of work done by Prewitt and Associates, Inc. (PAI), under a contract from the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to provide archeological services in four TxDOT districts—Corpus Christi, Laredo, Pharr, and San Antonio. Under this contract, PAI completed Impact Evaluations and Surveys to assist TxDOT in meeting the requirements of their Memorandum of Understanding with the Texas Historical Commission and a Programmatic Agreement between the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the Federal Highway Administration, the Texas Historical Commission, and TxDOT. The contract began on March 17, 2003, and the last work authorization was issued on February 17, 2005. During those two years, fieldwork was done under 33 work authorizations. The 33 work authorizations consisted of 53 Impact Evaluations, 33 Surveys, and 2 Surveys with Geoarcheological Evaluation. Combined, these work authorizations entailed efforts at 47 bridge replacements, 4 bridge rehabilitation projects, 2 locations where new bridges will be built, 20 road rehabilitation or widening projects (many also involving bridge replacements or upgrades), 1 interstate highway rest area replacement, 3 drainage improvement projects, 2 curve realignment projects, 3 projects involving construction of new roads, 1 project involving construction of a railroad grade separation, 1 pedestrian bridge construction project, 1 project involving construction of a water taxi landing, 1 project involving construction of a hike-and-bike trail, 1 project involving modification of a highway interchange, and 1 project involving documentation of an archeological site disturbed by placement of a buried utility line. During completion of these work authorizations, 26 newly discovered or previously recorded archeological sites were investigated, although in the case of 9 previously recorded sites, no archeological remains were observed in the areas that will be impacted by the proposed Transportation Activities. Three of the Impact Evaluations led to recommendations that survey could be needed before construction, in some cases depending on whether new right of way would be required. The other 50 Impact Evaluations resulted in recommendations that no survey be required before construction based on the limited potential for sites with good integrity. Thirteen of the Surveys investigated a total of 3 newly recorded and 12 previously recorded sites. Of these 15 sites, 1 was considered eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places and designation as a State Archeological Landmark, and 1 was recommended as needing testing to assess eligibility. The other 33 Surveys either did not find any archeological sites, or they investigated sites that could be assessed as ineligible for National Register listing and State Archeological Landmark designation using the survey data. The records and artifacts generated by the project are curated at the Texas Archeological Research Laboratory.

This document constitutes the final report of work done by Prewitt and Associates, Inc. (PAI), under a contract from the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to provide archeological services in four TxDOT districts—Bryan, Corpus Christi, San Antonio, and Yoakum— in east-central and south-central Texas. Under this contract, PAI completed Impact Evaluations and Surveys to assist TxDOT in meeting the requirements of their Memorandum of Understanding with the Texas Historical Commission and a Programmatic Agreement between the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the Federal Highway Administration, the Texas Historical Commission, and TxDOT. The contract began on 8 February 2000 and concluded on 8 February 2002. During these two years, 46 work orders were completed. The 46 work orders consisted of 71 Impact Evaluations, 20 Surveys, 5 Surveys with Geoarcheological Evaluations, and 1 work order to produce this report. Combined, these work orders entailed efforts at 58 bridge replacements, 16 projects involving primarily road widening or realignment, and 1 project consisting of creation of a wetland mitigation area. During completion of these work orders, five newly discovered or previously recorded archeological sites were investigated. Fifteen of the Impact Evaluations led to a recommendation that an archeological survey be completed before construction. The remaining 56 Impact Evaluations resulted in a recommendation that no survey be required based on the extent of disturbance and the limited potential for sites with good integrity. Three of the Surveys investigated sites that were recommended for testing to assess eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places and designation as State Archeological Landmarks. The other 22 Surveys either did not find any archeological sites or investigated sites that could be assessed as ineligible for National Register listing and State Archeological Landmark designation using the survey data.

From October 2000 to February 2001, personnel from Prewitt and Associates, Inc., conducted National Register of Historic Places eligibility testing of nine sites located at Waco Lake in McLennan County, Texas. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District, sponsored the project as a result of the proposed plan to raise the conservation pool level of the lake by 7 ft to 462 ft above mean sea level. Waco Lake is located in central McLennan County, Texas, on the west side of the City of Waco (Figure 1). It is on the Bosque River, with the dam lying ca. 6.6 km upstream from where the Bosque flows into the Brazos River. Two arms extend west and south from the main body of the lake following the North Bosque and South Bosque Rivers. Two major tributaries, Hog Creek and the Middle Bosque River, enter the southern arm from the west. No major streams feed the lake from the east. The original dam was completed in 1929, and at an elevation of 430 ft, the lake covered ca. 2,700 acres. In 1965, a new dam was finished and the level raised to 455 ft, with the new conservation pool covering ca. 7,300 acres.

This document constitutes the final report of work done by Prewitt and Associates, Inc. (PAI), under a contract from the Texas Department of Transportation (TxDOT) to provide archeological services in five TxDOT districts—Atlanta, Dallas, Fort Worth, Paris, and Waco—in northeast, north-central, and central Texas. Under this contract, PAI completed Impact Evaluations and Surveys to assist TxDOT in meeting the requirements of their Memorandum of Understanding with the Texas Historical Commission and a Programmatic Agreement between the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the Federal Highway Administration, the Texas Historical Commission, and TxDOT. The contract began on 31 August 1998 and concluded on 31 August 2000. During these two years, 41 work orders were completed. The 41 work orders consisted of 119 Impact Evaluations, 21 Surveys, 3 Surveys with Geoarcheological Evaluation, 1 work order for a quality control meeting with TxDOT, and 1 work order to produce this report. Combined, these work orders entailed efforts at 151 bridge or relief structure replacements, 14 projects involving primarily road widening or realignment (most with bridge replacements as well), and 1 project consisting of construction of an exit ramp. During completion of these work orders, 16 newly discovered or previously recorded archeological sites and 1 possible site were investigated. Fourteen of the Impact Evaluations resulted in a recommendation that an archeological survey be completed prior to construction. In 69 additional Impact Evaluations for which specific constructions were not available, survey was recommended if areas outside the existing right of way, or below the zone of disturbance within the existing right of way, will be disturbed substantially. The remaining 36 Impact Evaluations resulted in a recommendation that no survey be required based on the extent of disturbance and the limited potential for sites with good integrity. Three of the Surveys investigated sites that were recommended for testing to assess eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places and designation as State Archeological Landmarks. On two other surveys, it was recommended that charcoal recovered be radiocarbon dated to aid in making the decision about whether testing is needed. The other 19 Surveys either did not find any archeological sites or investigated sites that could be assessed as ineligible for National Register listing and State Archeological Landmark designation using the survey data.

National Register testing was conducted at 42 sites on Fort Hood, Texas, in 1996 by Prewitt and Associates, Inc. All are open campsites and are grouped by geomorphic setting or geographic location as follows: Paluxy sites (n = 14), House-Ripstein Creek sites (n = 15), Cowhouse-Table Rock-Cottonwood Creek sites (n = 8), and other sites (n = 5). Intact buried cultural components that are recommended as eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places were identified at 20 of these sites. Chronology of the identified occupation zones is established based on 62 radiocarbon dates; 45 of these were on cultural features.

Archeological testing of 19 prehistoric sites on Fort Hood was conducted by Prewitt and Associates, Inc., to evaluate each site's eligibility for listing in the NRHP. Forty-one backhoe trenches and 75 units (1x1 m) were excavated from June through September 1995. The tested areas consist of 15 rockshelters, 6 open sites along the Leon River, and 4 other open sites. Based on the data obtained during the testing, it is recommended that 11 of the 19 sites (4 rockshelter sites, 4 Leon River sites, and 3 other open sites) be considered eligible for listing in the NRHP. Within the 19 tested sites, 35 analysis units were defined. Almost all of the occupational episodes represented by the 35 units occurred during the Late Archaic and Late Prehistoric (both Austin and Toyah phases) periods. All but one of the tested rockshelters were occupied primarily during the Late Archaic and/or Late Prehistoric periods. Evidence of recent disturbance by vandalism was observed in most of the tested shelters, and some shelters have had their deposits severely disturbed or totally destroyed (e.g., Shelter A at 41BL69). Evidence of intensive terminal Archaic and Austin phase into Toyah phase activities was found at four Leon River sites (41CV1478, 41CV1479, 41CV1480, and 41CV1482). Single or stratified occupation zones at these sites are buried within the Leon River paleosol. Investigations at other open campsites provide evidence of moderate to intensive occupations along Cowhouse Creek (41CV1549) and at the head of low-order tributaries (41BL155 and 41CV722). Intensive occupations at a site adjacent to a major lithic source area (41BL155) include a buried, intact burned rock midden with an internal hearth or earth oven and abundant lithic tools and debris.

In the fall of 1997, Prewitt and Associates, Inc. conducted archival and oral history research, an archeological survey, and National Register testing of a prehistoric site in the vicinity of the San Felipe Springs in southeastern Val Verde County, Texas. The work was done in preparation for construction of a water treatment plant and related facilities for the City of Del Rio. The survey resulted in the recording of one historic site (41VV1820) and further documentation of historic and prehistoric components at a previously known site, 41VV444. The latter site also was the focus of intensive geoarcheological investigations. National Register testing of 41VV444, called the San Felipe Springs site, was restricted to portions of the alluvial terraces of San Felipe Creek near the East and West San Felipe Springs. A 40-m' block excavation near the East Springs revealed three stratified prehistoric components in the upper ca. 100 m of alluvium. These sediments represent continual deposition over the last 3,000-4,000 years, and archeological materials denoting Late Prehistoric, Protohistoric, Late Archaic, and Middle Archaic occupations were recovered. The upper component post-dates A.D. 1300 and produced plain bone-tempered potsherds, ClifIton and Perdiz arrow points, and steeply beveled scrapers. This component represents a Toyah phase occupation on the western periphery of the Toyah culture area, but it shares many attributes with Protohistoric Infierno phase occupations of the Lower Pecos. The middle component is characterized by Shumla dart points and three pit features originating near the base of a dense burned rock layer. It represents utilization of the area during the Flanders Subperiod of the Late Archaic. Although recovered from many sites (particularly rockshelters), the chronology of Shumla points is not well established in the region. Radiocarbon assays place the age of the San Felipe Springs Shumla component at ca. 800-200 B.C. Geomorphic evidence suggests that a major flood episode (or episodes) occurred along San Felipe Creek between ca. 1300 and 800 B.C. This gravelly deposit separates the middle component from the lower component and is indicative of a high volume flood event, possibly similar to the August 1998 flooding along San Felipe Creek resulting from Hurricane Charley. Underlying this zone is a discrete Middle Archaic occupation containing a dense burned rock layer and an internal pit feature. Radiocarbon dates, along with associated Bulverde and Langtry variant dart points, correlate to the San Felipe Subperiod. Also associated with this occupation is a small concentration of artifacts representing a dump or cache of usable lithic materials. Historic components at 41VV1820 and 41VV444 contain structures related to the City of Del Rio's water pumping and distribution system. These resources, particularly the East Springs pump house and pond enclosure at 41VV444, are historically significant; however, they will be removed during construction of new water pumping facilities. Site 41VV444 encompasses most of what is now the San Felipe Country Club golf course. Built by Texas' first golf course architect, John Bredemus, in 1922, the San Felipe course is now recognized as an important historic landscape.

This report summarizes and synthesizes the results of cultural resources efforts sponsored by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth District, at Cooper Lake in Delta and Hopkins Counties, Texas. The work described was carried out between 1951 and 1994 and involved numerous projects aimed at inventorying the resources, assessing their eligibility for listing in the National Register of Historic Places, and further investigating those found to contain important data. The report consists of four chapters and four appendixes. Chapter 1 describes the environmental setting and summarizes the history of the cultural resources efforts. Chapter 2 describes the prehistoric site database. Chapter 3 is a topically organized synthesis of the information from the prehistoric sites. The appendixes contain an inventory of all known sites at Cooper Lake, a list of all radiocarbon dates from the project area, a discussion of additional dates obtained during this project, and an analysis of the human remains from the project area.

In August-September 1996, personnel from Prewitt and Associates, Inc., conducted a cultural resources survey of ca. 725 acres of the former Leander Rehabilitation Center. The project area lies adjacent to U.S. Highway 183 and FM 620 in southern Williamson County, Texas. The survey resulted in additional documentation of one previously recorded prehistoric archeological site (41 WM452), the identification and recording of four historic archeological sites (41WM892, 41WM893, 41WM896, and 41WM897), and reconnaissance-level documentation of 45 historic buildings and structures. Site 41WM452 is an extensive upland lithic scatter and lithic procurement site which lacks subsurface deposits, features, and datable materials. Site 41WM892 is a wood-chopper camp that contains a number of rock alignments and limited artifact deposits dating to the first decade of the twentieth century. Site 41WM893 is a remnant of a railroad spur used during the 1937-1941 construction of Marshall Ford Dam (now Mansfield Dam). Site 41WM896 contains a small number of features and sparse artifact deposits associated with the 1937-1945 Rhodes farmstead. Site 41WM897 is an isolated historic well with unknown associations. None of these archeological sites contains important information, and it is recommended that they be considered not eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places or for designation as State Archeological Landmarks. The 45 buildings and structures, at 36 locations, are associated with the former State Dairy and Hog Farm. This farm was established in 1942, expanded after 1945, and reached its peak years of production as a hog farm between 1950 and the late 1960s, Created to serve the needs of the State Board of Control and the State Hospital, the facility is significant for its success in food production for eleemosynary institutions in Austin and throughout Texas, as well as for its role in the application of modern psychiatric treatment based on the therapeutic value of manual labor. Among the surveyed resources are dwellings, an office and warehouse building, a dormitory, a variety of agricultural buildings and structures, and infrastructural elements, all built between 1943 and 1955. Twenty-one of the 45 surveyed resources are recommended as being eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places under Criteria A and C as Contributing resources in a historic district and for designation as State Archeological Landmarks.

In January through March 1993, archeological and geomorphological investigations were conducted at two clay dune sites, 41WY50 and 41WY60, in the outfall area of the Hidalgo-Willacy Drainage Ditch system. This work represents the final investigations of a cultural resource management program conducted for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the local sponsors, Hidalgo County Drainage District No. 1 and Willacy County Drainage District No. I, by Prewitt and Associates, Inc. The results of the archeological investigations were poor. Neither site yielded materials of unquestionable cultural origin, although several small basin-shaped hearth features were encountered. Based on radiocarbon assays from soil humates and the stratigraphic provenience of the features, it is speculated that the occupation(s) at 41WY50 is late Archaic and the occupation(s) at 41WY60 is Late Prehistoric to Historic. Both sites represent very short term occupations and most likely do not represent repetitive use on a seasonal or yearly basis. These investigations suggest that, since the development of the modem coastal environments approximately 3,000 to 4,000 years ago, the south Texas coast between Baffin Bay and the Holocene delta of the Rio Grande has been a resource-poor and inhospitable area that probably was utilized only sparsely or intermittently. The geomorphological investigations were more successful, adding valuable data ahout paleoenvironments and the formation of the modem coastal environments of the Lower Rio Grande Valley. The clay dunes formed through the eolian transport of fine to very fine quartz sand and fine to very fine sand-sized aggregates of clay from adjacent wind-tidal flats during the late Holocene. Stable carbon isotope studies of soil humates suggest that the clay dune plant community was and still is dominated by C, and/or CAM plants. These investigations also disclosed fluctuations in sea level during the late Holocene. An abandoned wind-tidal flat, encountered at 41WY50, indicates that sea level was at least I m higher than present mean sea level between 2300-1100 B.P.

Phase II cultural resources investigations for the Pharr-Reynosa International Bridge currently under construction in Hidalgo County, Texas, were conducted by Prewitt and Associates, Inc. in September 1993 and June 1994. The work included additional survey and documentation of seven historic sites, testing and evaluation of three sites, archival and oral history research on the former Hispanic community of EI Capote, and collection of additional geoarcheological data. The seven historic sites (4IHG162-41HG168) represent former nineteenth- and twentieth-century house sites within EI Capote. Due to a lack of integrity, it is recommended that all seven sites be considered ineligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. Three other probable historic sites (Garza Ranch No.2, a segment of the Old Military Road, and the de la Viila Ranch) are located outside the area of potential effects. These were not recorded, but their locations are noted. Also outside the area of potential effects, a historic house site (4IHG 169) contains the only known standing dwelling associated with nineteenth-century EI Capote. Mechanical and hand excavations of the historic components at 41HG153 and 41HG158 revealed severe disturbances and lack of intact features. It is recommended that these site~ be considered ineligible for listing on the National Register. Surface and subsurface search for additional evidence of prehistoric occupations at 41HG153 yielded one artifact. It is recommended that the prehistoric component at 41HG153 also be considered ineligible for listing on the National Register. Mapping and recording of features at a historic brick factory confirmed the site's high archeological integrity. Site 41HG156 is the only Ranching Period brick kiln known in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas. It is recommended that it be considered eligible for listing on the National Register.

The third and final season of Phase III data recovery at Lake Alan Henry (formerly Justiceburg Reservoir), located on the Double Mountain Fork of the Brazos River in Garza and Kent counties, Texas, was conducted during the fall of 1992. The work consisted of intensive archeological investigations at one historic site and four prehistoric sites. Subsequent to the Season 3 data recovery fieldwork, a newly discovered rock art site (41KTl64) was documented. The historic component at 41GR474 consists of a dugout depression and the ruins of a wood frame house and related complex of ranching structures. It was the homestead of Jeff Justice, Sr., who platted the community of Justiceburg in 1910. The Justice family lived in the dugout from 1900-1907. Excavations revealed a typical Plains-style half dugout with upper walls of native sandstone, a roof superstructure of juniper logs, and a sandstone fireplace. Artifacts and features on and near the floor include items from the dugout occupation period, but most represent a short episode (ca. 1907-1910) of reuse as a multifunctional workshop. Numerous artifacts in the upper fill are typical of early twentieth-century household debris and indicate use of the abandoned dugout for trash disposal. The Sam Wahl site (41GR29l) yielded an isolated secondary, cairn-covered interment of an adult male radiocarbon dated to A.D. 240-400. The early occupation period, A.D. 600-1050, is interpreted as a seasonal residential base related to the procurement, processing, and storage of plant foods; it may represent the Palo Duro complex. It is characterized by a pithouse, storage pits, hearths/baking pits, bedrock mortars, and an abundance of ground stones. The late occupation period, A.D. 1150-1400, lacks the distinctive features of the earlier period. A decrease in the number of ground stones and an increase in arrow point frequency may indicate a shift toward a hunting-oriented subsistence. Two occupation periods recognized at the Cat Hollow site (41GR303B) approximate those at the Sam Wahl site. The Late Prehistoric 1 period is characterized by baking pits and an abundance of scattered burned rocks, apparently representing use of the site as a specialized plant processing area. The upper deposits, dating to the latter part of the Late Prehistoric 1 period or the early Late Prehistoric II period, lack evidence for intensive plant processing, and increases in some classes of chipped stone tools indicate an increased emphasis on hunting. Two completely excavated rockshelters yielded evidence of Late Prehistoric and Protohistoric occupations. Boren Shelter #1 (41GR546), only 12 m2, yielded few artifacts and three stone-lined hearths, one radiocarbon dated to ca. A.D. 1643. The site saw ephemeral use during the Protohistoric period. Boren Shelter #2 (41GR559), with a sheltered area of 30 m2, contained sparse artifacts and numerous hearths; a midden area in front of the shelter contained a number of clusters of animal bones. The deposits inside the shelter can be separated into two periods of occupation, A.D. 0-1000 and A.D. 1000-1300, during which the site was used infrequently as a short-term campsite. The deposits in front of the shelter, with a single radiocarbon date of A.D. 1500-1660, reflect use of the site as a hunting camp/processing location during the Protohistoric period. Collectively, these sites indicate that significant cultural changes took place around A.D. 1100, when people at the Sam Wahl and Cat Hollow sites changed their economic strategies. The Lake Alan Henry data correspond with other regional archeological data, and there is a growing body of evidence indicating that the Late Prehistoric 1 period (ca. A.D. 1-1100) was radically different from the Late Prehistoric II period (ca. A.D. 1100-1541). Intensive utilization of plant resources seems to characterize the occupations prior to A.D. 1100. Archeological evidence indicates that after A.D. 1100, subsistence strategies shifted away from intensive plant utilization toward more broad-based foraging with a greater emphasis on hunting. This change in subsistence strategies probably was related to regional climatic changes.