Search

The vampire bats were rather late in being recognized in the taxonomic literature; the first species was not described until 1810 and the first genus was not recognized until 1823. Of the three generally recognized species of vampire bats, rotundus and ecaudatus were recognized relatively early, both being generically distinguished, as Desmodus and Diphylla respectively, by 1824. There are important distributional differences in details among the three species. In modern terms, this difference is basically whether to emphasize the clear phylogenetic derivation of vampires from phyllostomids, particularly from some group of fruit or nectar feeders, or conversely, to emphasize the truely unique modifications of the vampires. Phylogenetic character analysis is difficult with vampire bats because of the close relationship among all three species and the very considerable morphological gap that separates them from any other phyllostomids.

The four subspecies of the Pacific species Emballonura semicaudata are considered. Their taxonomic history, distribution, and characters are discussed. On the basis of size and morphology of skull, they form a linear series, semicaudata-palauensis-rotensis-sulcata .

Hylonycteris Thomas, 1903. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 11:286. TYPE SPECIES: Hylonycteris underwoodi Thomas, 1903., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 185, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Thomas, O. 1903. Notes on Neotropical mammals of the genera Felis, Hapale, Oryzomys, Akodon, and Ctenomys, with descriptions of new species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 7, 12: 234 - 243."]}

Nyctimene sanctacrucis Troughton, 1931. Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 56:206. TYPE LOCALITY: Solomon Isis, Santa Cruz Isis. DISTRIBUTION: Santa Cruz Isis., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 144, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Emballonura furax Thomas, 1911. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 7:384. TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Kapare River, Whitewater Camp., 400 ft. (122 m). DISTRIBUTION: New Guinea, Bismarck Arch. STATUS: IUCN - Insufficiently known., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 157, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Balionycteris maculata (Thomas, 1893). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 6, 11:341. TYPE LOCALITY: Malaysia, Sarawak. DISTRIBUTION: Thailand; W Malaysia; Borneo; Durian and Galang Isis (Riau Arch., Indonesia). SYNONYMS: seimundi., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 138, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Uroderma magnirostrum Davis, 1968. J. Mammal., 49:679. TYPE LOCALITY: Honduras, Valle, 10 km E San Lorenzo. DISTRIBUTION: Michoacan (Mexico) to Venezuela, Peru, Bolivia and Brazil., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 193, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Miniopterus minor Peters, 1866. Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1866:885. TYPE LOCALITY: Tanzania, coast opposite Zanzibar Isl. DISTRIBUTION: Kenya, Tanzania, Zaire, Congo Republic, Madagascar, Säo Tomé Isl, Comoro Isis. SYNONYMS: grivaudi, mattavi, newtoni., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on pages 230-231, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Sphaerias blanfordi (Thomas, 1891). Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, ser. 2, 10:884, 921, 922. TYPE LOCALITY: Burma, Karin Hills. DISTRIBUTION: N India, Bhutan, Tibet, Burma, N Thailand, SW China., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 153, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Plecotus rafinesquii Lesson, 1827. Manual de Mammalogie, p. 96. TYPE LOCALITY: USA, Illinois, Wabash Co., Mt. Carmel. DISTRIBUTION: SE USA from Virginia to Missouri, south to E Texas and Florida. SYNONYMS: leconteii, macrotis. COMMENTS: Subgenus Corynorhinus. Formerly in genus Corynorhinus; see Anderson (1972:255). See C. Jones (1977, Mammalian Species, 69)., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 225, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Anderson, S. 1972. Mammals of Chihuahua: Taxonomy and distribution. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 148: 149 - 410."]}

Emballonura atrata Peters, 1874. Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1874:693. TYPE LOCALITY: Madagascar. DISTRIBUTION: E and C Madagascar., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 157, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Pteropus speciosus K. Andersen, 1908. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 2:364. TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines, Malanipa Isl (off west end of Mindanao). DISTRIBUTION: Sulu Arch., Basilan and Mindanao (Philippines); Solombo Besar and Mata Siri (Java Sea); Talaut Isis. STATUS: CITES - Appendix II., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 151, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Myonycteris torquata (Dobson, 1878). Cat. Chiroptera Brit. Mus., p. 71, 76. TYPE LOCALITY: N Angola. DISTRIBUTION: Sierra Leone to Uganda, south to Angola and Zambia; Bioko. SYNONYMS: leptodon, wroughtoni. COMMENTS: Subgenus Myonycteris. Includes leptodon and wroughtoni; see Hayman and Hill (1971)., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 143, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Hayman, R. W., and J. E. Hill. 1971. Order Chiroptera. Part 2. Pp. 1 - 73, in The mammals of Africa: An identification manual (J. Meester and H. W. Setzer, eds.) [issued 15 Jul 1971]. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., not continuously paginated."]}

Pipistrellus subflavus (F. Cuvier, 1832). Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1:17. TYPE LOCALITY: USA, Georgia. DISTRIBUTION: Nova Scotia, S Quebec (Canada), and Minnesota (USA), south to Florida (USA) and Honduras. SYNONYMS: clarus, erythrodactylus, floridanus, monticola, obscurus, veraecrucis. COMMENTS: Subgenus Perimyotis. Transferred by Menu (1984) to a new genus Perimyotis, but comparisons are clearly inadequate; see Hill and Harrison (1987). See Fujita and Kunz (1984, Mammalian Species, 228)., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 224, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Menu, H. 1984. Revision du statut de Pipistrellus subflavus (F. Cuvier, 1832). Proposition d'un taxon generique nouveau: Perimyotis nov. gen. Mammalia, 48: 409 - 416.","Hill, J. E., and D. L. Harrison. 1987. The baculum in the Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) with a systematic review, a synopsis of Pipistrellus and Eptesicus, and the description of a new genus and subgenus. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series, 52 (7): 225 - 305.","Fujita, M. S., and T. H. Kunz. 1984. Pipistrellus subflavus. Mammalian Species, 228: 1 - 6."]}

Platyrrhinus dorsalis (Thomas, 1900). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 5:269. TYPE LOCALITY: Ecuador, Paramba, 1,100 m. DISTRIBUTION: Panama to Peru and Bolivia. COMMENTS: Although the named forms umbratus, oratus, and aquilus were regarded as synonyms of dorsalis by Carter and Rouk (1973:976), Handley (1976:28) considered them distinct. See also comments under umbratus., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 191, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Carter, D. C., and C. S. Rouk. 1973. Status of recently described species of Vampyrops (Chiroptera: Phyllostomatidae). Journal of Mammalogy, 54: 975 - 977.","Handley, C. O., Jr. 1976. Mammals of the Smithsonian Venezuelan Project. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series, 20: 1 - 91."]}

Myotis myotis (Borkhausen, 1797). Deutsche Fauna, 1:80. TYPE LOCALITY: Germany, Thuringia. DISTRIBUTION: C and S Europe, east to Ukraine; S England; most Mediterranean islands; Azores (Portugal); Asia Minor; Lebanon; Israel. SYNONYMS: alpinus, latipennis, macrocephalicus, myosotis, submurinus, typus. COMMENTS: Subgenus Myotis. See Corbet (1978c:50) for content of this species., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 213, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Corbet, G. B. 1978 c. The mammals of the Palaearctic region: A taxonomic review. British Museum (Natural History), London, 314 pp."]}

Coleura afra (Peters, 1852). Reise nach Mossambique, Säugethiere, p. 51. TYPE LOCALITY: Mozambique, Tete. DISTRIBUTION: Guinea-Bissau to Somalia, south to Angola, Zaire, and Mozambique; Yemen. SYNONYMS: gallarum, kummeri, nilosa., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 156, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Sturnira bogotensis Shamel, 1927. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, 40:129. TYPE LOCALITY: Colombia, Cundinamarca, Bogota. DISTRIBUTION: W Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, NW Argentina. COMMENTS: Subgenus Sturnira. Usually confused with ludovici, but recognized by Handley (1976:25). See also comment under ludovici. The correct name of this species is probably oporaphilum; see Anderson et al. (1982:6)., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 192, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Handley, C. O., Jr. 1976. Mammals of the Smithsonian Venezuelan Project. Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series, 20: 1 - 91.","Anderson, S., K. F. Koopman, and G. K. Creighton. 1982. Bats of Bolivia: An annotated checklist. American Museum Novitates, 2750: 1 - 24."]}

Pipistrellus petersi (Meyer, 1899). Abh. Zool. Anthrop.-Ethnology. Mus. Dresden, 7(7): 13. TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia, Sulawesi, North Sulawesi, Minahassa. DISTRIBUTION: Borneo; Sulawesi; Buru and Amboina (Molucca Isis); Philippines. COMMENTS: Subgenus Falsistrellus., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 223, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Pipistrellus bodenheimeri Harrison, 1960. Durban Mus. Novit., 5:261. TYPE LOCALITY: Israel, 40 km N Eilat, Wadi Araba, Yotwata. DISTRIBUTION: Israel, S Yemen, Oman, perhaps Socotra Isl (Yemen). COMMENTS: Subgenus Hypsugo., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 220, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Macrotus waterhousii Gray, 1843. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1843:21. TYPE LOCALITY: Haiti. DISTRIBUTION: Sonora and Hidalgo (Mexico) to Guatemala; Bahama Isis; Jamaica; Cuba; Cayman Isis (NW of Jamaica); Hispaniola and Beata Isis. SYNONYMS: bocourtianus, bulleri, compressus, heberfolium, jamaicensis, mexicanus, minor. COMMENTS: Includes mexicanus; see Anderson and Nelson (1965:25). See Anderson (1969a, Mammalian Species, 1)., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 178, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Anderson, S., and C. E. Nelson. 1965. A systematic revision of Macrotus (Chiroptera). American Museum Novitates, 2212: 1 - 39.","Anderson, S. 1969 a. Macrotus waterhousii. Mammalian Species, 1: 1 - 4."]}

Rhynchonycteris Peters, 1867. Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1867:477. TYPE SPECIES: Vespertilio naso Wied-Neuwied, 1820., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 159, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Cynopterus sphinx (Vahl, 1797). Skr. Nat. Selsk. Copenhagen, 4(1):123. TYPE LOCALITY: India, Madras, Tranquebar. DISTRIBUTION: Sri Lanka, India, S China, SE Asia, W Malaysia, Sumatra, adjacent small islands; perhaps Borneo. SYNONYMS: angulatus, babi, gangeticus, pagensis, scherzeri, serasani. COMMENTS: Includes angulatus (see Hill and Thonglongya, 1972). Does not include titthaecheileus (see Hill, 1983)., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 139, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Hill, J. E., and K. Thonglongya. 1972. Bats from Thailand and Cambodia. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series, 22: 171 - 196.","Hill, J. E. 1983. Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) from Indo-Australia. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology Series, 43: 103 - 208."]}

Hipposideros lankadiva Kelaart, 1850. J. Sri Lanka Branch Asiat. Soc., 2(2):216. TYPE LOCALITY: Sri Lanka, Kandy. DISTRIBUTION: Sri Lanka, S and C India. SYNONYMS: indus, mixtus, unitus., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 173, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Emballonura beccarii Peters and Doria, 1881. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 16:693. TYPE LOCALITY: Indonesia, Irian Jaya, Tjenderawasih Div., Japen Isl, Ansus. DISTRIBUTION: New Guinea, Kei Isis, Trobriand Isis. SYNONYMS: clavium, locusta, meeki., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 157, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Epomophorus gambianus (Ogilby, 1835). Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1835:100. TYPE LOCALITY: Gambia. DISTRIBUTION: Senegal to W Ethiopia; S Tanzania to Angola and South Africa. SYNONYMS: crypturus, epomophorus, guineensis, macrocephalus, megacephalus, parvus, pousarguesi, reii, tohitei, zechi. COMMENTS: See Boulay and Robbins (1989, Mammalian Species, 344)., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 141, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Boulay, M. C., and C. B. Robbins. 1989. Epomophorus gambianus. Mammalian Species, 344: 1 - 5."]}

Rhinolophus imaizumii Hill and Yoshiyuki, 1980. Bull. Natl. Sei. Mus. Tokyo, ser. A (Zool.), 6:180. TYPE LOCALITY: Japan, Ryukyu Isis, Yayeyama Isis, Iriomote Isl, Otomi-do cave. DISTRIBUTION: Iriomote Isl (Ryukyu Isis)., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 166, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Scleronycteris Thomas, 1912. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 10:404. TYPE SPECIES: Scleronycteris ega Thomas, 1912., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 186, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Nycteris tragata (K. Andersen, 1912). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 8, 10:546. TYPE LOCALITY: Malaysia, Sarawak, Bidi caves. DISTRIBUTION: Burma, Thailand, W Malaysia, Sumatra, Borneo. COMMENTS: Clearly distinct from javanica; see Ellerman and Morrison-Scott (1955:9)., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 162, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Ellerman, J. R., and T. C. S. Morrison-Scott. 1955. Supplement to Chasen (1940) A handlist of Malaysian mammals, containing a generic synonomy and a complete index. British Museum (Natural History), London, 66 pp."]}

Phyllonycteris poeyi Gundlach, 1860. Monatsb. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, 1860:817. TYPE LOCALITY: Cuba, Matanzas, Canimar (cafetai "San Antonio el Fundador"). DISTRIBUTION: Cuba, Isle of Pines, Hispaniola. SYNONYMS: obtusa. COMMENTS: Subgenus Phyllonycteris. Includes obtusa; see Jones and Carter (1976:30) from Hispaniola, this subspecies was described from fossil remains and was only recently discovered as a living animal; see Klingener et al. (1978:90-92). Corbet and Hill (1980:61) listed obtusa as a distinct species without comment., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 183, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Jones, J. K., Jr., and D. C. Carter. 1976. Annotated checklist, with keys to subfamilies and genera. Part I. Pp. 7 - 38, in Biology of bats of the New World family Phyllostomatidae. Part I (R. J. Baker, J. K. Jones, Jr., and D. C. Carter, eds.). Special Publications, The Museum, Texas Tech University Press, 10: 1 - 218.","Klingener, D., H. H. Genoways, and R. J. Baker. 1978. Bats from Southern Haiti. Annals of Carnegie Museum, 47: 81 - 99.","Corbet, G. B., and J. E. Hill. 1980. A world list of mammalian species. British Museum (Natural History), London, 226 pp."]}

Mops niangarae J. A. Allen, 1917. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 37:468. TYPE LOCALITY: Zaire, Niangara. DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the holotype. COMMENTS: Subgenus Mops. Peterson (1972) included this species in trevori; Hayman and Hill (1971) listed it as a subspecies of Tadarida congica (= Mops congicus). Freeman (1981: 111, 159) considered it a distinct species pending collection of additional specimens., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 236, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Peterson, R. L. 1972. Systematic status of the African molossid bats Tadarida congica, T. niangarae and T. trevori. Royal Ontario Museum, Life Sciences, Contribution, 85: 1 - 32.","Hayman, R. W., and J. E. Hill. 1971. Order Chiroptera. Part 2. Pp. 1 - 73, in The mammals of Africa: An identification manual (J. Meester and H. W. Setzer, eds.) [issued 15 Jul 1971]. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., not continuously paginated.","Freeman, P. W. 1981. A multivariate study of the family Molossidae (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Morphology, ecology, evolution. Fieldiana: Zoology, n. s., 7: 1 - 173."]}

Platyrrhinus recifinus (Thomas, 1901). Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 8:192. TYPE LOCALITY: Brazil, Pernambuco, Recife. DISTRIBUTION: E Brazil. A Guyana record is erroneous, since the specimen was refered to V. latus (= brachycephalus) by Handley and Ferris (1972:521)., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 191, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Handley, C. O., Jr., and K. C. Ferris. 1972. Descriptions of new bats of the genus Vampyrops. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 84: 519 - 524."]}

Pipistrellus maderensis (Dobson, 1878). Cat. Chiroptera Brit. Mus., p. 231. TYPE LOCALITY: Madeira Isis, Madeira Isl (Portugal). DISTRIBUTION: Madeira Isl (Portugal); Canary Isis (Spain). COMMENTS: Subgenus Pipistrelli., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 222, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Otopteropus cartilagonodus Kock, 1969. Senckenberg. Biol., 50:333. TYPE LOCALITY: Philippines, Luzon, Mountain Prov., Sitio Pactil. DISTRIBUTION: Luzon (Philippines). STATUS: IUCN - Insufficiently known., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 145, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Murina aenea Hill, 1964. Fed. Mus. J., Kuala Lumpur, N.S., 8:57. TYPE LOCALITY: Malaysia, Pahang, Bentong Dist., near Janda Baik, Ulu Chemperoh. DISTRIBUTION: W Malaysia, Borneo. COMMENTS: Subgenus Murino., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on pages 228-229, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Rhinolophus marshalli Thonglongya, 1973. Mammalia, 37:590. TYPE LOCALITY: Thailand, Chantaburi, Amphoe Pong Nam Ron, foothills of Khao Soi Dao Thai. DISTRIBUTION: Thailand., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 167, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Nyctinomops laticaudatus (E. Geoffroy, 1805). Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 6:156. TYPE LOCALITY: Paraguay, Asuncion. DISTRIBUTION: Tamaulipas and Jalisco (Mexico) to NW Peru, N Argentina, and Brazil; Trinidad; Cuba. SYNONYMS: caecus, europs, ferruginea, gracilis, macarenensis, yucatanica. COMMENTS: Includes yucatanicus, europs, and gracilis; see Silva-Taboada and Koopman (1964:3, 4) and Freeman (1981: 162)., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 239, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Silva-Taboada, G., and K. F. Koopman. 1964. Notes on the occurrence and ecology of Tadarida laticaudata yucatanica in eastern Cuba. American Museum Novitates, 2174: 1 - 6.","Freeman, P. W. 1981. A multivariate study of the family Molossidae (Mammalia: Chiroptera): Morphology, ecology, evolution. Fieldiana: Zoology, n. s., 7: 1 - 173."]}

Scotoecus albofuscus Thomas, 1890. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat. Genova, 29:84. TYPE LOCALITY: Gambia, Bathurst. DISTRIBUTION: Gambia to Kenya and Mozambique. SYNONYMS: woodi., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 226, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Hipposideros coxi Shelford, 1901. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 7, 8:113. TYPE LOCALITY: Malaysia, Sarawak, Mt. Penrisen, 4,200 ft. (1,280 m). DISTRIBUTION: Sarawak (Borneo, Malaysian part)., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 172, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Rhinolophus monoceros K. Andersen, 1905. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1905:131. TYPE LOCALITY: Taiwan, Baksa. DISTRIBUTION: Taiwan. COMMENTS: Probably a subspecies of cornutus., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 167, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Lonchorhina orinocensis Linares and Ojasti, 1971. Novid. Cient. Contrib. Occas. Mus. Hist. Nat. La Salle, Ser. Zool., 36:2. TYPE LOCALITY: Venezuela, Bolivar, 50 km NE Puerto Paez, Boca de Villacoa. DISTRIBUTION: Venezuela, Colombia., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 178, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Scotonycteris Matschie, 1894. Sitzb. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berlin, p. 200. TYPE SPECIES: Scotonycteris zenkeri Matschie, 1894. COMMENTS: Reviewed by Bergmans (1990)., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 153, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Bergmans, W. 1990. Taxonomy and biogeography of African fruit bats (Mammalia: Megachiroptera). 3. The genera Scotonycteris Matschie, 1894, Casinycteris Thomas, 1910, Pteropus Brisson, 1762, and Eidolon Rafinesque, 1815. Beaufortia, 40 (7): 111 - 177."]}

Pteropus phaeocephalus Thomas, 1882. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1881:756 [1882]. TYPE LOCALITY: Caroline Isis, Mortlock Isl (Pac. Isis Trust Terr., USA). DISTRIBUTION: Mortlock Isl (C Caroline Isis). STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; IUCN - Endangered. COMMENTS: Probably a subspecies of P. insularis., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 149, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Pteropus livingstonei Gray, 1866. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866:66. TYPE LOCALITY: Comoro Isis, Anjouan Isl. DISTRIBUTION: Comoro Isis. STATUS: CITES - Appendix II; IUCN - Endangered. COMMENTS: See Bergmans (1990)., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 148, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Bergmans, W. 1990. Taxonomy and biogeography of African fruit bats (Mammalia: Megachiroptera). 3. The genera Scotonycteris Matschie, 1894, Casinycteris Thomas, 1910, Pteropus Brisson, 1762, and Eidolon Rafinesque, 1815. Beaufortia, 40 (7): 111 - 177."]}

Chalinolobus morio Gray, 1841. Appendix C in J. Two Exped. Aust., 2:400, 405. TYPE LOCALITY: Australia, Tasmania. DISTRIBUTION: Southern Australia, Tasmania. SYNONYMS: australis, microdon, signifer (see Tate, 1942a). COMMENTS: Subgenus Chalinolobus., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 199, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Tate, G. H. H. 1942 a. Review of the vespertilionine bats, with special attention to genera and species of the Archbold collections. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 80: 221 - 297."]}

Furipterus horrens (F. Cuvier, 1828). Mem. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris, 16:150. TYPE LOCALITY: French Guiana, Mana River. DISTRIBUTION: Costa Rica to Peru and E Brazil; Trinidad. SYNONYMS: coerulescens., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 195, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060

Myotis californicus (Audubon and Bachman, 1842). J. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 1, 8:285. TYPE LOCALITY: USA, California, Monterey. DISTRIBUTION: S Alaska Panhandle (USA) to Baja California (Mexico) and Guatemala. SYNONYMS: agilis, caurinus, exilis, mexicanus, nitidus, oregonensis, quercinus, stephensi, tenuidorsalis. COMMENTS: Subgenus Selysius. See Miller and Allen (1928:153) for discussion of the holotype., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 209, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060, {"references":["Miller, G. S., Jr., and G. M. Allen. 1928. The American bats of the genera Myotis and Pizonyx. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 144: 1 - 218."]}

Eonycteris spelaea (Dobson, 1871). Proc. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, p. 105, 106. TYPE LOCALITY: Burma, Tenasserim, Moulmein. DISTRIBUTION: N India, Burma, S China, Thailand, W Malaysia, Borneo; Sumatra, Java, Sumba, Timor and Sulawesi (Indonesia); Philippines; Andaman Isis (India). SYNONYMS: glandifera, rosenbergi. COMMENTS: Includes rosenbergi; see Bergmans and Rosendaal (1988:57-61)., Published as part of Karl F. Koopman, 1993, Order Chiroptera, pp. 137-241 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 154, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.7353060