85 results on '"Karinen R"'
Search Results
2. List of Contributors
- Author
-
Aas, M., primary, Abalo, R., additional, Abdel-Salam, O.M.E., additional, Abilio, V.C., additional, Adelli, G.R., additional, Ahmed, M.H., additional, Alhouayek, M., additional, Allen, J., additional, Allsop, D.J., additional, Almada, R.C., additional, Almeida, V., additional, Aloway, A., additional, Amanullah, S., additional, Ames, S.L., additional, Annaheim, B., additional, Appendino, G., additional, Aramaki, H., additional, Arias-Horcajadas, F., additional, Ariza, C., additional, Arnold, J.C., additional, Asmaro, D., additional, Auwärter, V., additional, Bachmann, S., additional, Baker, A., additional, Balter, R.E., additional, Baraldi, P.G., additional, Barber, P.A., additional, Barbería, E., additional, Bar-Sela, G., additional, Bastiani, L., additional, Basu, D., additional, Basurte, I., additional, Beck, O., additional, Behrendt, S., additional, Bergen-Cico, D., additional, Berrendero, F., additional, Bhagav, P., additional, Bhattacharyya, S., additional, Bioque, M., additional, Bolkent, S., additional, Boman, J.H., additional, Bondallaz, P., additional, Bonnet, U., additional, Borges, R.S., additional, Borowiak, K., additional, Boschi, I., additional, Brents, L.K., additional, Bridts, C.H., additional, Bruno, A., additional, Burrows, B.T., additional, Busatto, G.F., additional, Callaghan, R.C., additional, Campos, A.C., additional, Camsari, U.M., additional, Canfield, A., additional, Carra, E., additional, Carrillo-Salinas, F.-J., additional, Cascini, F., additional, Castelli, M.P., additional, Cawich, S.O., additional, Cawston, E.E., additional, Cedro, C., additional, Chagas, M.H.N., additional, Chen, C., additional, Chisari, C., additional, Chtioui, H., additional, Cico, R.D., additional, Ciechomska, I.A., additional, Coimbra, N.C., additional, Cole, J., additional, Cookey, J., additional, Copeland, J., additional, Coskun, Z.M., additional, Crano, W.D., additional, Crippa, J.A.S., additional, Crocker, C.E., additional, Cuesta, M.J., additional, Cunha, P.J., additional, Cutando, L., additional, da Silva, A.B.F., additional, da Silva, J.A., additional, da Silva, V.K., additional, Dan, D., additional, De Boni, R.B., additional, Rodríguez de Fonseca, F., additional, Gómez de Heras, R., additional, de Oliveira, A.C.P., additional, de Souza Crippa, A.C., additional, de Souza Crippa, J.A., additional, Degenhardt, F., additional, Degenhardt, L., additional, Deiana, S., additional, Deonarine, U., additional, Di Forti, M., additional, dos Anjos-Garcia, T., additional, Guimarães dos Santos, R., additional, Drozd, M., additional, Duran, F.L.S., additional, Earleywine, M., additional, Ebo, D.G., additional, Egashira, N., additional, Egnatios, J., additional, Ellert-Miklaszewska, A., additional, ElShebiney, S.A., additional, ElSohly, M.A., additional, Evren, C., additional, Fañanás, L., additional, Faber, M.M., additional, Farag, S., additional, Farré, A., additional, Farré, M., additional, Fatjó-Vilas, M., additional, Favrat, B., additional, Feingold, D., additional, Feliú, A., additional, Fernández, A.A., additional, Fernández-Artamendi, S., additional, Ferrari, A.J., additional, Ferraro, L., additional, Fichna, J., additional, Finlay, D.B., additional, Fiz, J., additional, Flores, Á., additional, Fogel, J.S., additional, Fornari, E., additional, Fortunato, L., additional, Fyfe, T., additional, Gaafar, A.E.D.M., additional, Gade, S., additional, Gaffal, E., additional, Galal, A.F., additional, Gandhi, R., additional, Gates, P., additional, Gatley, J.M., additional, Giroud, C., additional, Glass, M., additional, Goldberg, S.R., additional, González-Ortega, I., additional, González-Pinto, A., additional, Guaza, C., additional, Guillon, V., additional, Guimarães, F.S., additional, Gul, W., additional, Guven, F.M., additional, Hall, W.D., additional, Hallak, J.E.C., additional, Hamerle, M., additional, Haney, M., additional, Harding, H.E., additional, Hassan, S., additional, Haugland, K., additional, Healey, A., additional, Heck, C., additional, Helander, A., additional, Hernandez-Folgado, L., additional, Herzig, D.A., additional, Hesse, M., additional, Hill, M.G., additional, Hirst, R., additional, Hjorthøj, C.R., additional, Hoch, E., additional, Holder, M.D., additional, Holtkamp, M., additional, Hunter, M.R., additional, Ikeda, E., additional, Izumi, Y., additional, Janus, T., additional, Kaminska, B., additional, Kanaan, A.S., additional, Karinen, R., additional, Karl, T., additional, Katsu, T., additional, Kay-Lambkin, F., additional, Kayser, O., additional, Kells, M., additional, Kelly, B.C., additional, Kelly, T.H., additional, Kokona, A., additional, Kumar, A., additional, Kumar, P., additional, La Barbera, D., additional, Lagerberg, T.V., additional, Lahat, A., additional, Larsen, H.J., additional, Laun, A.S., additional, Lecomte, T., additional, Legleye, S., additional, Lev-Ran, S., additional, Lile, J.A., additional, Limberger, R.P., additional, Linares, I.M.P., additional, Lisdahl, K.M., additional, Little, M., additional, Liu, W., additional, Loflin, M.J., additional, Lorente-Omeñaca, R., additional, Lorenzetti, V., additional, Lu, D., additional, Mørland, J., additional, Müller-Vahl, K.R., additional, Machoy-Mokrzyńska, A., additional, Maeder, P., additional, Majumdar, S., additional, Maldonado, R., additional, Maple, K.E., additional, Marrón, T., additional, Martínez-Cengotitabengoa, M., additional, Martín-Fontelles, M. Isabel, additional, Martín-Santos, R., additional, Masuda, K., additional, McRae-Clark, A.L., additional, Mecha, M., additional, Medallo, J., additional, Melle, I., additional, Menahem, S., additional, Mendes-Gomes, J., additional, Mesías, B., additional, Miller, S., additional, Mizrahi, R., additional, Molinaro, S., additional, Moore, C., additional, Moraes, M.F., additional, Moreira, F.A., additional, Moreno-Izco, L., additional, Morris, H.A., additional, Muñoz, E., additional, Muccioli, G.G., additional, Muscatello, M.R.A., additional, Nada, S.A., additional, Naraynsingh, V., additional, Narimatsu, S., additional, Nogueira-Filho, G., additional, Nordentoft, M., additional, Oguz, G., additional, Øiestad, Å.M.L., additional, Øiestad, E.L., additional, Okazaki, H., additional, Olive, M.F., additional, Orio, L., additional, Ozaita, A., additional, Pérez, A., additional, Panagis, G., additional, Pandolfo, G., additional, Panlilio, L.V., additional, Paquin, K., additional, Parakh, P., additional, Parker, L.A., additional, Patel, V.B., additional, Pawson, M., additional, Peres, F.F., additional, Petras, H., additional, Pollastro, F., additional, Porcu, A., additional, Potente, R., additional, Potter, D.E., additional, Potvin, S., additional, Prats, C., additional, Preedy, V.R., additional, Rajendram, R., additional, Rathke, L., additional, Reed, K.L., additional, Repka, M.A., additional, Rigter, H., additional, Rock, E.M., additional, Rohrbacher, H., additional, Rosa, P.G.P., additional, Sánchez-Martínez, F., additional, Sánchez-Torres, A.M., additional, Sałaga, M., additional, Sabato, V., additional, Sanders, A.N., additional, Santos, L.C., additional, Scalese, M., additional, Schaufelberger, M.S., additional, Schröder, N., additional, Scimeca, G., additional, Secades-Villa, R., additional, Selvarajah, D., additional, Senormanci, O., additional, Shivakumar, K., additional, Shrier, L.A., additional, Siciliano, V., additional, Sideli, L., additional, Siegel, J.T., additional, Sleem, A.A., additional, Sobczyński, J., additional, Sodos, L., additional, Solowij, N., additional, Song, Z.-H., additional, Stacy, A.W., additional, Stehle, F., additional, Stogner, J.M., additional, Sussman, S., additional, Swift, W., additional, Szerman, N., additional, Tüting, T., additional, Aghazadeh Tabrizi, M., additional, Taglialatela-Scafati, O., additional, Takahashi, R.N., additional, Takeda, S., additional, Tarricone, I., additional, Tashkin, D.P., additional, Tellioğlu, T., additional, Tellioğlu, Z., additional, Tesfaye, S., additional, Thornton, L., additional, Thylstrup, B., additional, Tibbo, P.G., additional, Todd, G., additional, Torrens, M., additional, Tsai, J., additional, Tseng, H.-H., additional, Turner, A., additional, Tuv, S.S., additional, Ullah, F., additional, Van der Linden, T., additional, Van Gasse, A.L., additional, Vega, P., additional, Vera, G., additional, Verdichevski, M., additional, Vieira Sousa, T.R., additional, Vilela, L.R., additional, Vindenes, V., additional, Walsh, Z., additional, Watanabe, K., additional, Watterson, L.R., additional, White, J.M., additional, Wright, N.E., additional, Yücel, M., additional, Yamamoto, I., additional, Yamaori, S., additional, Zalesky, A., additional, Zalman, D., additional, Zhang, J., additional, Zhang, Y., additional, Zoccali, R., additional, Zorumski, C.F., additional, and Zuardi, A.W., additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Screening of Synthetic Cannabinoids
- Author
-
Øiestad, E.L., primary, Karinen, R., additional, Haugland, K., additional, and Øiestad, Å.M.L., additional
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Autothermal reforming of ethanol on noble metal catalysts
- Author
-
Gutierrez, A., Karinen, R., Airaksinen, S., Kaila, R., and Krause, A.O.I.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Conversion of furfural to 2-methylfuran over CuNi catalysts supported on biobased carbon foams
- Author
-
Varila, T. (Toni), Mäkelä, E. (Eveliina), Kupila, R. (Riikka), Romar, H. (Henrik), Hu, T. (Tao), Karinen, R. (Reetta), Puurunen, R. L. (Riikka L.), Lassi, U. (Ulla), Varila, T. (Toni), Mäkelä, E. (Eveliina), Kupila, R. (Riikka), Romar, H. (Henrik), Hu, T. (Tao), Karinen, R. (Reetta), Puurunen, R. L. (Riikka L.), and Lassi, U. (Ulla)
- Abstract
In this study, carbon foams prepared from the by-products of the Finnish forest industry, such as tannic acid and pine bark extracts, were examined as supports for 5/5% Cu/Ni catalysts in the hydrotreatment of furfural to 2-methylfuran (MF). Experiments were conducted in a batch reactor at 503 K and 40 bar H₂. Prior to metal impregnation, the carbon foam from tannic acid was activated with steam (S1), and the carbon foam from pine bark extracts was activated with ZnCl₂ (S2) and washed with acids (HNO₃ or H₂SO₄). For comparison, a spruce-based activated carbon (AC) catalyst and two commercial AC catalysts as references were investigated. Compressive strength of the foam S2 was 30 times greater than that of S1. The highest MF selectivity of the foam-supported catalysts was 48 % (S2, washed with HNO₃) at a conversion of 91 %. According to the results, carbon foams prepared from pine bark extracts can be applied as catalyst supports.
- Published
- 2021
6. Liquid‐phase hydrodeoxygenation of 4‐propylphenol to propylbenzene:reducible supports for Pt catalysts
- Author
-
Mäkelä, E. (Eveliina), González Escobedo, J. L. (José Luis), Neuvonen, J. (Jouni), Lahtinen, J. (Jouko), Lindblad, M. (Marina), Lassi, U. (Ulla), Karinen, R. (Reetta), and Puurunen, R. L. (Riikka L.)
- Subjects
hydrodeoxygenation ,platinum ,propylbenzene ,reducible support ,propylphenol - Abstract
Pyrolysis and liquefaction biocrudes obtained from lignocellulose are rich in phenolic compounds that can be converted to renewable aromatics. In this study, Pt catalysts on reducible metal oxide supports (Nb₂O₅, TiO₂), along with non‐reducible ZrO₂ as a reference, were investigated in the liquid‐phase hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of 4‐propylphenol (350 °C, 20 bar H₂, organic solvent). The most active catalyst was Pt/Nb₂O₅, which led to the molar propylbenzene selectivity of 77%, and a yield of 75% (98% conversion). Reducible metal oxide supports provided an increased activity and selectivity to the aromatic product compared to ZrO₂, and the obtained results are among the best reported in liquid phase. The reusability of the spent catalysts was also studied. The spent Pt/Nb₂O₅ catalyst provided the lowest conversion, while the product distribution of the spent Pt/ZrO₂ catalyst changed towards oxygenates. The results highlight the potential of pyrolysis or liquefaction biocrudes as a source of aromatic chemicals.
- Published
- 2020
7. Etherification of C5- and C8-alkenes with C1- to C4-alcohols
- Author
-
Karinen, R. S., Linnekoski, J. A., and Krause, A. O.I.
- Published
- 2001
8. A novel tertiary ether. Synthesis of 3‐methoxy‐3‐methylheptane from 2‐ethyl‐1‐hexene and methanol
- Author
-
Karinen, R. S. and Krause, A. O.I.
- Published
- 2000
9. Chapter 101 - Screening of Synthetic Cannabinoids
- Author
-
Øiestad, E.L., Karinen, R., Haugland, K., and Øiestad, Å.M.L.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Study of Ni, Pt, and Ru catalysts on wood‐based activated carbon supports and their activity in furfural conversion to 2‐methylfuran
- Author
-
Mäkelä, E. (Eveliina), Lahti, R. (Riikka), Jaatinen, S. (Salla), Romar, H. (Henrik), Hu, T. (Tao), Puurunen, R. L. (Riikka L.), Lassi, U. (Ulla), Karinen, R. (Reetta), Mäkelä, E. (Eveliina), Lahti, R. (Riikka), Jaatinen, S. (Salla), Romar, H. (Henrik), Hu, T. (Tao), Puurunen, R. L. (Riikka L.), Lassi, U. (Ulla), and Karinen, R. (Reetta)
- Abstract
Bio‐based chemicals can be produced from furfural through hydrotreatment. In this study, 2‐methylfuran (MF), a potential biofuel component, was produced with Pt, Ru, and Ni catalysts supported on wood‐based activated carbons. The catalytic hydrotreatment experiments were conducted in a batch reactor at 210–240 °C with 2‐propanol as solvent and 40 bar H₂ pressure. Two types of activated carbon supports were prepared by carbonization and activation of lignocellulosic biomass (forest‐residue‐based birch and spruce from Finland). Both types of activated carbons were suitable as catalyst supports, giving up to 100 % furfural conversions. The most important factors affecting the MF yield were the metal dispersion and particle size as well as reaction temperature. The highest observed MF yields were achieved with the noble metal catalysts with the highest dispersions at 240 °C after 120 min reaction time: 3 wt % Pt on spruce (MF yield of 50 %) and 3 wt % Ru on birch (MF yield of 49 %). Nickel catalysts were less active most likely owing to lower dispersions and incomplete metal reduction. Interesting results were obtained also with varying the metal loadings: the lower Pt loading (1.5 wt %) achieved almost the same MF yield as the 3 wt % catalysts, which can enable the production of MF with high yields and reduced catalyst costs. Based on this study, biomass‐based renewable activated carbons can be used as catalyst supports in furfural hydrotreatment with high conversions.
- Published
- 2018
11. Experiences of academic advising at Master's level in multicultural groups
- Author
-
Pietikäinen, P. S., Karinen, R. S., Department of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Aalto-yliopisto, and Aalto University
- Subjects
Academic advising ,Tutoring ,Student support - Abstract
This work deals with academic advising in the Master's level studies in the Master's Programme in Chemical, Biochemical and Materials Engineering in Aalto University where one third of students entering the Master's level take their Bachelor's degree outside our university either in Finland or abroad. Surveys among the students and the academic advisors were performed in order to find out the common practises, experiences and expectations of the current state of the academic advising in our Master's degree programs. It was found out that the students are offered academic advising but all students don't take advantage of it. The students are mostly expecting the academic advisors to support them in the planning their studies, finding Master's thesis positions and topics and finding their professional strengths. The results of this study are used to further develop the academic advising practises in our school.
- Published
- 2017
12. P14: Post mortem hair analyses confirm use of drugs not detected in blood
- Author
-
Hoiseth, G., primary, Morini, L., additional, Sempio, C., additional, Rogde, S., additional, Eldor, K.B., additional, Karinen, R., additional, and Oiestad, A.M.L., additional
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Suicide Due to Cyclizine Overdose
- Author
-
Arnestad, M., primary, Eldor, K. B. B., additional, Stray-Pedersen, A., additional, Bachs, L., additional, and Karinen, R., additional
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Codeine to Morphine Concentration Ratios in Samples from Living Subjects and Autopsy Cases after Incubation
- Author
-
Berg-Pedersen, R. M., primary, Ripel, A., additional, Karinen, R., additional, Vevelstad, M., additional, Bachs, L., additional, and Vindenes, V., additional
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Comparison of the Stability of Stock Solutions of Drugs of Abuse and Other Drugs Stored in a Freezer, Refrigerator, and at Ambient Temperature for Up to One Year
- Author
-
Karinen, R., primary, Oiestad, E. L., additional, Andresen, W., additional, Smith-Kielland, A., additional, and Christophersen, A., additional
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Comparison of Ethanol and Other Drugs of Abuse Concentrations in Whole Blood Stored in Venoject(R) Glass and Plastic and Venosafe Plastic Evacuated Tubes
- Author
-
Karinen, R., primary, Oiestad, E. L., additional, Andresen, W., additional, Wethe, G., additional, Smith-Kielland, A., additional, and Christophersen, A., additional
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Levels of Ethyl Glucuronide and Ethyl Sulfate in Oral Fluid, Blood, and Urine After Use of Mouthwash and Ingestion of Nonalcoholic Wine
- Author
-
Hoiseth, G., primary, Yttredal, B., additional, Karinen, R., additional, Gjerde, H., additional, and Christophersen, A., additional
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Determination of Heroin and Its Main Metabolites in Small Sample Volumes of Whole Blood and Brain Tissue by Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
- Author
-
Karinen, R., primary, Andersen, J. M., additional, Ripel, A., additional, Hasvold, I., additional, Hopen, A. B., additional, Morland, J., additional, and Christophersen, A. S., additional
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Serum/Whole Blood Concentration Ratio for Ethylglucuronide and Ethyl Sulfate
- Author
-
Hoiseth, G., primary, Morini, L., additional, Polettini, A., additional, Christophersen, A. S., additional, Johnsen, L., additional, Karinen, R., additional, and Morland, J., additional
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. SUMMARY REPORT ON MOBILE REMOTE HANDLER. Report No. 1799
- Author
-
Karinen, R. S., primary, Figenshau, J. K., additional, Rose, G. R., additional, and Hyrcak, P., additional
- Published
- 1957
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Kinetic Model for the Etherification of 2,4,4-Trimethyl-1-pentene and 2,4,4-Trimethyl-2-pentene with Methanol
- Author
-
Karinen, R. S. and Krause, A. O. I.
- Abstract
Etherification of 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene and 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentene with methanol was catalyzed with a novel Smopex-101 catalyst, which is a polyethylene-based ion-exchange fiber. Several kinetic models were tested to describe the experimental data. The Langmuir−Hinshelwood-type model, in which the adsorption of alkenes is assumed to be weak relative to methanol and ether, described the data well. The activation energies obtained for the etherification of 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene and 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentene were 86 ± 1 and 80 ± 2 kJ/mol, respectively. These values are on the same level as those typically found for similar etherification reactions. An equally good fit was obtained with the Eley−Rideal-type model, which assumes that the alkenes react without adsorption. In both models the adsorption constants for methanol and ether are of the same order of magnitude. This constitutes a significant difference from the modeling results obtained with conventional ion-exchange resin catalysts and can be explained by the nature of the polymer matrixes.
- Published
- 2001
22. Reaction Equilibrium in the Isomerization of 2,4,4-Trimethyl Pentenes
- Author
-
Karinen, R. S., Lylykangas, M. S., and Krause, A. O. I.
- Abstract
The isomerization reaction of 2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene to 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentene was studied. In contrast to the general rule for alkene stability, an excess of the α-alkene (2,4,4-trimethyl-1-pentene) was observed in the thermodynamic equilibrium. The result is explained in terms of the molecular structure: the large and bulky substituents in 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentene cause steric tension and make the molecule less stable. A reaction enthalpy of 3.51 ± 0.03 kJ mol-1, i.e., endothermic reaction, and a reaction entropy of −0.47 ± 0.10 J mol-1 K-1 were determined from the experimental data of the isomerization reaction.
- Published
- 2001
23. Catalytic synthesis of a novel tertiary ether, 3-methoxy-3-methyl heptane, from 1-butene
- Author
-
Karinen, R. S., Krause, A. O., Tikkanen, E. Y., and Pakkanen, T. T.
- Published
- 2000
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Catalytic aqueous-phase reforming of methanol to produce hydrogen
- Author
-
Coronado, I., Stekrova, M., García Moreno, L., Matti Reinikainen, Pekka Simell, Karinen, R., and Juha Lehtonen
25. Long-term stability of GHB in post-mortem samples and samples from living persons, stored at -20°C, using fluoride preservatives.
- Author
-
Fjeld B, Burns ML, Karinen R, Larssen B, Smith-Kielland A, and Vindenes V
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Modelling of micro reactor for partial oxidation of butanol using Au/TiO2 catalyst
- Author
-
Teuvo Kilpiö, Yansen Khan, M. Marin, Vincenzo Russo, R. Karinen, Tapio Salmi, WCCE-10, Kilpiö, Teuvo, Khan, Yansen, Marin, M., Russo, Vincenzo, Karinen, R., and Salmi, Tapio
- Published
- 2017
27. Does the preparation for intravenous administration affect the composition of heroin injections? A controlled laboratory study.
- Author
-
Andersen JM, Bogen IL, Karinen R, Brochmann GW, Mørland J, Vindenes V, and Boix F
- Subjects
- Administration, Intravenous, Humans, Research Design, Heroin, Laboratories
- Abstract
Aims: To study whether the preparation procedure, and its acidic and heating conditions, used by heroin users to prepare heroin for intravenous administration affects the final composition of the fluid to be injected., Methods: Samples from different seizures of illegal heroin provided by the Norwegian police were prepared by adding water and ascorbic acid before heating under controlled conditions in the laboratory. Further, three seizures were prepared with different amounts of ascorbic or citric acid relative to their diacetylmorphine content. Pure diacetylmorphine base or salt was also submitted to the procedure applying two different heating intensities. The seizures and the final product after preparation were analysed for diacetylmorphine, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS)., Results: After preparation, a decrease of 19.8% (25th and 75th percentiles = -29.2 and -15.3) in the initial diacetylmorphine content was observed. Both the 6-acetylmorphine and morphine content increased but, due to their low content in the initial product, diacetylmorphine still represented 83.9% (25th and 75th percentiles = 77.3 and 88.0) of the sum of these three opioids in the final solution. The loss of water during preparation caused an increase in the concentration of diacetylmorphine, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine, depending on the heating intensity applied. The content of these opioids was affected by the quantity and type of acid added in relation to the heroin purity and the level of diacetylmorphine dissolved being proportional to the amount of ascorbic acid, but not citric acid, in the sample with high heroin purity., Conclusions: Preparation of heroin for intravenous injection appears to change the amount or concentration of diacetylmorphine and its active metabolites, 6-acetylmorphine and morphine in the final product, depending on heroin purity, amount and type of acid used or heating conditions. These circumstances can contribute to unintentional variations in the potency of the final injected solution, and therefore affect the outcome after injection., (© 2021 The Authors. Addiction published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society for the Study of Addiction.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. The implementation of per-se limits for driving under the influence of benzodiazepines and related drugs: No increased risk for arrest during therapeutic use in Norway.
- Author
-
Christophersen AS, Karinen R, Mørland J, and Gjerde H
- Subjects
- Adult, Azabicyclo Compounds therapeutic use, Benzodiazepines therapeutic use, Female, Humans, Law Enforcement, Male, Norway, Piperazines therapeutic use, Risk, Azabicyclo Compounds blood, Benzodiazepines blood, Driving Under the Influence legislation & jurisprudence, Piperazines blood
- Abstract
Objective: To investigate whether the use of recommended therapeutic doses of medicinal drugs has led to suspicion of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) after implementation of legislative limits for illicit and medicinal drugs in 2012. Methods: Data from suspected drug-impaired drivers apprehended by the police from 2013 to 2015 were selected from the Norwegian Forensic Toxicology Database. The blood samples had been analyzed for benzodiazepines (BZDs), z-hypnotics, opioids, stimulants, certain hallucinogens, and alcohol. Drivers who tested positive for one BZD or a z-hypnotic only, were included in the study. Drug concentrations measured in their blood samples were compared to the maximal obtainable steady state concentrations if the drug had been used in accordance with the recommendations set by the Norwegian Directorate of Health. Results: BZDs or z-hypnotics were found in 10 248 samples, representing 59.6% of the total number of drivers arrested for suspected DUID (n = 17 201). Only one BZD or z-hypnotic with a blood drug concentration above the legislative limit was detected in 390 (2.3%) of the total number of samples. Clonazepam was the most frequently detected BZD (n = 4656), while as a single drug above the legislative limit, it was detected in only 3.6% (n = 168) of the clonazepam-positive blood samples. For drivers testing positive for only one z-hypnotic, drug concentrations above the legislative limit were found in 27% (n = 55) of the blood samples that tested positive for zolpidem and 12.4% (n = 53) of the samples that tested positive for zopiclone. In total, 155 subjects out of 10 248 testing positive for BZDs or z-hypnotics displayed concentrations above the legislative limit but within the concentration ranges that are expected when taking recommended therapeutic drug doses, and 77 below the legislativel limit. Conclusions: The results show that the implementation of legislative limits for BZDs and z-hypnotics may have contributed to DUID suspicion for a small group of patients using therapeutic drug doses; only 1.3% of the suspected DUID offenders had concentrations of only one of those drugs in-line with recommended therapeutic dosing.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. An Experimental Study of Diazepam and Alprazolam Kinetics in Urine and Oral Fluid Following Single Oral Doses.
- Author
-
Temte V, Kjeldstadli K, Bruun LD, Birdal M, Bachs L, Karinen R, Middelkoop G, Øiestad E, and Høiseth G
- Subjects
- Administration, Oral, Adult, Alprazolam analysis, Diazepam analysis, Female, Healthy Volunteers, Humans, Kinetics, Male, Time Factors, Young Adult, Alprazolam urine, Diazepam urine, Saliva chemistry
- Abstract
Benzodiazepines are commonly seen in samples submitted for drug testing of patients, people involved in child welfare cases, work-place drug testing, as well as in drug-facilitated assaults. Limited previous experimental studies are available regarding the excretion of benzodiazepines in urine and oral fluid. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentrations of diazepam and alprazolam in oral fluid and urine for up to 2 weeks after ingestion of a single oral dose in healthy volunteers. A total of 11 healthy volunteers ingested 10 mg diazepam at the start of the study and 0.5 mg alprazolam on Day 3 of the study. A total number of 10 oral fluid samples and 17 urine samples were collected from each participant. The samples were analyzed by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectroscopy and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods. The median detection time was 252 h for the longest detected diazepam metabolite in urine (oxazepam, range 203-322) and 132 h in oral fluid (N-desmethyldiazepam, range 109-136). For alprazolam, the median detection time was 36 h (metabolite α-OH-alprazolam, range 26-61) in urine and 26 h (alprazolam, range 4-37) in oral fluid. These results show that detection times are only 36 h for alprazolam in urine after intake of a single therapeutic oral dose. For diazepam in urine, detection times were 11 days. Detection times were generally shorter in oral fluid compared to urine. The results could be helpful in the interpretation of diazepam or alprazolam findings in drug testing cases involving urine or oral fluid., (© The Author(s) 2018. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Comparative Study of Postmortem Concentrations of Antidepressants in Several Different Matrices.
- Author
-
Øiestad ÅML, Karinen R, Rogde S, Nilsen S, Boye Eldor KB, Brochmann GW, Arnestad M, Øiestad EL, Peres MD, Kristoffersen L, and Vindenes V
- Subjects
- Antidepressive Agents blood, Autopsy, Forensic Toxicology methods, Humans, Postmortem Changes, Substance Abuse Detection methods, Antidepressive Agents analysis, Muscle, Skeletal chemistry, Pericardial Fluid chemistry, Vitreous Body chemistry
- Abstract
Peripheral blood (PB) is considered to be the golden standard for measuring postmortem drug concentrations. In several cases, PB is however not available, but information regarding drug findings might still be crucial in order to determine the cause of death. Antidepressants are frequently detected in postmortem samples from forensic toxicology cases, but the literature investigating concentrations in other matrices than peripheral and heart blood is limited.We here describe a study for comparison of concentrations for a large number of different drugs in six different matrices. A total of 173 postmortem cases were included in the study material. The results from 44 cases with findings of antidepressants (amitriptyline/nortriptyline, citalopram, mianserin, mirtazapine, paroxetine, sertraline, trimipramine and venlafaxine) are presented in this article. Concentrations in peripheral and cardiac blood (CB), pericardial fluid (PF), two muscle samples and vitreous humour (VH) are compared. Ratios between concentrations in different matrices have also been compiled from available literature.All the investigated antidepressants were detected in all different matrices, and comparable concentration levels were found in the different matrices with a few exceptions. Concentrations in VH were generally lower than in the other matrices, and in a few cases with low concentrations in blood the antidepressants were not detected in VH. For most of the cases, ratios of 0.5-2 were found between concentration in PB and that in the other matrices. Some deviant concentrations where however found.This study shows that CB, PF, muscle and VH can provide important indications of the corresponding concentrations in PB when PB is not available.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Metabolites of Heroin in Several Different Post-mortem Matrices.
- Author
-
Thaulow CH, Øiestad ÅML, Rogde S, Karinen R, Brochmann GW, Andersen JM, Høiseth G, Handal M, Mørland J, Arnestad M, Øiestad EL, Strand DH, and Vindenes V
- Subjects
- Alcohol Drinking blood, Alcohol Drinking urine, Cadaver, Codeine analysis, Codeine blood, Codeine urine, Glucuronides analysis, Glucuronides blood, Glucuronides urine, Heroin analysis, Heroin blood, Heroin urine, Humans, Morphine blood, Morphine urine, Morphine Derivatives blood, Morphine Derivatives urine, Narcotics analysis, Narcotics blood, Narcotics chemistry, Narcotics urine, Norway, Opioid-Related Disorders blood, Opioid-Related Disorders urine, Pericardial Fluid chemistry, Psoas Muscles chemistry, Quadriceps Muscle chemistry, Tissue Distribution, Toxicokinetics, Vitreous Body chemistry, Alcohol Drinking metabolism, Forensic Toxicology methods, Heroin analogs & derivatives, Morphine analysis, Morphine Derivatives analysis, Opioid-Related Disorders metabolism, Substance Abuse Detection methods
- Abstract
In some forensic autopsies blood is not available, and other matrices are sampled for toxicological analysis. The aims of the present study were to examine whether heroin metabolites can be detected in different post-mortem matrices, and investigate whether analyses in other matrices can give useful information about concentrations in peripheral blood. Effects of ethanol on the metabolism and distribution of heroin metabolites were also investigated. We included 45 forensic autopsies where morphine was detected in peripheral blood, concomitantly with 6-acetylmorphine (6-AM) detected in any matrix. Samples were collected from peripheral blood, cardiac blood, pericardial fluid, psoas muscle, lateral vastus muscle, vitreous humor and urine. Opioid analysis included 6-AM, morphine, codeine, and morphine glucuronides. The 6-AM was most often detected in urine (n = 39) and vitreous humor (n = 38). The median morphine concentration ratio relative to peripheral blood was 1.3 (range 0-3.6) for cardiac blood, 1.4 (range 0.07-5.3) for pericardial fluid, 1.2 (range 0-19.2) for psoas muscle, 1.1 (range 0-1.7) for lateral vastus muscle and 0.4 (range 0.2-3.2) for vitreous humor. The number of 6-AM positive cases was significantly higher (P = 0.03) in the ethanol positive group (n = 6; 86%) compared to the ethanol negative group (n = 14; 37%) in peripheral blood. The distribution of heroin metabolites to the different matrices was not significantly different between the ethanol positive and the ethanol negative group. This study shows that toxicological analyses of several matrices could be useful in heroin-related deaths. Urine and vitreous humor are superior for detection of 6-AM, while concentrations of morphine could be assessed from peripheral or cardiac blood, pericardial fluid, psoas muscle and lateral vastus muscle.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. The Appearance, Taste, and Concentrations of Zolpidem Dissolved in Still Water and Carbonated Beverages.
- Author
-
Heide G, Hjelmeland K, Brochmann GW, Karinen R, and Høiseth G
- Subjects
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Humans, Hypnotics and Sedatives chemistry, Pyridines chemistry, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Zolpidem, Carbonated Beverages, Drinking Water, Hypnotics and Sedatives analysis, Pyridines analysis, Taste
- Abstract
Zolpidem is a sedative that could be used to drug victims, but its suitability to dissolve in drinks is unknown. In this small study, we added either crushed or whole tablets of zolpidem hemitartrate to carbonated beverages or still water to observe how this affected the taste and appearance. Also, concentrations were measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry at different time intervals. Two crushed tablets (20 mg) in cider (250 mL) lead to a maximum concentration of 84 mg/L zolpidem base after 30 min, while the corresponding concentration after adding fifteen tablets (150 mg) was 467 mg/L. There was little change in taste, but froth and turbidity were observed when adding high doses to carbonated beverages. Carbonated beverages spiked with 20 mg of crushed zolpidem hemitartrate tablets reached concentrations that could cause impairment. Spiking with 150 mg could possibly be lethal if several mouthfuls were ingested., (© 2017 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Determination of Acetaminophen, Dexchlorpheniramine, Caffeine, Cotinine and Salicylic acid in 100 μL of Whole Blood by UHPLC-MS/MS.
- Author
-
Krpo M, Arnestad M, and Karinen R
- Subjects
- Autopsy, Child, Preschool, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Humans, Infant, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Acetaminophen blood, Caffeine blood, Chlorpheniramine blood, Cotinine blood, Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions blood, Salicylic Acid blood
- Abstract
A sensitive and robust ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the quantification of acetaminophen, dexchlorpheniramine, caffeine, cotinine and salicylic acid in postmortem blood samples from children younger than 4 years. The sample was prepared by a protein precipitation with ice-cold methanol/acetonitrile mixture (85:15, v/v). The organic phase was evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in the mobile phase. Separation, with gradient elution and an acidic mobile phase, was achieved on an Acquity UPLC® HSS T3 column. The compounds were quantified using a multiple reaction-monitoring mode. Two transitions were monitored for each compound and one for the deuterated internal standards. The mass spectrometric detection in the positive ion mode was performed for all the compounds except salicylic acid which was detected in the negative ionization mode. The limits of quantification were as follows: acetaminophen 0.30 mg/L, dexchlorpheniramine 0.0050 mg/L, caffeine 0.099 mg/L, cotinine 0.00035 mg/L and salicylic acid 1.3 mg/L. Between-assay and within-assay precisions were ≤15% (biases: -10% to 26%) and ≤10%, respectively. Extraction recoveries varied from 93% to 137%. The matrix effects in blood, corrected with deuterated internal standards, were 100% ± 10% for all compounds except dexchlorpheniramine (111%) and caffeine (138%).
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Quantitative method for analysis of six anticoagulant rodenticides in faeces, applied in a case with repeated samples from a dog.
- Author
-
Seljetun KO, Eliassen E, Karinen R, Moe L, and Vindenes V
- Subjects
- Animals, Anticoagulants analysis, Anticoagulants blood, Anticoagulants poisoning, Chemistry Techniques, Analytical standards, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Dogs, Half-Life, Limit of Detection, Rodenticides blood, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Chemistry Techniques, Analytical methods, Feces chemistry, Rodenticides analysis, Rodenticides poisoning
- Abstract
Background: Accidental poisoning with anticoagulant rodenticides is not uncommon in dogs, but few reports of the elimination kinetics and half-lives in this species have been published. Our objectives were to develop and validate a new method for the quantification of anticoagulant rodenticides in canine blood and faeces using reversed phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) and apply the method on a case of anticoagulant rodenticide intoxication., Results: Sample preparation was liquid-liquid extraction. Six anticoagulant rodenticides were separated using a UPLC
® BEH C18 -column with a mobile phase consisting of 5 mM ammonium formate buffer pH 10.2 and methanol. MS/MS detection was performed with positive electrospray ionization and two multiple reaction monitoring transitions. The limits of quantification were set at the levels of the lowest calibrator (1.5-2.7 ng/mL or ng/g). The method was successfully applied to a case from a dog accidentally poisoned with anticoagulant rodenticide. Coumatetralyl and brodifacoum concentrations were determined from serial blood and faecal samples. A terminal half-life of at least 81 days for coumatetralyl in blood was estimated, which is longer than previous reported in other species. A slow elimination of brodifacoum from the faeces was found, with traces still detectable in the faeces at day 513., Conclusions: This study offers a new method of detection and quantification of six frequently used anticoagulant rodenticides in canine faeces. Such drugs might cause serious health effects and it is important to be able to detect these drugs, to initiate proper treatment. The very long elimination half-lives detected in our study is important to be aware of in assessment of anticoagulant rodenticide burden to the environment.- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Is Hair Analysis Useful in Postmortem Cases?
- Author
-
Høiseth G, Arnestad M, Karinen R, Morini L, Rogde S, Sempio C, Vindenes V, and Øiestad ÅML
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Antidepressive Agents blood, Antipsychotic Agents blood, Autopsy, Benzodiazepines blood, Cause of Death, Chromatography, Liquid, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Reproducibility of Results, Substance-Related Disorders blood, Substance-Related Disorders mortality, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Young Adult, Antidepressive Agents analysis, Antipsychotic Agents analysis, Benzodiazepines analysis, Drug Monitoring methods, Forensic Toxicology methods, Hair chemistry, Substance Abuse Detection methods, Substance-Related Disorders diagnosis
- Abstract
In postmortem cases, detection of drugs in blood is most relevant with regard to determining cause of death. However, it is sometimes also of interest to gain as much information as possible regarding the deceased's use of drugs in the period before death. The aim of this study was to compare results from analyses of a repertoire of psychoactive medicinal drugs in blood and hair samples from a larger material of postmortem cases. Hair samples in addition to blood were collected from 55 forensic autopsies and analyzed for a repertoire of 39 medicinal drugs (benzodiazepines, antidepressants and antipsychotics) using av fully validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. In total, hair analyses gave information of the use of drugs not detected in blood in 47 of the 55 cases (85%). The most frequent single drugs detected in hair, but absent in blood, were benzodiazepines (64%), followed by antidepressants (35%). In each case, 1-10 (median two) single drugs were detected in hair, but absent in blood. In only two cases (4%), benzodiazepines were detected in blood and no benzodiazepines were detected in hair. In conclusion, hair analyses in addition to blood frequently indicate prior use of drugs that could yield important information about for instance unknown psychiatric diagnoses. In only a small number of cases lack of detections from the same drug class in hair might indicate reduced tolerance to drug effects.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Underestimated impact of novel psychoactive substances: laboratory confirmation of recreational drug toxicity in Oslo, Norway.
- Author
-
Vallersnes OM, Persett PS, Øiestad EL, Karinen R, Heyerdahl F, and Hovda KE
- Subjects
- Adult, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Cross-Sectional Studies, Drug Overdose blood, Drug Overdose epidemiology, Drug Overdose therapy, Emergency Service, Hospital, Female, Hospitals, University, Humans, Illicit Drugs blood, Male, Norway epidemiology, Poisoning blood, Poisoning epidemiology, Poisoning therapy, Predictive Value of Tests, Psychotropic Drugs blood, Reproducibility of Results, Retrospective Studies, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Clinical Laboratory Services, Drug Overdose diagnosis, Illicit Drugs poisoning, Poisoning diagnosis, Psychotropic Drugs poisoning, Substance Abuse Detection methods
- Abstract
Context: Recreational drug toxicity is frequent. Availability of new psychoactive substances is steadily increasing. However, data with verified analyses from clinical settings are limited. To evaluate the impact of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) on recreational drug toxicity in Oslo, Norway, we analysed samples from a selection of patients., Methods: All the patients presenting with recreational drug toxicity at the Oslo Accident and Emergency Outpatient Clinic (OAEOC) and at the Oslo University Hospital (OUH) were registered from April through September 2014. Oral fluid samples were collected at the OAEOC. Blood samples were collected at the OUH. The samples were screened using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS)., Results: Nine hundred and sixty-four cases were included, 841 (87.2%) at the OAEOC and 123 (12.8%) at the OUH. A total of 55 oral fluid samples (OAEOC) and 103 blood samples (OUH) could be analysed. NPS were not clinically suspected in any of the screened cases. At the outpatient clinic, the most commonly found substances were clonazepam in 42/55 (76.4%) cases, amfetamines in 40/55 (72.7%) and heroin in 39/55 (70.9%). In seven (12.7%) cases NPS were detected: 4-methylamfetamine in three cases, dimethyltryptamine in two, methylone in one, and N,N-dimethyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamfetamine in one. Among the hospital patients, the most commonly found substances were clonazepam in 51/103 (49.5%) cases, amfetamines in 48/103 (46.6%), heroin in 31/103 (30.1%), and diazepam in 30/103 (29.1%). In five (4.9%) cases NPS were detected: JWH-210 in two cases, AM-2201 in two, and 5-EAPB in one., Conclusion: NPS were clinically not suspected, though found in eight percent of cases. Still, the vast majority of patients treated for recreational drug toxicity in Oslo have taken classical drugs. Management of these patients should be based on their clinical condition. However, it is highly important to be alert to atypical presentations possibly resulting from unsuspected drugs.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. A literature review of blood concentrations of new psychoactive substances classified as phenethylamines, aminoindanes, arylalkylamines, arylcyclohexylamines, and indolalkylamines.
- Author
-
Karinen R and Høiseth G
- Subjects
- Forensic Toxicology, Humans, Indoles blood, Phenethylamines blood, Substance-Related Disorders blood, Amines blood, Designer Drugs analysis, Indans blood, Psychotropic Drugs blood
- Abstract
Interpretation of blood concentrations of new psychoactive substances (NPS) requires comparison of the results to previously published case reports; as only a few experimental studies for these substances exist. A large number of articles representing single or multiple cases have been published for a great number of substances, making a unified overview difficult. In this review we have collected all published blood concentrations from the NPS groups classified as phenethylamines, aminoindanes, arylalkylamines, arylcyclohexylamines, and indolalkylamines, and also included unpublished results for MPA, MXE, 4-FMA, 4-FA and 4-MA analyzed in our laboratory. In total, 71 publications on 35 different drugs were summarized. For most of the drugs, the total number of reported cases was very low (≤5). For some of the synthetic drugs, however, a higher number of blood concentrations are now available; especially for 5-IT (32 reported cases in total), MPA (31 reported cases in total) and MXE (36 reported cases in total), thus the published results are more substantial. The present compilation could be a helpful tool for forensic toxicologists when blood concentrations of NPS are assessed., (Copyright © 2017. Published by Elsevier B.V.)
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Blood concentrations of new designer benzodiazepines in forensic cases.
- Author
-
Høiseth G, Tuv SS, and Karinen R
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Benzodiazepines adverse effects, Chromatography, Liquid, Designer Drugs adverse effects, Forensic Toxicology, Humans, Male, Norway, Substance-Related Disorders blood, Substance-Related Disorders diagnosis, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Young Adult, Benzodiazepines blood, Designer Drugs analysis, Driving Under the Influence, Substance Abuse Detection
- Abstract
Introduction: A number of new designer benzodiazepines have reached the illegal drug market over the past years. Toxicological interpretation of concentrations of these drugs in blood is quite challenging as very limited human data have previously been published. The aim of this study was to report blood concentrations of new designer benzodiazepines in a population of drugged drivers as well as some other criminal offenders, and to relate this to clinical impairment., Methods: The present material represents cases involving new designer benzodiazepines (clonazolam, diclazepam, flubromazepam, flubromazolam and pyrazolam) and etizolam, submitted for analyses during the period July 1, 2013-May 31, 2016. Analyses were performed using an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method. Blood concentrations and results from the clinical test of impairment are reported., Results: New designer benzodiazepines were detected in 77 cases during the study period. The median (range) concentrations were 0.012mg/L (0.00048-0.10) for flubromazolam (n=25), 0.055mg/L (0.0047-1.2) for flubromazepam (n=24), 0.013mg/L (0.0021-0.057) for diclazepam (n=15), 0.050mg/L (0.019-0.17) for etizolam (n=14), 0.0053mg/L (0.0019-0.011) for clonazolam (n=7) and 0.074mg/L for pyrazolam (n=1). In six cases, designer benzodiazepines were the only drugs detected in blood, and in two of those cases, the physician had given the conclusion of "considerably impaired" upon performing the clinical test for impairment., Conclusion: Given the lack of previously published data on human concentrations, results presented in this study could be helpful in interpretation of blood concentrations of new designer benzodiazepines. This is crucial for the assessment of the importance of toxicological results in suspected drugged drivers, rape victims, etc., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Codeine-spiked beer in a date rape case?
- Author
-
Havig SM, Wiik E, Karinen R, Brochmann GW, and Vevelstad M
- Subjects
- Acetaminophen analysis, Analgesics, Non-Narcotic analysis, Codeine adverse effects, Color, Crime, Forensic Toxicology, Humans, Narcotics adverse effects, Rape, Solubility, Taste, Beer analysis, Codeine analysis, Narcotics analysis, Substance Abuse Detection
- Abstract
A case of suspected drug-facilitated sexual assault, involving codeine and acetaminophen, possibly mixed in beer, was recently addressed at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. To examine the case, a small study was performed, spiking beer with preparations containing codeine and acetaminophen and observing the concentrations, appearance, and taste of the solutions. The study revealed the majority of the preparations to be quickly soluble in beer, achieving high concentrations, but at the expense of strong taste and drastic visible changes in the beer.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Comparison of drugs used by nightclub patrons and criminal offenders in Oslo, Norway.
- Author
-
Gjerde H, Nordfjærn T, Bretteville-Jensen AL, Edland-Gryt M, Furuhaugen H, Karinen R, and Øiestad EL
- Subjects
- Adult, Amphetamines analysis, Cannabinoids analysis, Clonazepam analysis, Cohort Studies, Female, Forensic Medicine, Humans, Male, Norway epidemiology, Prevalence, Saliva chemistry, Substance-Related Disorders epidemiology, Young Adult, Criminals statistics & numerical data, Leisure Activities, Restaurants, Substance-Related Disorders diagnosis
- Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate psychoactive drug use among nightclub patrons by analysing samples of oral fluid and compare with findings in blood samples from criminal suspects. We hypothesized that the profile of illicit drug use among nightclub patrons is different from what we observe in those forensic cases. Research stations were established outside nine popular nightclubs with different profiles and patron-characteristics in downtown Oslo. Data and sample collection was conducted on Fridays and Saturdays in March and May 2014. Individuals and groups who entered defined recruitment zones from 23:00 to 03:30 were invited to participate in this voluntary and anonymous study. Oral fluid was collected using the Intercept Oral Fluid Sampling Device. Methanol was added to increase the recovery of cannabinoids from the device. Sample preparation was performed using liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate/heptane (4:1) after adding internal standards, ammonium carbonate buffer pH 9.3 and Triton X100. The first 80 samples were analysed for 122 substances, which included psychoactive medicinal drugs, classical illicit drugs and new psychoactive substances (NPS). Based on the findings and discussions with police and customs authorities, the remaining oral fluid samples were analysed for 46 substances. Among the 500 samples collected during the study period, we found illicit drugs in 25.4% and medicinal drugs in 4.2% of the samples. The most prevalent substances were: cocaine 14.6%, THC 12.4%, amphetamine/methamphetamine 2.8%, diazepam 1.2% and clonazepam 1.0%. Various NPS were found in 1.4% of the samples. The prevalence of drugs in blood samples from criminal suspects were for cocaine 3.4%, THC 34.7%, amphetamine/methamphetamine 37.0%, diazepam 12.0%, and clonazepam 29.3%. Multi-drug use was more common among criminal suspects (41.3%) than among club patrons (6.8%). The results showed that the drug use pattern among nightclub patrons was substantially different from the drug use pattern manifested by individuals apprehended by the police suspected for criminal conduct., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Determination of a selection of synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites in urine by UHPSFC-MS/MS and by UHPLC-MS/MS.
- Author
-
Berg T, Kaur L, Risnes A, Havig SM, and Karinen R
- Subjects
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid methods, Humans, Limit of Detection, Liquid-Liquid Extraction methods, Substance Abuse Detection methods, Cannabinoids metabolism, Cannabinoids urine, Chromatography, Supercritical Fluid methods, Tandem Mass Spectrometry methods
- Abstract
Two different analytical techniques, ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPSFC-MS/MS) and reversed phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS), were used for the determination of two synthetic cannabinoids and eleven metabolites in urine; AM-2201 N-4-OH-pentyl, AM-2233, JWH-018 N-5-OH-pentyl, JWH-018 N-pentanoic acid, JWH-073 N-4-OH-butyl, JWH-073 N-butanoic acid, JWH-122 N-5-OH-pentyl, MAM-2201, MAM-2201 N-4-OH-pentyl, RCS-4 N-5-OH-pentyl, UR-144 degradant N-pentanoic acid, UR-144 N-4-OH-pentyl, and UR-144 N-pentanoic acid. Sample preparation included a liquid-liquid extraction after deconjugation with ß-glucuronidase. The UHPSFC-MS/MS method used an Acquity UPC(2 TM) BEH column with a mobile phase consisting of CO2 and 0.3% ammonia in methanol, while the UHPLC-MS/MS method used an Acquity UPLC® BEH C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of 5 mM ammonium formate (pH 10.2) and methanol. MS/MS detection was performed with positive electrospray ionization and two multiple reaction monitoring transitions. Deuterated internal standards were used for six of the compounds. Limits of quantification (LOQs) were between 0.04 and 0.4 µg/L. Between-day relative standard deviations at concentrations ≥ LOQ were ≤20%, with biases within ±19%. Recoveries ranged from 40 to 90%. Corrected matrix effects were within 100 ± 10%, except for MAM-2201 with UHPSFC-MS/MS, and for UR-144 N-pentanoic acid and MAM-2201 N-4-OH-pentyl with UHPLC-MS/MS. Elution order obtained by UHPSFC-MS/MS was almost opposite to that obtained by UHPLC-MS/MS, making this instrument setup an interesting combination for screening and confirmation analyses in forensic cases. The UHPLC-MS/MS method has, since August 2014, been successfully used for confirmation of synthetic cannabinoids in urine samples revealing a positive immunoassay screening result. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., (Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Oral fluid drug analysis in the age of new psychoactive substances.
- Author
-
Øiestad EL, Øiestad ÅM, Gjelstad A, and Karinen R
- Subjects
- Alkaloids analysis, Cannabinoids analysis, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid, Designer Drugs analysis, Humans, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Immunoassay, Psychotropic Drugs analysis, Saliva chemistry
- Abstract
Oral fluid has become an important matrix for drugs of abuse analysis. These days the applicability is challenged by the fact that an increasing number of new psychoactive drugs are coming on the market. Synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones have been the main drug classes, but the diversity is increasing and other drugs like piperazines, phenethylamines, tryptamines, designer opioids and designer benzodiazepines are becoming more prevalent. Many of the substances are very potent, and low doses ingested will lead to low concentrations in biological media, including oral fluid. This review will highlight the phenomenon of new psychoactive substances and review methods for oral fluid drug testing analysis using on-site tests, immunoassays and chromatographic methods.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Methiopropamine in blood samples from drivers suspected of being under the influence of drugs.
- Author
-
Tuv SS, Bergh MS, Vindenes V, and Karinen R
- Subjects
- Accidents, Traffic statistics & numerical data, Adult, Amphetamine-Related Disorders blood, Chromatography, Liquid, Humans, Male, Methamphetamine blood, Middle Aged, Norway epidemiology, Prevalence, Young Adult, Amphetamine-Related Disorders epidemiology, Automobile Driving statistics & numerical data, Driving Under the Influence statistics & numerical data, Methamphetamine analogs & derivatives, Thiophenes blood
- Abstract
Objectives: Methiopropamine (MPA; 1-(thiophen-2-yl)-2-methylaminopropane) belongs to the new psychoactive substances (NPS) that have emerged on the drug market in recent years. MPA appeared in 2011 and is an analogue of methamphetamine, sold as, for example, "Slush Eric" and "Blow." It is reported to have effects similar to those of methamphetamine, but the toxicity in humans is not known. Three fatal cases involving MPA have been reported. One analytical confirmed intoxication case has been published, and this supports the symptoms described by the users. The prevalence of recreational use of MPA is unknown, and no studies have reported the prevalence in driving under the influence of drug (DUID) cases., Methods: We investigated the frequency of MPA in DUID cases received at our institute during a 12-week period and report the analytical method using an ultraperformance liquid chromatography.tandem mass spectrometry for quantification of MPA in whole blood. The analytical findings were compared to the results from a clinical test of impairment performed by a physician shortly after the driving episode. The samples were analyzed for 42 different psychoactive substances., Results: MPA was detected in 10 DUID cases (0.8% of the cases), only from male drivers. Other drugs were detected concomitantly in all the cases. Two of the cases were traffic accidents., Conclusions: Our study shows that MPA is found in DUID cases and reveals that NPS are used among drivers and also proven in blood from drivers involved in traffic accidents. More studies are requested regarding the pharmacological and toxicological effects of MPA and other NPS. This is the first article that describes a method for analyzing and quantifying MPA in whole blood samples.
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Characteristics of methadone-related fatalities in Norway.
- Author
-
Bernard JP, Khiabani HZ, Hilberg T, Karinen R, Slørdal L, Waal H, and Mørland J
- Subjects
- Adult, Central Nervous System Depressants blood, Comorbidity, Ethanol blood, Female, Forensic Toxicology, Humans, Male, Methadone blood, Middle Aged, Narcotics blood, Norway epidemiology, Opiate Substitution Treatment, Psychotropic Drugs adverse effects, Psychotropic Drugs blood, Substance-Related Disorders blood, Substance-Related Disorders mortality, Methadone poisoning, Narcotics poisoning
- Abstract
There are currently over 7000 patients enrolled in opioid maintenance treatment (OMT) programs in Norway. A rise in methadone-related deaths proportional to increasing methadone sales over the period 2000-2006 has been observed, but the causative factors for these fatalities have been elusive. In the present study, individual characteristics, methadone concentrations and additional toxicological findings were analyzed. Methadone intoxication deaths (n = 264) were divided into 3 groups according to toxicological findings in whole blood: group 1 - methadone detected alone, or together with one additional drug at low or therapeutic levels, or a low concentration of ethanol (<1 g/L) (n = 21); group 2 - multiple additional drugs/substances detected below lethal levels (n = 175); group 3 - one or more additional drugs/substances detected at lethal levels, or ethanol >3 g/L (n = 55). Methadone blood concentrations in decedents who had been enrolled in OMT were higher than for decedents not in treatment, in all groups. Blood methadone concentrations around 1 mg/L were present in fatal multi-drug intoxications in OMT patients. Results suggest that some patients may be at risk of dying when combining therapeutic concentrations of methadone with other psychoactive substances. Somatic disease was a common finding among deceased OMT patients. Concentrations in methadone users not enrolled in OMT were predominantly between 0.3 and 0.4 mg/L and were not related to the presence of other drugs. However, methadone concentrations below 0.1 mg/L may be associated with intoxication following methadone use, both alone and in combination with other drugs. Younger male users (mean age 34 years) seemed to have a higher susceptibility to methadone intoxication., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd and Faculty of Forensic and Legal Medicine. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Determination of a selection of anti-epileptic drugs and two active metabolites in whole blood by reversed phase UPLC-MS/MS and some examples of application of the method in forensic toxicology cases.
- Author
-
Karinen R, Vindenes V, Hasvold I, Olsen KM, Christophersen AS, and Øiestad E
- Subjects
- Amines blood, Amines metabolism, Anticonvulsants metabolism, Carbamazepine analogs & derivatives, Carbamazepine blood, Carbamazepine metabolism, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid methods, Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids blood, Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids metabolism, Forensic Toxicology instrumentation, Gabapentin, Humans, Levetiracetam, Oxcarbazepine, Piracetam analogs & derivatives, Piracetam blood, Piracetam metabolism, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid blood, gamma-Aminobutyric Acid metabolism, Anticonvulsants blood, Forensic Toxicology methods, Tandem Mass Spectrometry methods
- Abstract
Quantitative determination of anti-epileptic drug concentrations is of great importance in forensic toxicology cases. Although the drugs are not usually abused, they are important post-mortem cases where the question of both lack of compliance and accidental or deliberate poisoning might be raised. In addition these drugs can be relevant for driving under the influence cases. A reversed phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of the anti-epileptic compounds carbamazepine, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, gabapentin, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, oxcarbazepine, 10-OH-carbazepine, phenobarbital, phenytoin, pregabalin, and topiramate in whole blood, using 0.1 mL sample volume with methaqualone as internal standard. Sample preparation was a simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile and methanol. The diluted supernatant was directly injected into the chromatographic system. Separation was performed on an Acquity UPLC® BEH Phenyl column with gradient elution and a mildly alkaline mobile phase. The mass spectrometric detection was performed in positive ion mode, except for phenobarbital, and multiple reaction monitoring was used for drug quantification. The limits of quantification for the different anti-epileptic drugs varied from 0.064 to 1.26 mg/L in blood, within-day and day-to-day relative standard deviations from 2.2 to 14.7% except for phenobarbital. Between-day variation for phenobarbital was 20.4% at the concentration level of 3.5 mg/L. The biases for all compounds were within ±17.5%. The recoveries ranged between 85 and 120%. The corrected matrix effects were 88-106% and 84-110% in ante-mortem and post-mortem whole blood samples, respectively., (Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. A fatal intoxication with phenazone (antipyrine).
- Author
-
Karinen R, Høiseth G, Svendsen KO, Rogde S, and Vindenes V
- Subjects
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal blood, Antipyrine blood, Caffeine blood, Central Nervous System Stimulants blood, Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid methods, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal poisoning, Antipyrine poisoning
- Abstract
Phenazone is a non-opioid analgesic used to treat acute mild to moderate pain, and is considered to be a safe drug. It is most often sold as a nonprescription/over-the-counter drug. Very few fatalities due to phenazone overdoses are reported in the literature. We present a case where a man in his early sixties was found dead in his home in the bottom of a staircase, the scene suggesting that death might have been caused by blunt force injury. However, in spite of the apparently dramatic scene, the gross findings at autopsy did not reveal lethal injuries. Whole blood from the femoral vein was collected during autopsy and screened for drugs of abuse and medicinal drugs. The only toxicological findings were a very high concentration of phenazone (280mg/L) and a high therapeutic concentration of caffeine (34mg/L). An UPLC-MS/MS method was used for quantification of the drugs., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Concentrations of APINACA, 5F-APINACA, UR-144 and its degradant product in blood samples from six impaired drivers compared to previous reported concentrations of other synthetic cannabinoids.
- Author
-
Karinen R, Tuv SS, Øiestad EL, and Vindenes V
- Subjects
- Humans, Naphthalenes blood, Norway, Automobile Driving legislation & jurisprudence, Cannabinoids blood, Indoles blood, Substance Abuse Detection
- Abstract
A large number of new psychoactive substances are available at the illicit drug market and the synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) are among the substances that have led to serious side effects and death. Knowledge about common concentrations of these drugs are however sparse. Concentrations of APINACA and 5F-APINACA in biological matrixes have previously not been reported, and concentrations of UR-144 and its degradant product in blood samples from driving under the influence of drug (DUID) cases have not been published. The aims of this study were to report concentrations of APINACA, 5F-APINACA, UR-144 and UR-144 degradant from DUID cases analyzed at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health (NIPH), and also previously unpublished concentrations of AM-2201 in cases from our Institute. We have further summarized all the former published studies where concentrations of SCs have been reported, to compare with the results from these newer SCs. In whole blood from one driver we have found 5F-APINACA and from three drivers both APINACA and 5F-APINACA in concentrations from 0.24 to 24.5 and 0.9 to 6.5 μg/L, respectively, and UR-144 in two cases in concentrations of 0.22 and 0.47 μg/L. UR-144 degradant in a concentration of 0.15 μg/L was found in one of the cases. A summary of the literature reveals major deficiencies regarding concentrations of most of the SCs. The SCs most frequently detected in DUID cases were (n≥8) AM-2201, JWH-122, JWH-018 and JWH-210. In intoxication cases AM-2201 (n=517) was the most often detected SC, followed by JWH-122, JWH-210, UR-144, JWH-018, and MAM-2201 (n>100). Four studies regarding concentrations in autopsy cases have been published, and concentrations of four different SCs have been reported (JWH-018, JWH-073, JWH-210, AM-2201 and the metabolites of AM-2201; 4-OH-pentyl, JWH-018 5-OH-pentyl and JWH-018 pentanoic acid). Pharmacokinetic data are only available for JWH-018 (n=3), JWH-073 (n=1) and the metabolites of AM-2201; 4-OH-pentyl, 6-OH-indole, JWH-018 5-OH-pentyl and JWH-018 pentanoic acid (n=1)., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. An accidental poisoning with mitragynine.
- Author
-
Karinen R, Fosen JT, Rogde S, and Vindenes V
- Subjects
- Accidents, Drug Overdose, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Plant Extracts, Plant Leaves, Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids analysis, Substance-Related Disorders complications, Secologanin Tryptamine Alkaloids poisoning
- Abstract
An increasing number of drugs of abuse are sold word wide over the internet. Names like "legal highs", "herbal highs" etc. give the impression that these are safe products, although the risk of fatal reactions might be substantial. Leaves from the plant Mitragyna speciosa, contain active compounds like mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine. It has been reported that the potency of 7-hydroxymitragynine at the μ-opioid receptor is 30 times higher than that of mitragynine and 17 times higher than that of morphine. Case reports regarding poisoning with Kratom are reported, but the toxic or lethal ranges for the concentrations of the active substances have not been established, and concentrations of 7-hydroxymitragynine have not been reported previously. We present a case report where a middle aged man was found dead at home. The deceased had a history of drug abuse and mental illness for several years. At autopsy, there were no significant pathological findings. Post-mortem analysis of peripheral blood revealed: zopiclone 0.043mg/L, citalopram 0.36mg/L and lamotrigine 5.4mg/L, i.e. concentrations regularly seen after therapeutic ingestion of these drugs. Additionally mitragynine 1.06mg/L and 7-hydroxymitragynine 0.15mg/L were detected in blood and both also in urine. The high concentrations of mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine indicate that the cause of death is intoxication by these substances; and the circumstances point toward the manner of death being accidental. We recommend that both mitragynine and 7-hydroxymitragynine are analyzed for in cases with suspected Kratom intoxication., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Long-term storage of authentic postmortem forensic blood samples at -20°C: measured concentrations of benzodiazepines, central stimulants, opioids and certain medicinal drugs before and after storage for 16-18 years.
- Author
-
Karinen R, Andresen W, Smith-Kielland A, and Mørland J
- Subjects
- Amphetamine blood, Amphetamine chemistry, Analgesics, Opioid chemistry, Benzodiazepines chemistry, Central Nervous System Stimulants chemistry, Codeine blood, Codeine chemistry, Diazepam blood, Diazepam chemistry, Flunitrazepam blood, Flunitrazepam chemistry, Forensic Toxicology methods, Freezing, Humans, Morphine blood, Morphine chemistry, Nordazepam blood, Nordazepam chemistry, Substance Abuse Detection methods, Time Factors, Analgesics, Opioid blood, Benzodiazepines blood, Blood Preservation methods, Central Nervous System Stimulants blood
- Abstract
The long-term stability of benzodiazepines, opioids, central stimulants and medicinal drugs in authentic postmortem blood samples was studied. All together, 73 samples were reanalyzed after storage at -20°C for 16-18 years. At reanalysis samples containing diazepam, nordiazepam and flunitrazepam demonstrated only small changes during long-term storage when mean and median drug concentrations were compared, while clonazepam concentrations tended to decrease. Samples containing amphetamine, morphine, codeine and 'acidic' medicinal drugs as paracetamol and meprobamate also showed small changes over 16-18 years in mean and median drug concentrations at a group level. For many drugs, however, single samples could demonstrate marked concentration changes, both increases and decreases during storage. For 'alkaline' medicinal drugs, concentration losses were observed in most cases., (© The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please email: journals.permissions@oup.com.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Lethal poisonings with AH-7921 in combination with other substances.
- Author
-
Karinen R, Tuv SS, Rogde S, Peres MD, Johansen U, Frost J, Vindenes V, and Øiestad ÅM
- Subjects
- Acetaminophen blood, Analgesics, Non-Narcotic blood, Benzamides blood, Female, Forensic Toxicology, Humans, Male, Narcotics blood, Psychotropic Drugs blood, Substance-Related Disorders blood, Young Adult, Benzamides poisoning, Psychotropic Drugs poisoning
- Abstract
AH-7921 is a synthetic μ-opioid agonist, approximately equipotent with morphine. We report the death of two young individuals after ingestion of AH-7921 in combination with other psychoactive drugs. In the first case a young man died shortly after ingesting Internet drugs. Toxicological analysis of post mortem peripheral blood revealed AH-7921 (0.43 mg/L), 2-FMA (0.0069 mg/L) and 3-MMC (0.0021 mg/L) as well as codeine (0.42 mg/L), codeine-6-glucuronide (0.77 mg/L) and acetaminophen (18.7 mg/L). The second case involved a young female found dead at home. The only positive finding at medicolegal autopsy was needle marks. Toxicological analysis revealed AH-7921 (0.33 mg/L), methoxetamine (MXE) (0.064 mg/L), etizolam (0.27 mg/L), phenazepam (1.33 mg/L), 7-aminonitrazepam (0.043 mg/L), diazepam (0.046 mg/L), nordiazepam (0.073 mg/L), and oxazepam (0.018 mg/L) in blood. In both cases intoxication with AH-7921 in combination with other psychoactive drugs was considered to be the cause of death., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.