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Para establecer la magnitud del problema de la violencia sexual digital en las redes sociales en Bolivia, el Instituto para el Desarrollo Humano – Bolivia (IpDH) realizó una encuesta flash virtual anónima a nivel nacional dirigida a las poblaciones de diversidades sexuales (trans, gays, lesbianas, bisexuales, etc.), trabajadoras sexuales y personas que viven con VIH o Sida. Durante la cuarentena por el Covid 19, gran parte de estas poblaciones recurrieron a las redes sociales (Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, etc.), sin tener una información u orientación adecuada sobre los riesgos a los que se exponen. Respondieron a la encuesta 213 personas, 108 pertenecen a la comunidad TGLBI, 59 a trabajadores sexuales y 46 personas que viven con el VIH o sida. El 78% tienen entre 18 a 39 años y el 62% viven en la ciudad de Cochabamba. 101 personas se identifican con el sexo masculino, 74 con el femenino y 5 no binarios. El 94% utiliza el WhatsApp, el 88% el Facebook y el 45% YouTube. El 26% de estas poblaciones fueron víctimas de amenazas o chantajes de publicar sus fotos o videos íntimos en redes sociales. Entre las personas que fueron amenazadas o chantajeadas, el 42% son trabajadoras sexuales, el 25% son la población TGLBI y el 9% a las personas que viven con VIH. La capacitación acerca de las normas de seguridad en las redes sociales es esencial con el objetivo de proteger su información personal y laboral.

The application of artificial neural networks on adsorption modeling has significantly increased during the last decades. These artificial intelligence models have been utilized to correlate and predict kinetics, isotherms, and breakthrough curves of a wide spectrum of adsorbents and adsorbates in the context of water purification. Artificial neural networks allow to overcome some drawbacks of traditional adsorption models especially in terms of providing better predictions at different operating conditions. However, these surrogate models have been applied mainly in adsorption systems with only one pollutant thus indicating the importance of extending their application for the prediction and simulation of adsorption systems with several adsorbates (i.e., multicomponent adsorption). This review analyzes and describes the data modeling of adsorption of organic and inorganic pollutants from water with artificial neural networks. The main developments and contributions on this topic have been discussed considering the results of a detailed search and interpretation of more than 250 papers published on Web of Science ® database. Therefore, a general overview of the training methods, input and output data, and numerical performance of artificial neural networks and related models utilized for adsorption data simulation is provided in this document. Some remarks for the reliable application and implementation of artificial neural networks on the adsorption modeling are also discussed. Overall, the studies on adsorption modeling with artificial neural networks have focused mainly on the analysis of batch processes (87%) in comparison to dynamic systems (13%) like packed bed columns. Multicomponent adsorption has not been extensively analyzed with artificial neural network models where this literature review indicated that 87% of references published on this topic covered adsorption systems with only one adsorbate. Results reported in several studies indicated that this artificial intelligence tool has a significant potential to develop reliable models for multicomponent adsorption systems where antagonistic, synergistic, and noninteraction adsorption behaviors can occur simultaneously. The development of reliable artificial neural networks for the modeling of multicomponent adsorption in batch and dynamic systems is fundamental to improve the process engineering in water treatment and purification.

To describe and analyze the current nursing regulations across countries in the Region of the Americas.A country comparative analysis was carried out by gathering information from the ministries of health, nursing schools, councils, associations, and boards in 2018. The main categories evaluated were type of regulatory bodies, requirements for initial professional registration, and registration renewal.All countries regulate the nursing profession through a regulatory body. Competency exams for initial registration are required in the United States, Canada, and most Caribbean countries. Registration renewal is required in 54.3% of the countries. Continuing education is required for professional registration renewal in the United States, Canada, and 53% of Caribbean countries. Labor hours are required in the United States and Canada.Regulations promote and protect professional integrity. The Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization recommends that countries make efforts to evaluate competency and training, consider the use of competency exams for initial registration, and add continuing education as requirements for registration renewal.Describir y analizar la normativa reguladora vigente en materia de enfermería en los países de la Región de las Américas.Se efectuó un análisis comparativo de los países reuniendo información de los ministerios de salud, escuelas de enfermería, consejos, asociaciones y comités profesionales en 2018. Las principales categorías evaluadas fueron los tipos de organismos reguladores, los requisitos para el registro profesional inicial y la renovación del registro.Todos los países regulan la profesión de enfermería por medio de un organismo regulatorio. Los Estados Unidos, Canadá y la mayoría de los países del Caribe exigen exámenes de competencia para el registro inicial. En el 54,3% de los países se exige la renovación periódica del registro. En los Estados Unidos, Canadá y el 53% de los países del Caribe se requiere cumplimentar educación continua para renovar el registro profesional. En los Estados Unidos y Canadá se requiere acreditar horas de trabajo.Los mecanismos regulatorios promueven y protegen la integridad profesional. La Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda que los países evalúen la competencia y la capacitación profesionales, consideren la posibilidad de utilizar exámenes de competencia para el registro inicial y requieran educación continua como requisito para renovar el registro profesional.

The assembly methods, or combination of models, arise with the purpose of improving the accuracy of predictions. An assembly contains a number of apprentices (base models) which, when of the same type are called homogeneous and if of different, heterogeneous. The characteristic is that these apprentices do not perform well. The assembly is generated using another algorithm that combines the apprentices, examples of which are the majority vote, the decision table and the neural networks [1]. This article proposes the use of an assembly of classifiers to determine the academic profile of the student, based on the student’s overall average and data related to educational factors.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo general Desarrollar la prospectiva de la gerencia de las empresas, desde gestión estratégica, la responsabilidad social del empresario en el marco del desarrollo productivo que brinde sostenibilidad, lo cual es la expectativa que todo comerciante debe tener en la dirección de sus negocios y ante la realidad de la economía que viven los países visionarios y futuristas. Se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptiva, basada en fuentes secundarias, sustentada en fuentes provenientes de revista científicas, textos, tesis y demás publicaciones de acreditada confiabilidad. Se concluye que la empresa a través de su evolución, ha superado las crisis económicas, políticas, jurídicas, sociales, ambientales y de sostenibilidad, que la han mantenido a través del tiempo, así como la gerencia estratégica es indispensable en las organizaciones ante la flexibilización de cambiar las estructuras de la misma para responder a los cambios significativos, con responsabilidad social con el medio y la sociedad donde ella convive.

In this paper we extend the notion of stability of each aggregation function as presented in a previous paper of the authors, where an aggregation function was denominated Family of Aggregation Operators (FAO) in order to stress that aggregation operators within an aggregation function should be consistent. We will show that the previous definition presents certain problems when dealing with a FAO that is not idempotent or continuous. Meanwhile the previous definition was based on the study of fixed points, without taking into account the environment of each point, as many applications demand, the new approach we propose now is more flexible, and at the end allows a more appropriate definition of the consistency of a FAO. It will be shown that under certain conditions our new proposal is equivalent to the previous definition of strict stability, but the new definition covers families of aggregation operators that are not strictly stable, but intuitively stable, and vice versa. In short, we will see that our new proposal fits much better the intuition of stability of a FAO. This reformulation of stability is based upon the concept of penalty function as a measure of proximity between a value and an array of values.

The adsorption of naproxen (NAP), diclofenac (DFC), and acetaminophen (APAP) molecules from aqueous solutions using MIL-100-Fe and MIL-101-Fe metal organic frameworks (MOFs) has been analyzed and modeled. Adsorption isotherms of these pharmaceuticals were experimentally quantified at 30 and 40°C and pH 7. Textural parameters and surface chemistry of these MOFs were analyzed, and results were utilized to explain the pharmaceutical adsorption mechanism. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed to understand the reactivity of pharmaceutical molecules, and a statistical physics model was employed to calculate the main physicochemical parameters related to the adsorption mechanism. Results showed that the adsorption of these pharmaceuticals on MOFs was multimolecular and exothermic. Both MOFs displayed the highest adsorption capacities, up to 2.19 and 1.71 mmol/g, for NAP and DFC molecules, respectively. MIL-101-Fe showed better pharmaceutical adsorption properties than MIL-100-Fe due to its highest content of Fe-O clusters and mesopore volume. Adsorption mechanism of these organic molecules could involve hydrogen bond, van der Waals forces, and electrostatic interactions with MOF surfaces. In particular, MIL-101-Fe MOF is a promising material to prepare composites with competitive adsorption capacities for facing the water pollution caused by pharmaceutical compounds.

Anaerobic dairy waste treatment requires effective control to avoid long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) inhibitory effects on anaerobic microorganisms, especially methanogens. The hybrid anaerobic baffled reactor (HABR) can provide system stability, but more needs to be done to understand how the microbial communities underpinning the HABR compartments behave and respond. Thus, this study aimed to examine the HABR's microbial community correlating its performance when subjected to an increase in organic loading rate (OLR) during simulated dairy wastewater treatment. Besides the elevation in OLR, the system could maintain a high COD removal efficiency, nearly to 91\%, and elevate the methane production to 53\%. Almost all of the organic matter removal occurred mainly in C1 and C2 compartments. The genera Methanosaeta, an acetoclastic methanogen, and Methanobacterium, a hydrogenotrophic methanogen, were the HABR's dominant species. The most representative phylum found was Bacteroidetes (12--28\%), Firmicutes (3--20\%), Chloroflexi (4--26\%), and Proteobacteria (4--14\\%). Species capable of syntrophic partnership with methanogens were also identified, belonging to the family of Syntrophomonadaceae and Syntrophaceae. Microorganisms able to perform the AD process as HA73, VadinCA02, T78, Longilinea, Clostridium, and Syntrophomonas were present in the HABR., Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPES Finance Code 001 and process no. 23038.009805/2012–39, info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Muchos avances se han producido en la última década en cuánto a los tratamientos coadyuvantes para la epilepsia refractaria (ER) en niños tales como la Dieta Cetogénica (DC), los fármacos antiepilépticos (FAE) y recientemente la regulación del uso de cannabis como ley de fondo en nuestro país, a iniciado los primeros pasos en materia de ensayos clínicos en relación a esta enfermedad crónica. Objetivos: 1) Conocer la planta y sus componentes como tratamiento coadyuvante para la ER 2) Indagar a cerca de la regulación de fondo del uso Medicinal de la planta de cannabis y sus derivados en Argentina 3) analizar la legislación de la marihuana en el derecho comparado latinoamericano. Material y Métodos: se realizo una revisión sistemática de los artículos encontrados en la literatura científica que nuclean palabras claves tales como: cannabinoides, epilepsia refractaria, niños, legislación y derecho comparado durante abril 2017 a abril 2018, en los principales portales médicos por un lado tales como Pubmed, Medline, Lilacs y Cochrane, como así también en los portales jurídicos sobre legislación y doctrina especializada de la Dirección de Servicios Legislativos de la Biblioteca del Congreso de la Nación Argentina. El idioma utilizado fue el ingles y español. Resultados: El avance jurídico de la ley 27.350 denominada “Uso medicinal del cannabis y sus derivados” y su decreto reglamentario 738/2017 en nuestro país, abre un nuevo escenario medico jurídico el cual permitirá fortalecer los ensayos clínicos randomizados con estudios doble-ciego, placebo controlados con el objetivo de demostrar la efectividad y seguridad de su uso en la población infantil. Los datos preliminares de la investigación sugieren que el cannabis es efectivo en un 59 % de los casos reportados en el tratamiento de los niños/as y adolescentes con ER. Sin embargo, los datos disponibles en los centros de Argentina son limitados y experimentales en una primera facie no permitiendo sacar conclusiones aún. Es meritorio destacar que varios de los países latinoamericanos fueron precursores del marco regulatorio en el uso de la marihuana medicinal y nuestro país ha receptado sus bases legislativas para dar respuestas a nuevos escenarios sociales que demanden respuestas médicas jurídicos. Many advances have occurred in the last decade in terms of adjuvant treatments for refractory epilepsy (ER) in children such as the Ketogenic Diet (DC), antiepileptic drugs (FAE) and recently the regulation of the use of cannabis as a law of background in our country, has begun the first steps in clinical trials in relation to this chronic disease. Objectives: 1) Know the plant and its components as an adjunctive treatment for the ER 2) Inquire about the basic regulation of the medicinal use of the cannabis plant and its derivatives in Argentina 3) analyze the legislation of marijuana in the law Latin American compared. Material and Methods: a systematic review of the articles found in the scientific literature that combine keywords such as: cannabinoids, refractory epilepsy, children, legislation and law compared during April 2017 to April 2018, in the main medical portals on the one hand such as Pubmed, Medline, Lilacs and Cochrane, as well as in the legal portals on legislation and specialized doctrine of the Legislative Services Department of the Library of Congress of the Argentine Nation. The language used was English and Spanish. Results: The legal advance of the law 27,350 called “Medicinal use of cannabis and its derivatives” and its regulatory decree 738/2017 in our country, opens a new legal medical scenario which will strengthen the randomized clinical trials with double-blind studies, placebo controlled in order to demonstrate the effectiveness and safety of its use in children. Preliminary research data suggest that cannabis is effective in 59% of the cases reported in the treatment of children and adolescents with RE. However, the data available in the centers of Argentina are limited and experimental in a first facie not allowing conclusions yet. It is worth mentioning that several of the Latin American countries were precursors of the regulatory framework in the use of medical marijuana and our country has received its legislative bases to respond to new social scenarios that demand legal medical responses.

Immersion calorimetry into liquids of different dimensions is a powerful tool to learn about the pore size and shape in nanoporous solids. In general, in the absence of specific interactions with the solid surface, the accessibility of the liquid probe molecule to the inner porosity and the associated enthalpy value decreases with an increase in its kinetic diameter (bulkier molecules have lower accessibility and packing density). Although this is true for the majority of solids (e.g., activated carbons and zeolites), this study anticipates that this is not straightforward in the specific case of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). The evaluation of different hydrocarbons and their derivatives reveals the presence of reverse selectivity for C6 isomers (2,2-dimethylbutane > 2-methylpentane > n-hexane) in UiO-66 and HKUST-1, whereas size exclusion effects take place in ZIF-8. The immersion calorimetric findings have been compared with vapor adsorption isotherms and computational studies. Monte Carlo simulations suggest that the reverse selectivity in UiO-66 is attributed to the strong confinement of the dibranched hydrocarbons in the small tetragonal cages, whereas the presence of strong interactions with the open metal sites accounts for the preferential adsorption in HKUST-1. These results open the gate toward the application of immersion calorimetry for the prescreening of MOFs to identify in an easy, fast and reliable way interesting characteristics and/or properties such as separation ability, reversed hierarchy, pore-window size, presence of unsaturated metal sites, molecular accessibility, and so on. Authors would like to acknowledge financial support from MINECO (MAT2016-80285-p), Generalitat Valenciana (PROMETEOII/2014/004) and H2020 (MSCA-RISE-2016/NanoMed Project). P.Z.M. is grateful for start-up funds from the University of Sheffield.

Introducción. La adherencia al tratamiento está relacionada con la calidad de la atención en salud dada al paciente, especialmente en instituciones con un alto volumen de trabajo, como las facultades de odontología, donde los tratamientos son prolongados y se requiere de una alta adherencia para que estos sean exitosos. Objetivo. Validar, mediante un análisis factorial exploratorio (AFE) y un análisis factorial confirmatorio (AFC), un instrumento para medir la adherencia al tratamiento ortodóntico en clínicas odontológicas de facultades de odontología en las que se atiende un alto número de pacientes. Materiales y métodos. Estudio cuantitativo en el que se validó un instrumento mediante un AFE y un AFC. Se aplicó un cuestionario de 27 preguntas (adaptado del instrumento original de 37 preguntas) a 601 pacientes atendidos en una facultad de odontología de una universidad colombiana en dos periodos diferentes: el segundo semestre de 2018 y el primer semestre de 2019. El AFE y el AFC se realizaron mediante los programas SPSS y LISREL, respectivamente. Resultados. El análisis factorial permitió establecer un instrumento con 6 factores y 25 preguntas adecuado para recolectar información sobre la adherencia al tratamiento al obtener los siguientes valores de ajuste: χ2S-B=420.09 con gl=260 y p

During the transit of students in the acquisition of competencies that allow them a good future development of their profession, they face the constant challenge of overcoming academic subjects. According to the learning theory, the probability of success of his studies is a multifactorial problem, with learning-teaching interaction being a transcendental element (Munoz-Repiso and Gomez-Pablos in Edutec. Revista Electronica de Tecnologia Educativa 52: a291–a291 (2015), [1]. This research describes a predicative model of academic performance using neural network techniques on a real data set.

Although Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems have been implemented and extensively studied in corporate contexts, there is a lack of research that focuses on educational contexts. This study begins to address this deficiency by validating the technology acceptance model (TAM) in an educational context to better understand the factors that influence students’ intention to use ERP systems. The research model was empirically tested using data collected from students enrolled in ERP courses in two public universities in different countries at two points in time. The results of this longitudinal, cross-cultural study indicate that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness predicts behavioral intention, with perceived usefulness the strongest predictor. Contributions of the study and recommendations for future research are proposed.

espanolLa migracion hacia Chile se ha incrementado notablemente en los ultimos anos lo que impacta en la cantidad de estudiantes extranjeros que atiende el sistema escolar. Estos, a diferencia de sus pares chilenos, asisten en mayor medida a escuelas municipales (publicas), sin embargo, se constata que la proporcion de estudiantes extranjeros que son atendidos por este tipo de escuela es muy diversa aun cuando se ubiquen en un mismo territorio. Ademas, solo algunas escuelas llegan a concentrar a este alumnado lo que habitualmente es explicado en funcion de la gratuidad y escasas barreras de ingreso que caracterizan a las escuelas municipales, asi como por el patron residencial de la poblacion migrante. La concentracion de estudiantes extranjeros resulta relevante para el chileno por representar una nueva forma de segregacion escolar en un sistema especialmente segmentado en terminos socioeconomicos y academicos. El articulo presenta los resultados de un estudio etnografico desarrollado con dos escuelas municipales vecinas y que exhiben distinta proporcion de alumnado extranjero. Los resultados sugieren que las familias jugarian un rol protagonico en la concentracion porque tienden a auto segregarse con el objeto de proteger a sus hijos de situaciones de discriminacion que se asocien a su condicion de migrante. EnglishMigration to Chile has incremented significantly during the last few years, which has an impact on the quantity of foreign students registered in the school system. These kind of students, unlike the Chilean ones, mainly attend public schools. However, it is established that the percentage of foreign students that go to this type of school also varies even when they are in the same area. Moreover, only some schools concentrate foreign students. This is usually explained by the fact that public schools are free of charge and there are few barriers to control the admission and, also, because of the migrant population residential pattern. The concentration of foreign students is relevant to Chilean school system because it represents a new form of segregation in a system already fragmented in a socioeconomic and academic level. This article presents the results of an ethnographic study developed in two nearby public schools. Both show a variation of foreign student percentages. The results show that families play a vital role because they tend to self-segregate themselves to protect their children from discriminatory situations related to their migrant condition

Este ensayo, producto de la investigación documental titulada “Dinámicas del comercio sexual en niños, niñas y adolescentes en el municipio de Girardot, Cundinamarca, Colombia”, plantea la cuestión del comercio sexual con niños, niñas y adolescentes como un problema social que afecta a Colombia y a distintos países en los que el turismo es un sector relevante de la economía. En este artículo se propone una teorización sobre esta problemática en torno de tres categorías conceptuales: familia, sociedad de la información y cultura de consumo, las cuales determinan las dinámicas que promueven el ingreso de niños, niñas y adolescentes al mundo de la prostitución infantil. Así mismo, se detallan las disposiciones jurídicas existentes en Colombia, desde la Constitución Política hasta el Código Penal, pasando por diversas leyes y convenios internacionales legalmente vinculantes destinados a la protección de los niños, niñas y adolescentes, para evidenciar que el comercio sexual se manifiesta a pesar de la existencia de garantías legales. Por último, se plantea una aproximación metodológica de tipo cualitativo -que no se ha puesto en práctica-, la cual puede ser útil de cara a futuras investigaciones que deseen realizar indagaciones empíricas y corroborar las hipótesis a partir de las categorías aquí propuestas.

Due to the sulfur dioxide (SO2) negative effects to the environment and human health, its removal is currently of great importance to policy markers and researchers. In this context, the present work had the aim to study the SO2 dynamic adsorption behavior on two activated carbons rich on calcium species. One material prepared directly from peach stone shell (PC) and the other prepared from raw material treated with CaCl2 (PCCa) with the purpose to increase the interaction of sulfur with calcium compounds on the surface and to augment its surface area. The obtained activated carbons were characterized using N2 adsorption at 77 K, IR, XRD and SEM/EDX analysis. PCCa carbon presented the higher adsorption capacity compared with PC material, indicating that the surface area and the increase of calcium groups (Ca(OH)2, CaCO3, CaO) are playing an important role during the adsorption of SO2. Additionally, the results demonstrated that as temperature increases the adsorption capacity decreases. On the other hand, the dynamic studies revealed that the residence time reached at 150 mL min-1 flow-rate was the most efficient for the mass transfer processes. Also, the results demonstrated that the presence of moisture decreases the adsorption capacity due to the presence of water molecules on the adsorbent surface. The dynamic adsorption results were modeled using: the Advection-dispersion model, FANN and the conventional models Thomas and Yan. The results shown that the FANN model was the best to correlate the adsorption breakthrough curves of SO2., This work was supported by Secretaria de Educación Pública de México resources “Apoyo a la incorporación de NPTC” UCOL-PTC-255.

Direct patient care is the genesis of nursing care, but in many countries of Latin America and the Caribbean the role of nurses mainly focuses on the management of care. Between 2017 and 2019, the Pan-American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) launched three key documents and promoted several initiatives to provide a strategic direction to member countries in the Region of the Americas to invest in the nursing workforce, in order to realize the ambitious aims of the Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978 and the 2030 Agenda to meet the Sustainable Development Goals. Integral to this strategy is the advancement of the nursing profession by expanding professional roles in primary health care. The documents are titled, “Expanding the roles of nurses in Primary Health Care,” “Strategic directions for nursing in the Region of the Americas,” and “Doctoral Education in Nursing in Latin America and the Caribbean.” The first publication introduced the role of the advanced practice nurse in primary health care as a response to growing needs and to fill the gaps in access to trained and well-distributed human resources. In this chapter, the authors summarize the initiatives with a focus on strengthening the roles of nurses. Recommendations are provided on how to implement the role of advanced practice nurses in the Region to satisfy population health needs and to reach the goals of the determinants of health and universal access to health and universal health coverage.

New activated carbons were prepared from coconut shell and tested to evaluate their adsorption properties to separate benzene and cyclohexane. A Taguchi experimental design was utilized to identify the best preparation conditions of the activated carbons based on their benzene adsorption capacities. Type and concentration of the chemical agent, ratio of precursor mass/chemical agent volume and physical activation time were the variables analyzed. Adsorbents were physiochemically characterized and the adsorption capacities of these adsorbents were evaluated in a dynamic system coupled to a GC-FID. Benzene and cyclohexane adsorption capacities of tested adsorbents ranged from 1.35 to 51.40 and 0.49 to 25.20 mmol/g, respectively. The statistical analysis indicated that the activating agent, impregnation ratio, and physical activation time were the most important variables to prepare an activated carbon with a high benzene adsorption during the binary mixture separation. In particular, the adsorbents obtained with ZnCl 2 showed the highest adsorption properties. The best activated carbon showed an acceptable separation of 92.64% of benzene and 7.36%: of cyclohexane and a reuse efficiency of 96% after four adsorption/desorption cycles. This study contributes with new findings on the preparation of low-cost and effective activated carbons for the separation of benzene and cyclohexane at industrial level.

Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 0997–1001, June, 2018. Active carbons were synthesized from a furfural copolymer using a polyester resin as an activator. The influence of the temperature of the thermal treatment of the carbon sorbents on the weights and ash contents of the obtained materials was established. The molecular structures of the carbons were studied by NMR spectroscopy.

Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, transversal y descriptivo con el objetivo de describir los factores que intervienen en la utilización de los servicios de salud de las personas con VIH en Cochabamba (Bolivia). Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas y revisión de historias clínicas de 60 pacientes con VIH, con un muestreo por conveniencia que buscó representación de pacientes que asistían regular e irregularmente o que abandonaron el servicio de salud, personas de la población LGBT y niños con VIH (entrevistas a padres o apoderados). Resultados: de 60 personas, no se encontró menores de 15 años que hayan abandonado el tratamiento. De acuerdo con las características geográficas, 50% de los entrevistados tardan menos de una hora en llegar al servicio de salud y 47 % tarda más de dos horas. La atención en los servicios de salud es percibida por la población LGBT como regular a mala. El factor intrínseco relacionado con la irregularidad y el abandono del seguimiento son las relaciones familiares desfavorables que dificulta un control adecuado del VIH. Se identificaron factores intrínsecos y extrínsecos que determinan el abandono del tratamiento. Se recomienda trabajar en el medio familiar para disminuir el estigma y la discriminación. El personal de salud debe brindar una atención con calidez y calidad, priorizar el acceso a los servicios de salud a mujeres con VIH y a la población LGBT, brindar horarios de atención accesibles e información sobre los efectos secundarios de los ARV, Mejorar la accesibilidad descentralizando la atención médica, laboratorial y entrega de ARVs.

The VOC’s adsorption in dynamic systems using three different sorbents (carbonaceous materials) prepared from biomass residue as precursor, was studied. The sorbents were prepared from pecan nut shell (Carya illinoinensis), peach stone shell (Prunus persica) and sawdust (Pinus cembroides), using a L9 orthogonal array of Taguchi method to identify the most important factors in the VOC’s sorbent preparation. To determine the most important characteristic from VOC’s sorbent (i.e. the textural parameters of carbons have more effect in the adsorption of VOC’s than the surface chemistry of the carbon), some specific activating agents were studied (H3PO4, CaCl2 and FeCl3). The obtained samples were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K, SEM/EDX analysis and X-ray diffraction. The obtained results indicated that the specific surface and the iron oxides formation (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4) plays the most important role in the adsorption of VOC’s (toluene and 1-butanol considered as model compounds). According with the Taguchi analysis, the precursor and the concentration of the impregnating agent were the most important factors in the synthesis and activation of carbons for the removal of toluene and 1-butanol, respectively. Specifically, the adsorption of toluene was favored by the Fe2O3 formation on the carbon surface of the sample denominated E5, which was obtained by activation of peach stone with FeCl3 (0.1 M) and carbonized at 1000 °C. Additionally, the adsorption capacity of the carbon with high specific surface (654 m2/g) was 102 and 237 mg/g for toluene and 1-butanol, respectively. An adsorption mechanism was proposed so it can be seen that iron species would interact with the VOC’s molecules.

La adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral (TARV) con un nivel superior al 95%, provoca la disminución de la carga viral (CV), hasta ser indetectable. Diversos estudios demostraron que la CV indetectable reduce el riesgo de transmisión del VIH y es el pilar de la estrategia para terminar con la epidemia del SIDA el 2030. Una CV que permanece detectable o que aumenta implica que la persona tiene baja adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral o presenta resistencia, lo que determina la presencia de infecciones oportunistas. El objetivo general del estudio fue determinar la eficacia del modelo de Educación terapéutica (ET) en la adherencia al TARV para alcanzar una CV indetectable en pacientes atendidos en el del Instituto para el Desarrollo Humano (IDH). Se trató de un estudio longitudinal, cuantitativo, descriptivo y analítico, mediante una cohorte prospectiva para el seguimiento a pacientes en TARV, con CV que recibieron o no la ET en el IDH desde 2013 al 2015. Se desarrolló con personas atendidas en la consulta ambulatoria, que recibieron sesiones de ET y otras que no las recibieron. Se entrevistaron a 44 personas. El 95,4% de las personas que participaron en el proceso de ET, llegaron a tener una carga viral indetectable (p

[EN] Effective antimicrobial polymeric nanocomposites were prepared with low density polyethylene (LDPE) and zinc oxide nanoparticles by melt compounding. These nanoparticles (~17 nm) obtained by the sol¿gel method, were used both as-synthesized and modified organically with oleic acid (Mod-ZnO). Young¿s modulus increased ~15 and 18% for LDPE/ZnO and LDPE/Mod-ZnO, respectively, compared to neat LDPE. When these composites were irradiated with white light, they showed an increase with nanoparticle incorporation, and the antimicrobial properties against E. coli were ~96¿99%. The release of the Zn cations was related to the antimicrobial properties. These nanocomposites are attractive for use as food packaging without external irradiation., Financial support provided by the Innovation Found for Competitiveness of the Chilean Economic Development Agency (CORFO) under Grant 13CEI2-21839 is gratefully acknowledged.

The nursing professional who treats critically ill children with cerebral injury is a key element within the pediatric intensive care team, since, through exhaustive assessment, plans nursing care in an integral manner aimed at the child and the family, and plays an essential role in the care of patients mainly at the hospital level (as well as at home). Therefore, the role played by nursing in the care of children with severe brain trauma is crucial. This guide offers nursing recommendations on neurocritical care, focusing on a systemic view based on nursing diagnoses according to the North American Nursing Diagnosis Association.

In this article, we, Diana, Álvaro and Irma, present findings from an action research project aiming to promote self-care behaviors around sexual and reproductive health (SBSRH) in adolescents at a public school in Colombia through the use of ICT-based learning environments. I, Diana, the teacher-researcher carried out an action research study first reflecting on teaching practices for teaching healthy sexual behaviors, then assessing them in light of theoretical recommendations, and finally by creating a blended-learning project called “Self-Care in Action”. Irma was the action-research advisor and Álvaro the ICT-research and development advisor. Two groups of 7th graders participated in the project. We collected and analyzed qualitative data to document changes in student behaviors and perceptions. Since the pedagogical intervention, a favorable change occurred in the students regarding their knowledge, attitude, and intention to practice SBSRH. The results shed light on the complexity of developing healthy sexual behaviors in adolescents and provide a guide for designing a meaningful class project to encourage this transformation. The findings here are relevant for teachers, health advocates and policy makers striving to create effective school-based sex education programs.