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1. Regional Climates

Author

Peter Bissolli, Catherine Ganter, Ademe Mekonnen, Ahira Sánchez-Lugo, Zhiwei Zhu, A. Abida, W. Agyakwah, Laura S. Aldeco, Eric J. Alfaro, Teddy Allen, Lincoln M. Alves, Jorge A. Amador, B. Andrade, P. Asgarzadeh, Grinia Avalos, Julian Baez, M. Yu. Bardin, E. Bekele, Renato Bertalanic, Oliver Bochníček, Brandon Bukunt, Blanca Calderón, Jayaka D. Campbell, Elise Chandler, Candice S Charlton, Vincent Y. S. Cheng, Leonardo A. Clarke, Kris Correa, Catalina R. Cortés Salazar, Felipe Costa, Lenka Crhová, Ana Paula Cunha, Mesut Demircan, K. R. Dhurmea, Diana A. Domínguez, Dashkhuu Dulamsuren, M. ElKharrim, Jhan-Carlo Espinoza, A. Fazl-Kezemi, Nava Fedaeff, Chris Fenimore, Steven Fuhrman, Karin Gleason, Charles 'Chip' P. Guard, Samson Hagos, Mizuki Hanafusa, Richard R. Heim, John Kennedy, Sverker Hellström, Hugo G. Hidalgo, I. A. Ijampy, Gyo Soon Im, G. Jumaux, K. Kabidi, Kenneth Kerr, Yelena Khalatyan, Valentina Khan, Mai Van Khiem, Tobias Koch, Gerbrand Koren, Natalia N. Korshunova, A. C. Kruger, Mónika Lakatos, Jostein Mamen, Hoang Phuc Lam, Mark A. Lander, Waldo Lavado-Casimiro, Tsz-Cheung Lee, Kinson H. Y. Leung, Xuefeng Liu, Rui Lu, José A. Marengo, Mohammadi Marjan, Ana E. Martínez, Charlotte McBride, Mirek Mietus, Noelia Misevicius, Aurel Moise, Jorge Molina-Carpio, Natali Mora, Awatif E. Mostafa, O. Ndiaye, Juan J. Nieto, Kristin Olafsdottir, Reynaldo Pascual Ramírez, David Phillips, Amos Porat, Esteban Rodriguez Guisado, Madhavan Rajeevan, Andrea M. Ramos, Cristina Recalde Coronel, Alejandra J. Reyes Kohler, M. Robjhon, Josyane Ronchail, Roberto Salinas, Hirotaka Sato, Hitoshi Sato, Amal Sayouri, Serhat Sensoy, Amsari Mudzakir Setiawan, F. Sima, Adam Smith, Matthieu Sorel, Sandra Spillane, Jacqueline M. Spence, O. P. Sreejith, A. K. Srivastava, Tannecia S. Stephenson, Kiyotoshi Takahashi, Michael A. Taylor, Wassila M. Thiaw, Skie Tobin, Lidia Trescilo, Adrian R. Trotman, Cedric J. Van Meerbeeck, A. Vazifeh, Shunya Wakamatsu, M. F. Zaheer, F. Zeng, and Peiqun Zhang

Subjects
Atmospheric Science
Published
2022

2. Regional Climates

Author

Peter Bissolli, Catherine Ganter, Tim Li, Ademe Mekonnen, Ahira Sánchez-Lugo, Eric J. Alfaro, Lincoln M. Alves, Jorge A. Amador, B. Andrade, Francisco Argeñalso, P. Asgarzadeh, Julian Baez, Reuben Barakiza, M. Yu. Bardin, Mikhail Bardin, Oliver Bochníček, Brandon Bukunt, Blanca Calderón, Jayaka D. Campbell, Elise Chandler, Ladislaus Chang’a, Vincent Y. S. Cheng, Leonardo A. Clarke, Kris Correa, Catalina Cortés, Felipe Costa, A.P.M.A. Cunha, Mesut Demircan, K. R. Dhurmea, A. Diawara, Sarah Diouf, Dashkhuu Dulamsuren, M. ElKharrim, Jhan-Carlo Espinoza, A. Fazl-Kazem, Chris Fenimore, Steven Fuhrman, Karin Gleason, Charles 'Chip' P. Guard, Samson Hagos, Mizuki Hanafusa, H. R. Hasannezhad, Richard R. Heim, Hugo G. Hidalgo, J. A. Ijampy, Gyo Soon Im, Annie C. Joseph, G. Jumaux, K. R. Kabidi, P-H. Kamsu-Tamo, John Kennedy, Valentina Khan, Mai Van Khiem, Philemon King’uza, Natalia N. Korshunova, A. C. Kruger, Hoang Phuc Lam, Mark A. Lander, Waldo Lavado-Casimiro, Tsz-Cheung Lee, Kinson H. Y. Leung, Gregor Macara, Jostein Mamen, José A. Marengo, Charlotte McBride, Noelia Misevicius, Aurel Moise, Jorge Molina-Carpio, Natali Mora, Awatif E. Mostafa, Habiba Mtongori, Charles Mutai, O. Ndiaye, Juan José Nieto, Latifa Nyembo, Patricia Nying’uro, Xiao Pan, Reynaldo Pascual Ramírez, David Phillips, Brad Pugh, Madhavan Rajeevan, M. L. Rakotonirina, Andrea M. Ramos, M. Robjhon, Camino Rodriguez, Guisado Rodriguez, Josyane Ronchail, Benjamin Rösner, Roberto Salinas, Hirotaka Sato, Hitoshi Sato, Amal Sayouri, Joseph Sebaziga, Serhat Sensoy, Sandra Spillane, Katja Trachte, Gerard van der Schrier, F. Sima, Adam Smith, Jacqueline M. Spence, O. P. Sreejith, A. K. Srivastava, José L. Stella, Kimberly A. Stephenson, Tannecia S. Stephenson, S. Supari, Sahar Tajbakhsh-Mosalman, Gerard Tamar, Michael A. Taylor, Asaminew Teshome, Wassila M. Thiaw, Skie Tobin, Adrian R. Trotman, Cedric J. Van Meerbeeck, A. Vazifeh, Shunya Wakamatsu, Wei Wang, Fei Xin, F. Zeng, Peiqun Zhang, and Zhiwei Zhu

Subjects
Atmospheric Science
Published
2021

3. Regional Climates

Author

Tim Li, Abdallah Abida, Laura S. Aldeco, Eric J. Alfaro, Lincoln M. Alves, Jorge A. Amador, B. Andrade, Julian Baez, M. Yu. Bardin, Endalkachew Bekele, Eric Broedel, Brandon Bukunt, Blanca Calderón, Jayaka D. Campbell, Diego A. Campos Diaz, Gilma Carvajal, Elise Chandler, Vincent. Y. S. Cheng, Chulwoon Choi, Leonardo A. Clarke, Kris Correa, Felipe Costa, A. P. Cunha, Mesut Demircan, R. Dhurmea, Eliecer A. Díaz, M. ElKharrim, Bantwale D. Enyew, Jhan C. Espinoza, Amin Fazl-Kazem, Nava Fedaeff, Z. Feng, Chris Fenimore, S. D. Francis, Karin Gleason, Charles 'Chip' P. Guard, Indra Gustari, S. Hagos, Richard R. Heim, Rafael Hernández, Hugo G. Hidalgo, J. A. Ijampy, Annie C. Joseph, Guillaume Jumaux, Khadija Kabidi, Johannes W. Kaiser, Pierre-Honore Kamsu-Tamo, John Kennedy, Valentina Khan, Mai Van Khiem, Khatuna Kokosadze, Natalia N. Korshunova, Andries C. Kruger, Nato Kutaladze, L. Labbé, Mónika Lakatos, Hoang Phuc Lam, Mark A. Lander, Waldo Lavado-Casimiro, T. C. Lee, Kinson H. Y. Leung, Andrew D. Magee, Jostein Mamen, José A. Marengo, Dora Marín, Charlotte McBride, Lia Megrelidze, Noelia Misevicius, Y. Mochizuki, Aurel Moise, Jorge Molina-Carpio, Natali Mora, Awatif E. Mostafa, uan José Nieto, Lamjav Oyunjargal, Reynaldo Pascual Ramírez, Maria Asuncion Pastor Saavedra, Uwe Pfeifroth, David Phillips, Madhavan Rajeevan, Andrea M. Ramos, Jayashree V. Revadekar, Miliaritiana Robjhon, Ernesto Rodriguez Camino, Esteban Rodriguez Guisado, Josyane Ronchail, Benjamin Rösner, Roberto Salinas, Amal Sayouri, Carl J. Schreck, Serhat Sensoy, A. Shimpo, Fatou Sima, Adam Smith, Jacqueline Spence, Sandra Spillane, Arne Spitzer, A. K. Srivastava, José L. Stella, Kimberly A. Stephenson, Tannecia S. Stephenson, Michael A. Taylor, Wassila Thiaw, Skie Tobin, Dennis Todey, Katja Trachte, Adrian R. Trotman, Gerard van der Schrier, Cedric J. Van Meerbeeck, Ahad Vazifeh, José Vicencio Veloso, Wei Wang, Fei Xin, Peiqun Zhang, Zhiwei Zhu, and Jonas Zucule

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Geography, Physical geography
Published
2020

4. Improved Historical Temperature and Precipitation Time Series for U.S. Climate Divisions

Author

Imke Durre, Claude N. Williams, Russell S. Vose, Karin Gleason, Derek S. Arndt, Matthew J. Menne, Mike Squires, Chris Fenimore, and Scott Applequist

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Series (stratigraphy), Historical climatology, Meteorology, Climatology, Suite, Environmental science, Climate change, Spatial consistency, Precipitation, Interpolation
Abstract

This paper describes an improved edition of the climate division dataset for the conterminous United States (i.e., version 2). The first improvement is to the input data, which now include additional station networks, quality assurance reviews, and temperature bias adjustments. The second improvement is to the suite of climatic elements, which now includes both maximum and minimum temperatures. The third improvement is to the computational approach, which now employs climatologically aided interpolation to address topographic and network variability. Version 2 exhibits substantial differences from version 1 over the period 1895–2012. For example, divisional averages in version 2 tend to be cooler and wetter, particularly in mountainous areas of the western United States. Division-level trends in temperature and precipitation display greater spatial consistency in version 2. National-scale temperature trends in version 2 are comparable to those in the U.S. Historical Climatology Network whereas version 1 exhibits less warming as a result of historical changes in observing practices. Divisional errors in version 2 are likely less than 0.5°C for temperature and 20 mm for precipitation at the start of the record, falling rapidly thereafter. Overall, these results indicate that version 2 can supersede version 1 in both operational climate monitoring and applied climatic research.

Published
2014

5. State of the Climate in 2013

Author

Olga Clorinda Penalba, David A. Robinson, Steve Ready, Edward Hanna, Philip J. Klotzbach, Christopher W. Landsea, Hugo G. Hidalgo, Ursula Schauer, H. Loeng, Martin O. Jeffries, Jacqueline M. Spence, Christopher S. Meinen, Garret G. Campbell, Qiuhong Tang, Muyin Wang, Hongxing Liu, R. Yamada, Gloria L. Manney, Nicolas Fauchereau, Xavier Fettweis, Ricardo M. Trigo, S Barreira, Norman G. Loeb, Tuomas Laurila, Uwe Send, Eduardo Zambrano, Alexander Baklanov, Diego Loyola, Eleanor Frajka-Williams, Ahira Sánchez-Lugo, Kaarle Kupiainen, Gabriel J. Wolken, H. Kheyrollah Pour, John Kennedy, Simon McGree, Nicolai I. Shiklomanov, Alberto Setzer, Vernie Marcellin-Honore’, Adelina Albanil, Jack Kohler, Patricia K. Quinn, Edward J. Dlugokencky, N. G. Oberman, L. Chang’a, Laurence C. Smith, David Burgess, Peter Schlosser, Jochem Marotzke, Eric S. Blake, Shujie Wang, Arne Dahlback, Shotaro Tanaka, Vladimir E. Romanovsky, David A. Siegel, Agnes Kijazi, P. Sawaengphokhai, Lori Bruhwiler, Jeremy T. Mathis, Jason E. Box, R. B. Ingvaldsen, Stacey M. Frith, Stanley B. Goldenberg, Michele L. Newlin, Igor V. Polyakov, Kyun Kuk Kang, Robert Whitewood, Suzana J. Camargo, John A. Augustine, Natalya Kramarova, James W. Elkins, Michael S. Halpert, Zeng-Zhen Hu, M. C. Gregg, James S. Famiglietti, Johannes W. Kaiser, Mary-Louise Timmermans, William E. Johns, Melanie Coldewey-Egbers, Chris K. Folland, Shaun Quegan, Kazuyoshi Yoshimatsu, Marcel Nicolaus, Michael Kendon, Steven A. Ackerman, Gerard McCarthy, Peter Ambenje, Ivan E. Frolov, Laban Ogallo, Juan Bazo, Jonathan Gottschalck, Kaisa Lakkala, Alexandre M. Ramos, Arun Kumar, Serhat Sensoy, Russell S. Vose, Matthias Lankhorst, Isabelle Tobin, Allen Pope, Hyuanjun Kim, Nadine Gobron, R. Pascual, Samuel Remy, Chris Fenimore, Wassila M. Thiaw, Sharon L. Smith, Samar Khatiwala, Linda M. Keller, Jnes Uwe Grooß, Shashi K. Gupta, Fatemeh Rahimzadeh, Benjamin Rabe, Jacqueline A. Richter-Menge, Mauri Pelto, K. S. Law, Lisan Yu, Catia M. Domingues, Kathleen Dohan, Jake Crouch, Taro Takahashi, Robert Vautard, Germar Bernhard, Don P. Chambers, P. Luhunga, Song Shu, T. S. Jensen, Ryan L. Fogt, Silvia L. Garzoli, T. Kikuchi, Robert Dunn, José Luis Stella, H. Ng’ongolo, Joshua K. Willis, Andreas Herber, Gualberto Carrasco, Geoff S. Dutton, Yan Xue, Kyle Hilburn, Laura C. Brown, Gustavo J. Goni, Paul A. Newman, Ricardo A. Locarnini, E. Hyung Park, Mario Bidegain, Chris T. Fogarty, Jorge A. Amador, Hiroshi Ohno, David E. Parker, I. Hanssen-Bauer, Johannes Flemming, J. V. Revadekar, Michael C. Pitts, Alexandre Bernardes Pezza, Chunzai Wang, Bryan A. Franz, Jared Rennie, Scott J. Weaver, Thomas M. Smith, Stuart A. Cunningham, K. von Salzen, Shigeto Nishino, Stephen Baxter, Rene Lobato, David P. Kratz, I. A. James, Zo Rakotomavo, Peter Thorne, Kathleen L. McInnes, Phillipe Ciais, Von P. Walden, Martin Stengel, Geir O. Braathen, J. L. Vazquez, Angela Benedetti, Daniel Chung, Todd B. Kimberlain, Lincoln M. Alves, Christopher J. Cox, Mark Flanner, Jae Schemm, Peiqun Zhang, Eric J. Alfaro, Dmitry A. Streletskiy, John Cappelen, Yinghui Liu, Terry Haran, Natalia N. Korshunova, Jessica N. Cross, Idelmis T. Gonzalez, Uma S. Bhatt, Tannecia S. Stephenson, Nick Rayner, Shenfu Dong, Takmeng Wong, Xungang Yin, Ingrid L. Rivera, Seong-Joong Kim, David A. Smeed, Peter Bissolli, Mary Butler, Maurizio Santoro, Jerry Ziemke, Will Hobbs, Jeffrey R. Key, P. Jeremy Werdell, Bryan J. Johnson, Wiley Evans, Lamjav Oyunjargal, Liang Peng, Arlene P. Aaron-Morrison, John J. Marra, Avalon O. Porter, Juan Arévalo, Andries Kruger, Blanca Calderón, Phillip Reid, James A. Renwick, Stefan Hendricks, Christoph Reimer, Gregory C. Johnson, Gary T. Mitchum, Torsten Kanzow, John Wahr, K. Alama Coulibaly, G. V. Malkova, David H. Bromwich, Michael A. Taylor, Shu Oeng Ben Ho, Christian Euscátegui, Rick Lumpkin, Matthew A. Lazzara, Michael J. Behrenfeld, Kyle R. Clem, Ross Brown, Michael J. Foster, Juan José Nieto, Robert A. Massom, Blair Trewin, John I. Antonov, Mark A. Merrifield, Christoph Paulik, Guido R. van der Werf, Robert Parinussa, Mark A. Lander, Mark Weber, Diana Hovhannisyan, Rochard A.M. de Jeu, Jennifer A. Francis, L. M. Andreassen, Anthony Arendt, Rik Wanninkhof, Sebastian Hahn, Walter N. Meier, Gustavo Goni, Vyacheslav N. Razuvaev, Robert S. Pickart, John R. Christy, Xiangze Jin, José A. Marengo, Awatif Ebrahim, Eric R. Nash, Rolf Müller, Donald K. Perovich, Chris Derksen, H. K. Ha, Ben Hamlington, L. Jones, Junhong Wang, Guillaume Jumaux, Denis Volkov, I-I Lin, Christopher S. Oludhe, Asa K. Rennermalm, Caio A. S. Coelho, Stephen A. Montzka, Vladimir Sokolov, Rebecca A. Woodgate, Paul Berrisford, Ted Scambos, John Walsh, Michiyo Yamamoto-Kawai, Andrew K. Heidinger, Tim R. McVicar, Shih-Yu Wang, Amal Sayouri, S. J. Vavrus, Jing-Jia Luo, Philip R. Thompson, Katja Trachte, James Reagan, Olga N. Bulygina, Wolfgang Wagner, Mark Tschudi, Derek S. Arndt, Zachary Atheru, Sangeeta Sharma, Christopher L. Sabine, John M. Lyman, David Phillips, Carl Mears, Richard A. Krishfield, Ana María Durán-Quesada, Darren Rayner, Molly O. Baringer, Fatou Sima, Jhan Carlo Espinoza, Taikan Oki, James E. Overland, Sharon Stammerjohn, Hsun Ying Kao, Gerald D. Bell, Bjørn Helge Johnsen, Bin Wang, Thomas E. Evans, William J. Williams, Jan L. Lieser, John A. Knaff, B. M. Kim, Tapani Koskela, Antje Inness, Andre Obregon, Alexander Kholodov, Carla Vega, Andreas Becker, B. C. Maddux, Andrew Lorrey, Khadija Kabidi, Pamela Levira, Helga Nitsche, M. L. Geai, Igor Ashik, S. Zimmerman, Charles Chip Guard, J A Ronald van der, Lin Zhao, Petra R. Chappell, Timothy P. Boyer, Dmitry Drozdov, Bert Wouters, Jayaka D. Campbell, Francis S. Dekaa, W. M. Smethie, Viva Banzon, R. Steven Nerem, Rob Allan, Craig S. Long, R. Martinez, Sergei Marchenko, Wolfgang Steinbrecht, Karin Gleason, Robert S. Stone, Lei Wang, A. Brett Mullan, Skie Tobin, Jeannette Noetzli, Doug Worthy, Vigdis Vestreng, Michelle L. Santee, Kate M. Willett, Nathan Bindoff, Michael Steele, Karen H. Rosenlof, Anu Heikkilä, Claude R. Duguay, Josyane Ronchail, Anne C. Wilber, A. Johannes Dolman, A. K. Srivastava, Andreas Stohl, M. Rajeevan, R. S. W. van de Wal, Catherine Ganter, Markus G. Donat, Adrian R. Trotman, Lucie A. Vincent, Carl J. Schreck, Richard A. Feely, Y. Y. Liu, Michelle L’Heureux, Kari Luojus, Mauro Gugliemin, Charlotte McBride, Howard J. Diamond, David Barriopedro, Rosalind C. Blenman, Tove Marit Svendby, Jessica Blunden, Sebastian Gerland, Paul W. Stackhouse, Simon A. Good, Guojie Wang, Richard J. Pasch, Julia Schmale, Glenroy Brown, B. D. Hall, Sean M. Davis, Mahbobeh Khoshkam, John M. Toole, Claudia Schmid, Bernard Pinty, Wilson Gitau, Leif G. Anderson, Matthew Rodell, Kathy Lantz, Dale F. Hurst, Hanne H. Christiansen, Thomas L. Mote, Owen R. Cooper, Richard R. Heim, William Sweet, Eric Leuliette, G. S.E. Lagerloef, Gregor Macara, Marco Tedesco, Vitali Fioletov, T. W. Kim, Melisa Menendez, Natalie McLean, J. D. Wild, Steve Colwell, Michael C. Kruk, Martin Sharp, J.-J. Morcrette, Jens Mühle, and Wouter Dorigo

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Meteorology, Download, 010502 geochemistry & geophysics, 01 natural sciences, Geography, 13. Climate action, Synoptic scale meteorology, F860 Climatology, Data_FILES, 14. Life underwater, State (computer science), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

In 2013, the vast majority of the monitored climate variables reported here maintained trends established in recent decades. ENSO was in a neutral state during the entire year, remaining mostly on the cool side of neutral with modest impacts on regional weather patterns around the world. This follows several years dominated by the effects of either La Niña or El Niño events. According to several independent analyses, 2013 was again among the 10 warmest years on record at the global scale, both at the Earths surface and through the troposphere. Some regions in the Southern Hemisphere had record or near-record high temperatures for the year. Australia observed its hottest year on record, while Argentina and New Zealand reported their second and third hottest years, respectively. In Antarctica, Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station reported its highest annual temperature since records began in 1957. At the opposite pole, the Arctic observed its seventh warmest year since records began in the early 20th century. At 20-m depth, record high temperatures were measured at some permafrost stations on the North Slope of Alaska and in the Brooks Range. In the Northern Hemisphere extratropics, anomalous meridional atmospheric circulation occurred throughout much of the year, leading to marked regional extremes of both temperature and precipitation. Cold temperature anomalies during winter across Eurasia were followed by warm spring temperature anomalies, which were linked to a new record low Eurasian snow cover extent in May. Minimum sea ice extent in the Arctic was the sixth lowest since satellite observations began in 1979. Including 2013, all seven lowest extents on record have occurred in the past seven years. Antarctica, on the other hand, had above-average sea ice extent throughout 2013, with 116 days of new daily high extent records, including a new daily maximum sea ice area of 19.57 million km2 reached on 1 October. ENSO-neutral conditions in the eastern central Pacific Ocean and a negative Pacific decadal oscillation pattern in the North Pacific had the largest impacts on the global sea surface temperature in 2013. The North Pacific reached a historic high temperature in 2013 and on balance the globally-averaged sea surface temperature was among the 10 highest on record. Overall, the salt content in nearsurface ocean waters increased while in intermediate waters it decreased. Global mean sea level continued to rise during 2013, on pace with a trend of 3.2 mm yr-1 over the past two decades. A portion of this trend (0.5 mm yr-1) has been attributed to natural variability associated with the Pacific decadal oscillation as well as to ongoing contributions from the melting of glaciers and ice sheets and ocean warming. Global tropical cyclone frequency during 2013 was slightly above average with a total of 94 storms, although the North Atlantic Basin had its quietest hurricane season since 1994. In the Western North Pacific Basin, Super Typhoon Haiyan, the deadliest tropical cyclone of 2013, had 1-minute sustained winds estimated to be 170 kt (87.5 m s-1) on 7 November, the highest wind speed ever assigned to a tropical cyclone. High storm surge was also associated with Haiyan as it made landfall over the central Philippines, an area where sea level is currently at historic highs, increasing by 200 mm since 1970. In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide all continued to increase in 2013. As in previous years, each of these major greenhouse gases once again reached historic high concentrations. In the Arctic, carbon dioxide and methane increased at the same rate as the global increase. These increases are likely due to export from lower latitudes rather than a consequence of increases in Arctic sources, such as thawing permafrost. At Mauna Loa, Hawaii, for the first time since measurements began in 1958, the daily average mixing ratio of carbon dioxide exceeded 400 ppm on 9 May. The state of these variables, along with dozens of others, and the 2013 climate conditions of regions around the world are discussed in further detail in this 24th edition of the State of the Climate series. © 2014, American Meteorological Society. All rights reserved.

Published
2014

6. On the Relation between Maternal State of Mind and Sensitivity in the Prediction of Infant Attachment Security

Author

Susan Goldberg, Vaishali V. Raval, Leslie Atkinson, Natalie Myhal, Diane Benoit, Lori Poulton, Michael Zwiers, David R. Pederson, Karin Gleason, Greg Moran, and Eman Leung

Subjects
Adult, Male, Mother-toddler attachment relationship, Mediation (statistics), Developmental psychology, Infant Attachment Security, Developmental and Educational Psychology, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Sensitivity (control systems), Life-span and Life-course Studies, Demography, Infant Care, Infant, Cognition, Moderation, Social relation, Mother-Child Relations, Maternal sensitivity, Attitude, Infant Behavior, Developmental Psychology, Mental representation, Female, Psychology, Forecasting
Abstract

Attachment theorists assume that maternal mental representations influence responsivity, which influences infant attachment security. However, primary studies do not support this mediation model. The authors tested mediation using 2 mother-infant samples and found no evidence of mediation. Therefore, the authors explored sensitivity as a moderator, studying the (a) interaction of mental representation and sensitivity as it predicts infant attachment security and (b) level of sensitivity in mothers whose infants' attachment security is either concordant or discordant with their own. The interactional analyses were not significant. But the match-mismatch data showed that when mother-infant attachment strategies were discordant, maternal sensitivity was more consistent with infant than maternal attachment strategy. These findings are congruent with an interpretation of sensitivity as a moderator that can block transmission of attachment strategy.

Published
2009

7. Climate Assessment for 2001

Author

W. Higgins, M. J. Salinger, John R. Christy, Gerald D. Bell, Karin Gleason, Robert S. Stone, Bradfield Lyon, W. J. Wright, A. M. Waple, M. J. Menne, Suzana J. Camargo, Russell C. Schnell, Jay H. Lawrimore, Lisa V. Alexander, Wassila M. Thiaw, and Michael S. Halpert

Subjects
Atmospheric Science, Middle East, Geography, Anomaly (natural sciences), Climatology, Synoptic scale meteorology, Northern Hemisphere, Southern Hemisphere, Landfall
Abstract

Global temperatures in 2001 were 0.51°C (0.92°F) above the long-term (1880-2000) average, which places 2001 as the second warmest year in the 122-year instrumental record. Land temperatures were 0.75°C (1.35°F) above average and oceantemperatures were 0.40°C (0.72°F) above the 1880-2000 mean. This ranks them as the second and third warmest on record, respectively. The Northern Hemisphere temperature continued to average near record levels in 2001 at 0.60°C(1.08°F) above the long-term average. The Southern Hemisphere also reflects the globally warmer conditions, with a positive anomaly of 0.43°C (0.77°F). Annual anomalies in excess of 1.0°C (1.8°F) were widespread across North America and much of Europe and the Middle East, while significantly cooler than average conditions were confined to western Australia, the northeast and northwestPacific Ocean, and the far southeastern region of the Pacific, near coastal Chile. Although no hurricanes made landfall in the United States for the second consecut...

Published
2002

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