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Background: Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy has been recognised as a significant risk factor for adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the association between vaginal bleeding during the first trimester of pregnancy and clinical adverse effects using a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: Databases of Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed (including Medline), Cochrane Library and Science Direct were searched until June of 2023. Data analysis using statistical test fixed- and random- effects models in the meta-analysis, Cochran and meta-regression. The quality of the eligible studies was assessed by using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale checklist (NOS). Results: A total of 46 relevant studies, with a sample size of 1,554,141 were entered into the meta-analysis. Vaginal bleeding during the first trimester of pregnancy increases the risk of preterm birth (OR: 1.8, CI 95%: 1.6-2.0), low birth weight (LBW; OR: 2.0, CI 95%: 1.5-2.6), premature rupture of membranes (PROMs; OR: 2.3, CI 95%: 1.8-3.0), abortion (OR: 4.3, CI 95%: 2.0-9.0), stillbirth (OR: 2.5, CI 95%: 1.2-5.0), placental abruption (OR: 2.2, CI 95%: 1.4-3.3) and placenta previa (OR: 1.9, CI 95%: 1.5-2.4). Conclusions: Vaginal bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy is associated with preterm birth, LBW, PROMs, miscarriage, stillbirth, placental abruption and placenta previa. Therefore, physicians or mid- wives need to be aware of the possibility of these consequences and manage them when they occur. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The potential of zinc oxide (ZnO) and iron oxide (Fe2O 3) nanoparticles (NPs) to induce toxic effects, especially genotoxicity, has been demonstrated in previous studies and is in part related to the ability of NPs to produce ROS. The use of antioxidants is an effective method to reduce NP-induced genotoxicity. The aim of this study was to determine the protective role of vitamin C as a potent antioxidant in ZnO-and Fe2O3 NP-induced genotoxicity in the HGF-1 cell line. Methods: Different concentrations of ZnO and Fe2O3 NPs (50 μ g, 100 μ g, and 150 μ g/mL) were used to achieve the best concentration for further evaluation. HGF-1 cells were incubated with different concentrations of vitamin C 24 h before the NPs. The cells were then exposed to ZnO and Fe2O3 NPs at a concentration of 100 μ g/mL for 1 h. The possible genoprotective effects of vitamin C were determined using a comet assay. Results: The results of this study showed that all concentrations of vitamin C could reduce the DNA damage induced by ZnO and Fe2O3 NPs. Discussion: In conclusion, vitamin C could be considered a potent genoprotective agent against ZnO- and Fe2O3 NP-induced genotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Apgar score, assessing newborns' health at birth, indicates adverse conditions and the need for medical attention. This study investigates its predictive value for neonatal outcomes. Material & Methods: This retrospective cohort study involved 207 neonates in Ilam city hospitals (2015-2016). It compared two groups: 69 neonates with Apgar scores <7 (exposed) and 138 with scores =7 (unexposed) at birth. Neonates were followed through the neonatal period, and outcomes were compared. Statistical analysis used SPSS Statistics software. Results: At the fifth minute, the exposed group had higher rates of resuscitation need (51% vs. 26.7%, p=0.01), re-admission (51% vs. 31.1%), and mortality (60% vs. 12.2%, p=0.03) compared to the unexposed group. Relative risks for the exposed group were 3.8 (resuscitation), 6.1 (NICU admission), 2.94 (re-admission), and 2.5 (mortality) at the first minute, and 2.9, 2.7, 2.3, and 19.9, respectively, at the fifth minute. Conclusion: Apgar scores <7 increase the risk of adverse neonatal outcomes including NICU admission, resuscitation, and higher mortality rates. The Apgar score serves as a valuable predictor of adverse neonatal outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the high-risk groups exposed to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic was pregnant women at risk of pregnancy complications due to a weakened immune system and inability to use various drugs to treat COVID-19. Accordingly, this study was conducted to investigate the complications in pregnancy before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on all pregnant women in Shahroud, Iran. The time interval from February 18, 2019, to February 17, 2020, was considered before the COVID-19 pandemic and from February 18, 2020, to February 17, 2021, was considered the COVID-19 pandemic. Sampling was conducted by census and included 6851 pregnant women. The required information was extracted from hospitals' health deputy registration system and high-risk pregnancy registration program. Result: Based on the findings, hypertension disorder, gestational diabetes, placental abruption, pre-eclampsia, cesarean section, hospitalization in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), preterm birth, and hospitalization in other hospital wards increased by 1.88%, 1.93%, 0.12%, 0.45%, 5.45%, 1.00%, 1.20%, and 1.40%, respectively, in 2020 compared to 2019. A statistically significant difference was also observed between them (p < 0.05). Also, the regression results showed that the chances of high blood pressure, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM), placental abruption, and cesarean section were increased by 10.91, 1.53, 5.51, and 2.83 times, respectively. Conclusions: Pregnancy complications have increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, there is a need to take appropriate health and medical measures to reduce the risks associated with the COVID-19 epidemic for pregnant women and neonates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Retinopathy of prematurity is the abnormal development of retinal arteries in preterm neonates less than 32 weeks and weighing 1500 g, and less, which can lead to visual impairment during life and blindness. This study aims to investigate the relationship between some clinical characteristics of neonates and mothers with Retinopathy of prematurity in the world via a systematic review and meta-analysis. Materials and methods The present study is a systematic review and meta-analysis on the relationship between maternal and neonatal clinical variables with Retinopathy of prematurity in the world from the beginning of 2000 to the end of 2020. Accordingly, all English articles published on the topic were searched in scientific databases of Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, and Scopus. The articles were searched independently by two researchers. Statistical analysis of data was performed using fixed and random effects model statistical tests in the meta-analysis, Cochran, meta-regression, I² index, Funnel plot, and Begg’s by STATA software program, version 14. Result A total of 191 studies with a sample size of 140,921 persons were including in the meta-analysis. Accordingly, Preterm delivery ≤28 weeks (OR:6.3, 95% CI:4.9–8.1), Birth Weight ≤1000 g (OR:5.8, 95% CI:4.8–6.8), Birth Weight ≤1500 g (OR:4.8, 95% CI:3.8–6.1), PROM (OR:1.2, 95% CI:1.0–1.4), induced fertility (OR:1.9, 95% CI:1.1–3.0) and Chorioamnionitis (OR:1.5, 95% CI:1.0–2.2) There was a statistically significant association with retinopathy. Conclusion Based on the results of the present meta-analysis, the risk of retinopathy of prematurity in neonates born at 28 weeks and less, LBW (weight 1500 g and less), neonatal hypotension, chorioamnionitis, and induced fertility increases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Raising a child diagnosed with infantile cerebral palsy (CP) is a challenge for families and causes many changes in their lifestyle. This study aimed to compare the cognitive emotion regulation and psychological well-being in working mothers of children with CP and mothers of typically developing children. Methods: As a retrospective and causal-comparative design, this was a descriptive study. This study was conducted in Tehran, Iran, in 2019; the sample was purposefully selected from working mothers with CP children who have been referred to educational and rehabilitation centers (Tak and Pouya, District 2, Tehran) as well as mothers with healthy children enrolled in kindergartens (District 2, Tehran). The sample number was selected based on previous comparative studies of 100 working mothers with CP children (n = 50) and mothers with healthy children (n = 50) who answered Ryff Psychological Well-being Questionnaire and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ). In this research, in addition to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) normality test, mean, standard deviation (SD), and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used by SPSS software. Results: There was a significant difference between working mothers with healthy children and working mothers with unhealthy children (F = 115.15, P < 0.001). Conclusion: This study supports that working mothers of children with CP experienced a low level of cognitive emotion regulation and psychological well-being compared to mothers of typically developing children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: After accidents and disasters, people suffer from mental disorders due to physical, economic and social injuries. These include anxiety, stress, depression, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts. Due to the fact that some of these measures can endanger a person's life, it is important to pay attention to these psychological factors. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to investigate prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts after disasters in the world. Method: The present study was a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempt after disaster in the world. Accordingly, all articles published English-language from the beginning of 2000 to the end of 2020 were extracted from Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Psych Info, Science Direct and Google scholar and evaluated. Statistical analysis of data was performed using the fixed and random effects model in meta-analysis and Cochran test. Results: A total of 33 studies with a sample size of 61,180 people entered the meta-analysis process. Accordingly, the prevalence of suicidal ideation was estimated at 12.9% (CI95%: 10.3% -15.5%) in the whole population, 10.6% (CI95%: 6.1% - 15.0%) in males and 15.8% (CI95%: 10.0% - 21.6%) in females. Moreover, prevalence of suicide attempt after disasters was estimated at 8.8% (CI95%: 6.6% - 11.0%). Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempt is high and prevalence of Suicide idea in women was about three times higher than in men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is one of the main causes of mental retardation in neonates. The disease is associated with genetic, climatic and environmental factors. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to determine the incidence rate and correlation of geographic factors with CH in Isfahan province in order to explain the role of climatic factors in the incidence of disease in this province. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the incidence rate and geographical distribution of CH in neonates born in the Isfahan province from the beginning of 2002 to the end of 2015. To estimate the geographic distribution, the ArcGIS software (version 10.3) was used and to investigate the relationship between geographical factors and CH, the Poisson regression test and dispersion diagrams were used. Data analysis was done using the SPSS16 software. Results: According to the results of the screening of 1,006,404 neonates born in Isfahan, the mean incidence rate of CH in all infants was 2.3, and that in male and female infants was 2.39 and 2.2 per 1000 live births, respectively. There was a statistically significant correlation between the city of residence (p = 0.01), climatic conditions (p = 0.044), annual precipitation (p = 0.027), sunlight (p = 0.01) and CH. However, there was no significant relationship between the mean altitude above sea level (p = 0.6), land use (p = 0.4) and relative humidity (p = 0.24). Conclusions: Based on the findings of this study, the incidence rate of CH in Isfahan province was higher than the average of the country. Moreover, among the geographical factors, climatic conditions, annual precipitation and sunlight were associated with CH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Congenital malformations are one of the main causes of death and disability in children. These malformations arise during embryogenesis and fetal development during pregnancy due to exposure to some environmental factors and genetic mutations. Given the high prevalence of congenital malformations in Iran, the current study was conducted to investigate the relationship between some neonatal and maternal factors during pregnancy with the prevalence of congenital malformations in Iran. Methods: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis study. All studies conducted in Iran were extracted between 2000 and 2016 during a search in internal and external databases of Medlib, Medline, Pubmed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, Magiran, SID, Cochrane, Irandoc, and all articles published. Then, the required data were entered into the Spss16 software (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL); and the model of fixed and random effects was analyzed in meta-analysis, Cochran, meta-regression using statistical tests. Results: A total of 30 studies with a sample size of 928,311 patients were enrolled. Baby's gender (1-1.55: CI95%) OR: 1.25, preterm delivery (1.71-3.69: CI 95%) OR: 2.51, low birth weight (1.13-2.67: CI95%) OR: 1.74, age older than 35 for the pregnant mother (1.41-6.3: CI 95%) OR: 2.98, multiple births (1.14-3.46: CI 95%) OR: 1.99, mother suffering from chronic diseases (1.68-3.31: CI 95%) OR: 2.36 are significantly related with the risk of congenital malformations. Conclusion: Based on the results the baby's gender, premature birth, low birth weight, mother's age, consanguineous marriages, multiple births, family history of congenital malformations, and the risk of chronic diseases in the mother during pregnancy increase the birth of children with congenital malformations. As a result, control or modification of the above factors implementing a health and education intervention program can reduce the birth of children with congenital malformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease associated with inflammation of the central nervous system in humans. This disease is the most common neurological disease, especially in young people. Various factors, including biological, genetic, and environmental factors, are effective on the prevalence of MS disease. This study intends to determine the relationship between geographical factors, and the prevalence of MS disease was performed. Methods: This ecological study was carried out on 2000 patients with diagnosis of MS during the years 2001-2014 in Isfahan province. All patients' data including age, sex, marital status, year, and location of patients were extracted from the files. Arc geographic information systems version 10.3 software was used for geographical maps, and for statistical analysis of data, SPSS.16 software ANOVA tests, independent t-test, and Kruskal--Wallis were used. Results: Based on recorded cases of MS, the highest and lowest cumulative incidence of diseases was related to the city of Isfahan (75.92 in one hundred thousand) and Aran Bidgol (1.16 in one hundred thousand), respectively. A significant relationship was observed between the incidence and height above sea level (P = 0.001), the average annual rainfall (P = 0.001), and land use (P = 0.001). With increase in the height above sea level and the average annual precipitation, the incidence of disease decreased. Conclusions: MS disease incidence is high in Isfahan province. The distribution of the disease is not the same in the cities of this province, and some cities have a higher incidence. Furthermore, the incidence of the disease is influenced by geographical factors such as height above sea level, average annual rainfall, and land use. Therefore, it is recommended that relevant authorities by the implementation of screening programs in high-risk areas take action to identify and treat patients in the early stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Domestic violence is the most common form of violence against women and a major health problem worldwide. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between demographic factors and domestic violence during pregnancy through meta-analysis. Method: This meta-analysis study was conducted in Iran. All the articles published during 2001 up to Jun 2018 were extracted independently by 2 trained investigators from domestic and foreign databases including, Science Medlib, SID, Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Irandoc, Medline, Scopus, Magiran, and Google Scholar with keywords and their compounds. The results of studies pooled using the random effects model Cochran and I2 tests were used to check heterogeneity. Data were analyzed using Stata Ver. 11.2. Results: A total of 28 articles with the sample size of 15 020 people were included in the study. The findings of the metaanalysis showed that low level of maternal education (OR:1.68) (CI 95%:1.15, 2.46), low education level of the spouse (OR:1.73) (CI 95%:1.31, 2.29), unemployment of the husband (OR:1.61) (CI 95%: 1.05, 2.48), and smoking of the husband (OR:2.51) (CI 95%: 1.64, 3.84) were important factors in the increase in domestic violence during pregnancy. Having 3 children or fewer (OR: 0.30) (CI 95%: 0.16, 0.56) and enough and regular visits to physicians to receive adequate prenatal care (OR: 0.31) (CI 95%: 0.16, 0.57) were deterrent for violence during pregnancy. Conclusion: Based on our findings, level of education, unemployment, prenatal care, smoking, and number of children are associated with violence during pregnancy. Thus, paying attention to these factors and controlling them can reduce violence during pregnancy and its adverse consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Domestic violence during pregnancy is a public health crisis, because it affects both mother and fetus simultaneously, resulting in irreversible consequences for mothers and their newborns. This study was performed to determine the prevalence of sexual violence during pregnancy in the world and Iran as meta-analysis. Methods: This study is a meta-analysis on the prevalence of sexual violence during pregnancy in the world and Iran that was conducted on Persian and English published articles up to 2015. To this end, through searching the information by key words and their compounds at SID, Medlib, Irandoc, Google scholar, Pubmid, ISI, Iranmedex, Scopus and Magiran,, all related articles were extracted independently by two trained researchers. The results of studies analyzed using the STATA and Spss1 6 software. Results: In the initial searching of 1 67 articles, 33 articles related to Iran, 40 articles related to other parts of the world and totally 73 articles met inclusion criteria for study. The prevalence of sexual violence during pregnancy were estimated in the world 17% (CI95%:15% - 1 8%) and in Iran 28% (CI95%: 23% -32%).The prevalence of sexual violence during pregnancy in Iran is 1 1 percent more than the world. Conclusion: According to the present meta-analysis results, the prevalence of sexual violence during pregnancy in Iran is high. Given that sexual violence during pregnancy causes damage to the mother and infant, it is recommended that the relevant authorities with the implementation of intervention and educational programs reduce the prevalence of sexual violence during pregnancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Congenital anomaly is a disturbance in fetal growth and development during pregnancy and is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the first year of life. In addition, this anomaly causes a large waste of heath care resources. We aimed to determine the prevalence and proportion rates of different congenital anomalies in Iran via a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: The present study was performed to estimate the prevalence and proportion rates of different anomalies in Iran via a systematic review and meta-analysis. Therefore, all the studies performed in Iran between 2000 and 2016 were evaluated. For this purpose, Medlib, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Irandoc, Magiran, IranMedex, and SID databases were searched by two different expert individuals independently. For the qualification survey of the papers, the Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology checklist was applied. Then, the extracted data were entered into STATA (ver.11.1) and analysed using statistical tests of stability and random effects models in meta-regression, a tool used in meta-analysis. The 95% confidence intervals were calculated by I-square models. Meta regression was introduced to explore the heterogeneities among studies. Results: Overall, 36 papers with a total sample size of 909,961 neonates were analysed. The total prevalence rate for congenital anomalies was 18/1000 live births, 23.2/1000 and 18/1000 for boys and girls, respectively. Moreover, 55.8% of all congenital anomalies pertained to boys. The greatest prevalence and proportion rates of congenital anomalies belonged to musculoskeletal disorders followed by urogenital anomalies (9.3/1000 [34%] and 5.7/1000 [20%], respectively), and the lowest figures belonged to chromosomal and respiratory system anomalies (0.8/1000 [6%] and 0.3/1000 [2%], respectively). Conclusion: According to the findings of this meta-analysis, the prevalence of congenital anomalies is notably high in Iran and annually imposes huge visible and non-visible expenses on individuals, societies, and heath care systems. Therefore, preparation of tools and centres for the early diagnosis and prevention of birth defects and rehabilitation of those with congenital anomalies throughout Iran are essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]