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Nowadays Renewable energies in the world take special place for them, and many distributed generations (DGs) in the power system utilize these types of energy sources. Due to the DGs advantages, including using of Renewable Energy which not polluting environment and has endless nature, the use of these resources to produce electrical energy in the world are increasing. One problem with such generators is an unwanted Islanding phenomenon. This paper introduces a passive method for detection of island condition in eclectically-interfaced distributed resource units at the distribution voltage level. This method based on composed of current and voltage Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) and Rate of Change of Frequency (ROCOF). In order to detection, out put current of DG and load voltage and frequency of load voltage are measuring. In connected mode THD and ROCOF almost have zero amounts but when islanding is occurred THD and ROCOF have been changing. In this paper too have been shown that the proposed method don't encroach from IEEE1547 standard. And the proposed method detected island mode lesser from 2 second. This profess has been shown by simulation in MATLAB software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: On average, about 10-15% of Iranian couples are infertile. One of the modern technologies for treating infertile couples has been embryo donation during the recent decades. Application of this technology is similar to other new medical and biotic equipment have resulted in religious, social, legal and ethical concerns. This article aims to describe, in general and in particular, the moral challenges of embryo donation in Iran so as to come to a summative assessment. Materials and Methods: This study was performed using internet search, reviewing related books, and contacting Islamic legal scholars offices to ask their opinions about the ethics of embryo donation. Results: According to the results, four moral challenges can be raised in relation to embryo donation which imply concurrent changes in the nature of fertility and liberate it from intermediary sexual intercourses. Opponents believe it is an improper intervention which condescends human dignity and would make people who are born this way as second-rate human beings. There are concerns for commercialization of this treatment method as well. In particular, we may also raise other principles including autonomy which, most importantly, requires full conscious consent. The second principle is profitability, which is raised for embryos produced for research. The third principle concerns harm, and asks whether, and to what extent, the embryo recipients are entitles to be assured that the embryo they receive is a natural one. The problem of justice is bound with the third principle and deals with the priorities concerned with the disclosure of information. Along with ethical debates, one of the most contentious debates following embryo donation is principle of confidentiality (for donors and receivers). Another debate is dignity of redundant embryos in infertility treatment processes and the need to reduce embryos in these processes. Conclusion: considering the importance of genetic maintenance in embryo donation, ther have been effective steps in scientific progress with emphases on medical ethics. Shiite legal scholars have expressed their views about new infertility treatment technologies. As embryo donation has obtained legal recognition in Iran, we need to examine its ethical dimensions as well as medical and legal aspects involved in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Cyclophosphamide is a chemotherapy combination used to treat a range of cancers. Despite extensive medical care, it has many adverse effects on the reproductive system including azoospermia, Oligospermia, amenorrhea, ovarian fibrosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of tribulus terrestris extract on rats testis tissues treated with cyclophosphamide. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 56 adult male Wistar rats weighing 200-220 g and aged 10-12 weeks were used. Rats were randomly divided into seven equal groups of control group, sham 1 and sham 2 groups, and experimental groups 1, 2, 3, 4 , and 5. The control group received no treatment. Sham group 1 received distilled water and sham group 2 received a daily administration of distilled water plus alcohol. Experimental group 1 received 5 mg/kg cyclophosphamide intraperitoneally, and experimental groups 2 and 3 received respectively 20 and 40 mg/kg Tribulus terrestris extract orally. Experimental groups 4 and 5 received respectively 20 and 40 mg/kg Tribulus terrestris extract one hour after taking 5 mg/kg cyclophosphamide. After 8 weeks of treatment, the rats were sacrificed and their testes were removed and fixed, tissue sections were prepared and studied by an optical microscope. ANOVA was used to analyzed the data. Results: The results showed that the weight of testes, the spermatogonia cell counts, primary spermatocytes, spermatids, spermatozoa, Sertoli cells, Leydig, and number of tubules in the cyclophosphamide group decreased significantly, compared with control group (P⩽0.05). The group which received cyclophosphamide plus Tribulus terrestris extract, weight of the testis, primary spermatocytes, spermatozoa, Sertoli cells and interstitial cells significantly increased, comparing to the group which received only cyclophosphamide (P⩽0.05). Conclusion: Based on the results, the use of Tribulus terrestris extract combined with cyclophosphamide has reduced the toxic effects of these drugs on testicular tissues in rats. This effect is probably due to the antioxidant compounds in this plant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims: Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer worldwide, accounting for 10% of cancer deaths. Therefore, this study was performed with the aim of spatial analysis of risk factors for colorectal cancer in Iran., Method: This study was conducted ecologically using STEPS information (The WHO Stepwise Approach to NCD Risk Factor Surveillance) in Iran. To analyze the data, the researcher used cluster analysis and Geographically Weighted Regression methods with the help of ArcGIS version 10., Results: The results of OLS analysis showed that there was a significant relationship between tobacco consumption ( B  = 0.571, p -value = 0.044) and smoking ( B  = 0.772, p -value = 0.010) and the incidence of colon cancer (CC). There was also a significant relationship between abdominal obesity and the incidence of rectal cancer (RC) ( B  = 0.061, p -value = 0.027)., Conclusion: This study showed that (CC) high-risk areas are located in central and northern parts of Iran, and the significant risk factors related to CC and RC were found to be tobacco use, cigarette smoking, and abdominal obesity. These findings are helpful to inform policymakers to plan screening services to reduce CC and RC, especially in high-risk populations., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (© 2024 The Author(s). Health Science Reports published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Introduction: This study aimed to compare the effect of valerian and gabapentin on restless legs syndrome (RLS) and sleep quality in HD patients., Methods: In this cross over clinical trial study, 40 HD patients allocated into a valerian and gabapentin group. In the first phase of the study, Group A received valerian and Group B received gabapentin 1 h before bedtime for 1 month. In the second phase, the two groups' treatment regimen was swapped. After a 1-month washout period, the same process was repeated on the crossover groups., Results: After the first phase, the mean score of RLS was lower in the gabapentin group. But there was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of sleep quality score before and after the first and second interventions., Conclusion: Gabapentin is more effective than valerian in improving RLS, but both are equally effective in improving sleep quality., (© 2023 International Society for Apheresis and Japanese Society for Apheresis.)

Background: Varicocele is an abnormal dilation and enlargement of the scrotal venous pampiniform plexus that impairs normal blood drainage and finally leads to infertility if not treated., Objective: This study aimed to figure out the impact of mitochondria status through the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assessment and its correlation with semen parameters to illuminate the impact of sperm mitochondria healthiness on normal sperm functionality., Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted with 100 men including 50 cases in the normozoospermic group (normal) and 50 in an infertile group with the non-varicocelectomy operation (varicocele) referring to Infertility Research and Treatment Center, ACECR Khuzestan, Iran. Routine semen analysis was performed according to World Health Organization guidelines, DNA fragmentation index, the MMP assay, ATP content, and apoptosis were carried out for all samples., Results: The results showed that the concentration, progressive motility, normal morphology, MMP, and ATP contents of sperm in varicocele were significantly lower than the normal group. In addition, the sperm DNA fragmentation index was significantly higher in the varicocele group in comparison with the normal group., Conclusion: Reduction in MMP and ATP contents, besides the loss of sperm parameters quality and increase in sperm DNA fragmentation, were seriously implicating sperm mitochondria dysfunctionality in varicocele men., Competing Interests: There is no conflict of interest in this study., (Copyright © 2023 Elahi et al.)

The effect of carvacrol (CAR) on oxidative stress, inflammation, and liver dysfunction induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was explored. The rats (n=40) were daily injected (2 weeks) by saline as control, LPS (1 mg/kg, i.p.), and 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg CAR (i.p.) before LPS. LPS increased aspartate transaminase (AST: 162±13 U/L), alanine aminotransferase (ALT: 74.6±2.15 U/L), alkaline phosphatase (ALK-P: 811±51 U/L), interlukine-1β (IL-1β: 1254±51 pg/g tissue), malondialdehyde (MDA: 32±1.09 nM/g tissue), and nitric oxide (NO: 224±13.5 nM/g tissue) (P<0.01-P<0.001) while, decreased total protein(4.08±0.38 g/dl), albumin(2.79±0.16 g/dl), thiol (5.16±0.19 μM/g tissue), superoxide dismutase (SOD: 10.57±0.13 U/g tissue), and catalase (CAT: 0.78±0.02 U/g tissue) compared to control (P<0.001). CAR reversed the effects of LPS (P<0.05-P<0.001). In the rats treated by 100 mg/kg CAR, the indicators were as follows: AST: 118±10.1 U/L, ALT: 42.5±4.13 U/L, ALK-P: 597±39.91 U/L, IL-1β: 494±15 pg/g tissue, and NO: 141±5.35 nM/g tissue. Both 50 and 100 mg/kg CAR corrected oxidative stress indicators and in the group treated by 100 mg/kg CAR, they were: MDA: 23.4±0.91 nM/g tissue, thiol: 7.98±0.18 μM/g tissue, SOD: 21±0.8 U/g tissue, and CAT: 1.12±0.02 U/g tissue(P<0.05-P<0.001). In conclusion, CAR improved liver function, accompanied with antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects.

Dairy cows are susceptible to heat stress due to the levels of milk production and feed intake. Dietary supplemental amino acids, particularly rate-limiting amino acids, for example, methionine (Met), may alleviate the potential negative consequences. Zinc (Zn) is beneficial to the immune system and mammary gland development during heat stress. We investigated the impact of a source of a rumen-protected Zn-Met complex (Loprotin, Kaesler Nutrition GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) in high-producing Holstein cows during a long-term environmental heat stress period. A total of 62 multiparous lactating Holstein cows were allocated in a completely randomized design to two dietary treatments, namely, basal diet without (control) and basal diet with the supplemental Zn-Met complex (RPZM) at 0.131% of diet DM. Cows in the RPZM group had higher energy-corrected milk (46.71 vs. 52.85 ± 1.72 kg/d for control and RPZM groups, respectively) as well as milk fat and protein concentration (27.28 vs. 32.80 ± 1.82 and 30.13 vs. 31.03 ± 0.25 g/kg for control and RPZM groups, respectively). The Zn-Met complex supplemented cows had lower haptoglobin and IL-1B concentration than the control (267 vs. 240 ± 10.53 mcg/mL and 76.8 vs. 60.0 ± 3.4 ng/L for control and RPZM groups, respectively). RPZM supplementation resulted in better oxidative status, indicated by higher total antioxidant status and lower malondialdehyde concentrations (0.62 vs. 0.68 ± 0.02 mmol/L and 2.01 vs. 1.76 ± 0.15 nmol/L for control and RPZM groups, respectively). Overall, the results from this study showed that RPZM dietary inclusion could maintain milk production and milk composition of animals during periods of heat stress. Enhanced performance of animals upon Zn-Met complex supplementation could be partly due to improved oxidative and immune status., Competing Interests: Authors RJ and SDM were employed by Kaesler Nutrition GmbH. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 Danesh Mesgaran, Kargar, Janssen, Danesh Mesgaran, Ghesmati and Vatankhah.)

This study aimed to monitor the effect of including rumen-protected L-carnitine (Carneon 20 Rumin-Pro, Kaesler Nutrition GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) in the transition diet on the productive and metabolic responses of multiparous high-producing Holstein dairy cows. Thirty-two multiparous cows were allocated in a completely randomized design to receive the same diet plus 60 g fat prill containing 85% palmitic acid (control, n = 16) or 100 g rumen-protected L-carnitine (RLC, n = 16); at 28 days before expected calving until 28 days in milk (DIM). Fat prill was included in the control diet to balance the palmitic acid content of both experimental diets. Milk production over the 28 DIM for the control and RLC groups was 46.5 and 47.7 kg, respectively. Milk fat content tended to increase upon rumen-protected L-carnitine inclusion ( p = 0.1). Cows fed rumen-protected L-carnitine had higher fat- and energy-corrected milk compared with the control group. Pre- and post-partum administration of L-carnitine decreased both high- and low-density lipoprotein concentrations in peripheral blood of post-partum cows. The results of this study indicated that the concentration of triglycerides and beta-hydroxybutyrate was not significantly different between the groups, whereas the blood non-esterified fatty acid concentration was markedly decreased in cows supplemented with L-carnitine. Animals in the RLC group had a significant ( p < 0.05) lower blood haptoglobin concentration at 7 and 14 DIM than the control. Animals in the RLC group had a lower concentration of blood enzymes than those of the control group. The mRNA abundance of Toll-like receptors 4, cluster of differentiation 14, and myeloid differential protein 2 did not significantly change upon the supplementation of L-carnitine in the transition diet. In summary, the dietary inclusion of RLC improved dairy cow's performance during the early lactation period. Greater production, at least in part, is driven by improved energy utilization efficiency and enhanced metabolic status in animals during the periparturient period., Competing Interests: SDM is employed by Kaesler Nutrition GmbH. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Danesh Mesgaran, Kargar, Danesh Mesgaran and Javadmanesh.)

A novel Schiff base compound named as phenylmethanaminium ( E )-4-((benzylimino)methyl)benzoate C 7 H 10 N + . C 15 H 12 NO 2 - ) is synthesized by the chemical reaction of benzylamine and 4-carboxybenzaldehyde in ethanol, and the structure of the titled compound is verified using the single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. Structural investigation inferred that the crystal packing is mainly stabilized by N-H···O and comparatively weak C-H···O bonding between the cation and anion and further stabilized by weak C-H···π and C-O···π interactions. Hirshfeld surface analysis is employed to explore the noncovalent interactions that are responsible for crystal packing quantitatively. Furthermore, we have used state-of-the-art quantum chemical calculations to get comprehensive insights into the structure-optoelectronic property relationship for the entitled compound. The molecular geometry of compound A ) is synthesized by the chemical reaction of benzylamine and 4-carboxybenzaldehyde in ethanol, and the structure of the titled compound is verified using the single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique. Structural investigation inferred that the crystal packing is mainly stabilized by N-H···O and comparatively weak C-H···O bonding between the cation and anion and further stabilized by weak C-H···π and C-O···π interactions. Hirshfeld surface analysis is employed to explore the noncovalent interactions that are responsible for crystal packing quantitatively. Furthermore, we have used state-of-the-art quantum chemical calculations to get comprehensive insights into the structure-optoelectronic property relationship for the entitled compound. The molecular geometry of compound A is optimized at the M06/6-311G* level of theory. The linear polarizability, third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) polarizability, total and partial density of states, and UV-visible spectrum are calculated through quantum chemical calculations. We believe that compound A is not only a new addition to crystallographic data but also possesses good optical and NLO properties for its potential use in lasers and frequency-converting applications., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interest., (© 2021 The Authors. Published by American Chemical Society.)

Background Although macular amyloidosis is a relatively rare disease, it is a common cutaneous disease in Asia and the Middle East. On hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained slides, early lesions could easily be missed without the use of special stains and/or immunohistochemistry. Methods We enrolled 42 patients with the clinical impression of macular amyloidosis who had undergone two 4-mm punch biopsies from 2015 to 2016 at a dermatology clinic affiliated to Shiraz University. Besides, 14 cases with a clinical diagnosis other than macular amyloidosis were selected as the negative control group. Congo red, crystal violet, and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining of CK5 and high molecular weight keratin (HMWK) were performed for each specimen. Results H&E slides showed globular depositions in 15 (35.7%) out of 42 patients. None of the patients showed apple-green birefringence with Congo red stain. Evaluation of crystal violet stained sections revealed purplish violet amyloid deposits in 15 (35.7%) patients. IHC study showed expression of CK5 in 52.4% and HMWK in 50% of the patients, which was not a significant difference (p = 0.715). The findings of both IHC markers had a significant difference with H&E stains (p = 0.039) and crystal violet (p = 0.008). Additionally, we found that two punch biopsies from two sites in the involved area did not have a significant preference over one punch biopsy. All of the cases in the control group were negative for amyloid deposition in H&E, special stains, and IHC stained slides as expected. Conclusions IHC evaluation using CK5 and HMWK might be a useful tool for diagnosing macular amyloidosis., Competing Interests: The authors have declared financial relationships, which are detailed in the next section., (Copyright © 2020, Sari Aslani et al.)

In this work, the carbon paste electrode (CPE) was modified using the cis-dioxo-bis[3-methoxy-2,2-dimethylpropanediamine] molybdenum(VI) complex and 1-octanaminium,N,N,N-trioctyl bromide. Using the modified electrode, the best separation of anodic peaks for ascorbic acid and dopamine was obtained in solutions with pH 5.0 and the linear range for ascorbic acid is acquired in the range from 3.0 × 10-6 to 6.0 × 10-3 M and for dopamine from 2.0 × 10-6 to 1.0 × 10-2 M. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) were 4 × 10-7 M and 5 × 10-7 M for dopamine and ascorbic acid, respectively. Surface regeneration and the very easy preparation of the modified CPE together with the very good peak resolution and sub-micromolar detection limits designate the prepared carbon paste electrode appropriate for simultaneous voltammetric determination of dopamine and ascorbic acid.

Locus coeruleus (LC) nucleus is involved in noradrenergic descending pain modulation. LC receives dense orexinergic projections from the lateral hypothalamus. Orexin-A and -B are hypothalamic peptides which modulate a variety of brain functions via orexin type-1 (OX1) and orexin type-2 (OX2) receptors. Previous studies have shown that activation of OX1 receptors induces endocannabinoid synthesis and alters synaptic neurotransmission by retrograde signaling via affecting cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptors. In the present study the interaction of orexin-A and endocannabinoids was examined at the LC level in a rat model of inflammatory pain. Pain was induced by formalin (2%) injection into the hind paw. Intra-LC microinjection of orexin-A decreased the nociception score during both phases of formalin test. Furthermore, intra-LC microinjection of either SB-334867 (OX1 receptor antagonist) or AM251 (CB1 receptor antagonist) increased flinches and also the nociception score during phase 1, 2 and the inter-phase of formalin test. The analgesic effect of orexin-A was diminished by prior intra-LC microinjection of either SB-334867 or AM251. This data show that, activation of OX1 receptors in the LC can induce analgesia and also the blockade of OX1 or CB1 receptors is associated with hyperalgesia during formalin test. Our findings also suggest that CB1 receptors may modulate the analgesic effect of orexin-A. These results outline a new mechanism by which orexin-A modulates the nociceptive processing in the LC nucleus., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Shivering related to spinal anesthesia may interfere with monitoring and is uncomfortable. The aim of the present study was to investigate low-dose intrathecal meperidine for the prevention of shivering after induction of spinal anesthesia in parturients with cesarean section., Methods: This was a prospective randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial including 100 parturients, of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I or II, scheduled for elective cesarean section under spinal anesthesia who were randomly assigned to a meperidine (0.2 mg/kg) plus hyperbaric lidocaine (5%, 75 mg, n = 50; group M) group or a placebo plus hyperbaric lidocaine (5%, 75 mg, n = 50; group L) group. Demographic and surgical data, adverse events, and the mean intensity for each parturient were assessed during the entire study period by a blinded observer., Results: There were no significant differences between the two study groups regarding the demographic and surgical data (P > 0.05). The incidence of shivering during the entire study period significantly decreased in the group of parturients who received intrathecal meperidine (P = 0.04). There were no significant differences in nausea and vomiting between the two groups., Conclusions: Low-dose intrathecal meperidine (10 mg) is safe and effective in reducing the incidence and severity of shivering associated with spinal anesthesia in parturients with cesarean section.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Mo(C(19)H(16)Br(4)N(2)O(2))O(2)], comprises two mol-ecules. The coordination environments around the Mo(VI) atoms are distorted octa-hedral, defined by two oxide ligands and an N(2)O(2) donor set of the tetra-dentate Schiff base in each mol-ecule. The dihedral angles between the benzene rings in the mol-ecules are 76.2 (3) and 77.7 (3)°. An inter-esting feature of the crystal structure is the presence of Br⋯Br contacts [3.4407 (11), 3.5430 (11) and 3.6492 (10) Å], which are shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radius of Br atoms (3.70 Å). The crystal structure is further stabilized by inter-molcular C-H⋯Br and C-H⋯π inter-actions. The crystal under investigation was twinned by nonmerohedry in a 0.053 (1):0.947 (1) ratio.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Cu(C(21)H(24)N(2)O(4))]·H(2)O, comprises half of a Schiff base complex and a water mol-ecule. The Cu(II) atom, water mol-ecule and one C atom of the central propyl-ene segment are located on a twofold rotation axis. The geometry around the Cu(II) atom is distorted square-planar, supported by the N(2)O(2) donor atoms of the coordinating ligand. The dihedral angle between the symmetry-related benzene rings is 42.56 (19)°. In the crystal, O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the water mol-ecule make an R(2) (1)(6) ring motif. Complex mol-ecules are linked into a chain along the c axis via C-H⋯O inter-actions.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Mo(C(19)H(16)Cl(4)N(2)O(2))O(2)], comprises two independent mol-ecules (A and B). The geometry around the Mo(VI) atom is distorted octa-hedral in each complex mol-ecule, supported by two oxide O atoms and the N(2)O(2) donor atoms of the coordinating ligand. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 74.96 (11) Å for mol-ecule A and 76.05 (11) Å for mol-ecule B. In the crystal, the B mol-ecules are linked by pairs of C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers. The crystal structure is further stabilized by C-H⋯π inter-actions. An inter-esting feature of the crystal structure is a Cl⋯Cl contact [3.3748 (18) Å], which is shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii of Cl atoms (3.50 Å).

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Cu(C(21)H(24)N(2)O(2))]·H(2)O, comprises half of a Schiff base complex and half of a water mol-ecule. The whole compound is generated by crystallographic twofold rotation symmetry. The geometry around the Cu(II) atom, located on a twofold axis, is distorted square-planar, which is supported by the N(2)O(2) donor atoms of the coordinating Schiff base ligand. The dihedral angle between the symmetry-related benzene rings is 47.5 (4)°. In the crystal, the water mol-ecule that is hydrogen bonded to the coordinated O atoms links the mol-ecules via O-H⋯O inter-actions into chains parallel to [001]. The crystal structure is further stabilized by C-H⋯π inter-actions, and by π-π inter-actions involving inversion-related chelate rings [centroid-centroid distance = 3.480 (4) Å].

Background: The role of oxidative stress in endosulfan-induced reproductive toxicity has been implicated. This study was performed to evaluate the possible protective effect of vitamins E and C, against endosulfan-induced reproductive toxicity in rats., Methods: Fifty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=10 each). The groups included a control receiving vehicle, a group treated with endosulfan (10 mg/kg/day) alone, and three endosulfan-treated group receiving vitamin C (20 mg/kg/day), vitamin E (200 mg/kg/day), or vitamine C+vitamin E at the same doses. After 10 days of treatment, sperm parameters, plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), plasma testosterone and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the testis were determined., Results: Oral administration of endosulfan caused a reduction in the sperm motility, viability, daily sperm production (DSP) and increased the number of sperm with abnormal chromatin condensation. Endosulfan administration increased testis MDA and plasma LDH. Supplementation of vitamin C and vitamin E to endosulfan-treated rats reduced the toxic effect of endosulfan on sperm parameters and lipid peroxidation in the testis. Vitamin E was more protective than vitamin C in reducing the adverse effects of the endosulfan., Conclusion: The findings data suggest that administration of vitamins C and E ameliorated the endosulfan-induced oxidative stress and sperm toxicity in rat. The effect of vitamin E in preventing endosulfan-induced sperm toxicity was superior to that of vitamin C.

In the title mol-ecule, C(15)H(13)NO(2)S, an intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond forms an S(6) ring motif. The benzothia-zole ring system and the benzene ring form a dihedral angle of 8.9 (3) Å. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming chains along the b axis. In addition, π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distances = 3.772 (4) and 3.879 (4) Å] are observed.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(28)H(22)Br(2)N(2)O(2)S(2), comprises half of a Schiff base ligand, the whole mol-ecule being generated by a crystallographic inversion center located at the mid-point of the C-C bond of the central methyl-ene segment. Intra-molecular O-H⋯N and O-H⋯S hydrogen bonds make S(6) and S(5) ring motifs, respectively. In the crystal, there are no significant inter-molecular inter-actions.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Ni(C(17)H(12)I(4)N(2)O(2))], comprises half of a Schiff base complex. The Ni(II) and central C atom of the propyl chain are located on a twofold rotation axis. The geometry around the Ni(II) atom is square planar, supported by the N(2)O(2) donor atoms of the coordinated ligand. In the crystal, there are no significant inter-molecular inter-actions present. The crystal studied was a non-merohedral twin with a refined twin component ratio of 0.944 (1):0.056 (1).

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(16)H(12)Br(4)N(2)O(2), comprises half of a potential tetra-dentate Schiff base ligand. The whole mol-ecule is generated by an inversion center located in the middle of the C-C bond of the ethyl-ene segment. There are intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds making S(6) ring motifs. In the crystal, no significant inter-molecular inter-actions are observed.

The title compound, C(17)H(14)Cl(4)N(2)O(2), is generated by crystallographic twofold symmetry. The two benzene rings are inclined to one another by 80.17 (10)°. There are two intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, which make S(6) ring motifs. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O and weak C-H⋯Cl inter-actions, forming a three-dimensional network.

In the title compound, C(15)H(15)N(3)O(3)·H(2)O, the hydazide Schiff base mol-ecule shows an E conformation around the C=N bond. An intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond makes an S(6) ring motif. The dihedral angle between the substituted phenyl rings is 23.40 (11)°. The water mol-ecule mediates linking of neighbouring mol-ecules through O-H⋯(O,O) hydrogen bonds into infinite chains along the a axis, which are further connected together through N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a two-dimensional network parallel to (001). C-H⋯O inter-actions aso occur.

In the title compound, C(17)H(14)I(4)N(2)O(2), there are two intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds, which make S(6) ring motifs. In the crystal, there are no significant inter-molecular inter-actions present.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Cu(2)(C(18)H(14)Cl(4)N(2)O(2))(2)](n), contains two independent Cu(II) ions which are bridged by a pair of 4,4',6,6'-tetra-chloro-2,2'-[butane-1,4-diylbis(nitrilo-methanylyl-idene)]diphenolate ligands, forming a dinuclear unit. One of the Cu(II) ions is coordinated in a distorted square-planar environment and the other is coordinated in a distorted square-pyramidal environment. The long apical Cu-O bond of the square-pyramidal coordinated Cu(II) ion is formed by a symmetry-related O atom, creating a one-dimensional polymer along [010]. In addition, short inter-molecular Cl⋯Cl distances [3.444 (2) Å] and weak π-π inter-actions [centroid-centroid distances = 3.736 (2)-3.875 (3) Å] are observed. The crystal studied was an inversion twin with a refined twin component ratio of 0.60 (1):0.40 (1).

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(15)H(15)N(3)O(2), comprises two crystallographically independent mol-ecules (A and B), each having an E conformation around the C=N bond. In each mol-ecule, there is an intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bond making an S(6) ring motif. The dihedral angles between the substituted phenyl rings are 17.49 (9) and 10.03 (9)°. In the crystal, N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link neighbouring independent mol-ecules into infinite chains, of the type -A-B-A-B-, along the a axis, enclosing R(2) (1)(7) ring motifs. The chains are linked by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and C-H⋯O inter-actions, leading to the formation of a three-dimensional network.

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(18)H(16)Cl(4)N(2)O(2), comprises half of a potentially tetra-dentate Schiff base ligand. It is located about a twofold rotation axis that bis-ects the central C-C bond of the butane-1,4-diamine group. There are two intra-molecular O-H⋯N hydrogen bonds making S(6) ring motifs. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by pairs of weak C-H⋯Cl inter-actions, forming inversion dimers, which are further connected by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into two-dimensional frameworks that lie parallel to (001).

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C(7)H(9)N(3)O(2), comprises two crystallographically independent mol-ecules (A and B). In each mol-ecule there is an intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond making an S(6) ring motif. In the crystal, a pair of N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the two mol-ecules (A and B) into a dimer with an R(2) (2)(6) ring motif. The B mol-ecules are linked via pairs of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers with an R(2) (2)(10) ring motif. The mol-ecules are further linked via other N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming undulating two-dimensional networks lying parallel to the bc plane. These networks are finally linked via N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming a three-dimensional structure.