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Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP2) has been implicated in chronic disease and cardiovascular disease. However, there is no knowledge about the correlations between serum levels of MMP-2, proteinuria and atherosclerosis in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN). We investigated whether serum MMP-2 levels were associated with proteinuria, intima-media thickness (IMT) in DN patients. Diabetic patients not on hemodialysis (n = 50) were enrolled for the study. MMP-2 levels were measured using an ELISA system. IMT was evaluated by highresolution ultrasonography. Univariate analyses revealed that MMP-2 (P = 0.013) were independent correlates of proteinuria. Further, multivariate analyses revealed that MMP-2 levels (P = 0.001) were independent correlates of IMT. MMP-2 levels were significantly (P = 0.001) higher in patients with atherosclerosis than those without it. The present study demonstrates that serum levels of MMP-2 were one of the independent correlates of proteinuria and IMT in patients with DN. Our results suggest that serum MMP-2 levels may be one of the risk factors for renal damage and atherosclerosis in DN patients.

Background: Diagnostic assays that can simultaneously determine the presence of infection with multiple pathogens are key for diagnosis and surveillance. Single pathogen diagnostic tests for HIV, HSV, hepatitis viruses, syphilis [...]

The current study was conducted in the city of Karbala, one of the cities in central Iraq, on 50 samples of patients with type 2 diabetes. The current study aimed to know the effect of ginger on reducing blood sugar levels and cholesterol for patients with type 2 diabetes, as a step to use herbal plants instead of medicines, due to the large spread of these herbs in the local markets and their low cost compared to medicines available in pharmacies, and to reduce the side effects caused by these medicines, especially when used long term. The samples were randomly selected from both sexes. It was agreed with them to take one capsule containing 2 gm of ginger powder daily for two consecutive months while remaining on the same protocol. their own therapeutic Noting that 76% of these patients were suffering from high cholesterol in the blood, and the results were a significant decrease in the blood sugar level (p = 0.0005) and the level of cholesterol in the blood of most of the patients was significantly reduced (p = 0.005) from 76% to 14% of the patients. The total number of injured and the study showed a difference in response between males and females, where the results of females were more positive. Conclusions and recommendations: Patients with DM need to be supported by ginger with medical treatment to decrease the level of glucose and cholesterol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research has been conducted to investigate which castration techniques are more efficient in inducing the sterilization of bucks based on the histopathological and clinical evaluations. The two castration techniques mentioned are injection of formalin into the intra-testicular ordouble bilateral ligations of vascular part of the spermatic cord. This study involved sixteen adult bucks which aged between (18-24) months and weighing (27-32) Kg. The bucks were randomly separated into two groups of eight each. The first group (G1) was castrated with injection 3% of formalin (5) ml. Second group (G2) was castrated by double bilateral ligations of the vascular part of the spermatic cord. Sedatives (xylazine 2%) and local anesthesia (lidocaine 2%) were used in both techniques. All the animals were observed for secondary complications detection. As for histopathological assessment, orchiectomy was done for taken biopsies from the spermatic cord and testes done at 30 and 60 days post-operative. The minor non-specific complications in treatment groups such as hydrocele (n=1, lameness (n=3), swelling (n=5), and scrotal ulcer (n=2) were reflected in the result. The histopathological observation features atrophy or missed seminiferous tubules, fibrosis and mineralization. Calcification of sutures materials and fibrosis were identified in the spermatic cords. Thus, it was concluded that both techniques are safe and capable to dysfunction the testes but ligations of vascular part of the spermatic cord is the dominant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O presente estudo investigou a percepção de licenciandos em Matemática sobre do uso do aplicativo Plickers como ferramenta avaliativa de aprendizagem a partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa configurada como participante, fazendo o uso de questionários e observação participante. Os 11 sujeitos da pesquisa realizaram uma avaliação formativa utilizando o aplicativo e, logo após, o avaliaram técnica e pedagogicamente. Os resultados evidenciaram o interesse dos acadêmicos em utilizar o Plickers, na qual indicaram poucas dificuldades de operacionalização e, na medida em que a tarefa era desenvolvida, adotaram uma postura crítica-reflexiva. Verificamos que o Plickers pode se constituir em uma ferramenta tecnológica relevante para as aulas de Matemática e percebemos que pesquisas como estas vão além da avaliação do recurso, contribuindo na formação inicial de professores, dado que possibilitam um olhar crítico diante da tarefa realizada, que neste estudo, estava voltada para os aspectos acerca de novas possibilidades avaliativas da aprendizagem.

A wildlife hospital and rehabilitation center in the northwestern United States received several big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) with necrosuppurative osteomyelitis in multiple joints. Wing and joint tissues were positive by PCR for poxvirus. Thin-section electron microscopy showed poxvirus particles within A-type inclusions. Phylogenetic comparison supports establishment of a new genus of Poxviridae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Cowpox virus is an Orthopoxvirus that can cause infections in humans and a variety of animals. Infections occur in Eurasia; infections in humans and animals have not been reported in the United States. This report describes the occurrence of the first known human case of laboratory-acquired cowpox virus infection in the United States and the ensuing investigation. Methods. The patient and laboratory personnel were interviewed, and laboratory activities were reviewed. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serologic assays were used to test the patient's specimens. PCR assays were used to test specimens obtained during the investigation. Results. A specimen from the patient's lesion tested positive for cowpox virus DNA. Genome sequencing revealed a recombinant region consistent with a strain of cowpox virus stored in the research laboratory's freezer. Cowpox virus contamination was detected in 6 additional laboratory stocks of viruses. Orthopoxvirus DNA was present in 3 of 20 environmental swabs taken from laboratory surfaces. Conclusions. The handling of contaminated reagents or contact with contaminated surfaces was likely the mode of transmission. Delays in recognition and diagnosis of this infection in a laboratory researcher underscore the importance of a thorough patient history-including occupational information-and laboratory testing in facilitating a prompt investigation and application of control and remediation measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O estudo da motivação no trabalho é tema recorrente, mas pouco explorado em relação a motivação do professor e, em menor grau ainda, em um contexto laboral tão peculiar quanto a educação especial. Tendo em vista a relevância social do trabalho docente nesta modalidade de ensino e suas especificidades, este estudo objetivou a investigação da motivação e seus fatores condicionantes de docentes do ensino especial. Participaram pesquisa 33 professoras de ensino especial da rede pública do Distrito Federal, respondendo a Medida de Motivação no Trabalho, composta por seções que avaliam três dimensões componentes da motivação para trabalhar: Seção I avaliando a valência (o que é valorizado pelo indivíduo); Seção II direcionada a avaliação da instrumentalidade (percepção do trabalho como forma de alcançar seus objetivos); e Seção III mensurando a expectância (percepção de como seus esforços são recompensados pelo trabalho atual). Os Escores Gerais de Motivação obtidos para a amostra apresentaram um nível de motivação considerado alto ( = 89,36), entretanto os escores individuais indicaram uma variação significativa ( = 20,70; s2 = 428,50), e quando agrupadas as participantes por nível obteve-se 60,61% de escores altos; 36,36% de escores mediados e 3,03% de escores baixos. A análise detalhada dos escores por seções e itens do instrumento indicou que os altos níveis de motivação das participantes sofrem influência negativa das condições de trabalho. A avaliação dos itens relacionados a autonomia, a relação com chefias e a participação nas decisões da organização, apresentaram maior potencial de diminuição da motivação global destas profissionais.

The transition structure is considered as the most important hydraulic structure controlling the w/s transtion, morever it decrease the scouring of outlet structure. seven experiment samples for transition structure was used in this research at different angles ( 10° - 90° ). It was shown that froud number has a clear effect on the depth of the scouring, morever the high discharge rates cause an increase of the ratio between the length of the scour and its depth. In order to select the best flaring angle it was shown that the angle of 40° has the most discharge rate, least structure length and least angle scour depth, with the firmly of the other factors affecting the scouring of outlet structure.

Objectives This study was designed to determine white blood cells (WBCs) and hematocrit (packed cell volume PCV) by manual procedure and comprised with an automated method in the maternity and labor hospital in Karbala city. Methods During the period of comparative cross sectional study, 52 cases of blood sample were collected into tri-potassium ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid (K3EDTA) from pregnant women admitted to hospital during February to April 2016 for the analysis of PCV and WBCs by Sysmex XP-300TM in the heamatological department laboratory performance manual method in the same time. All data analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient as well as using 2 Mean & Standard deviation for both methods. Results For two hematologic parameter test, the correlation coefficient was (R = 0.75) for hematocrit thus improved strong correlation between two procedure manual and automated to evaluate WBCs (R = 0.94), which was significantly different (P < 0.001) for two parameter methods. Conclusion From the results of our research, it can be concluded that the automated analyzer (WBCs) and (Hb) were well correlated with manual standard method for two hematologic parameter. So health care workers in the laboratory can save performance time for hematologic parameter in automated analyzer.

The article describes the clinical course and the associated epidemiologic investigation done on a patient who was exposed to vaccinia virus infection after sexual contact with a U.S. service member who received smallpox vaccine. A two-day history of painful, ring-shaped, vaginal inflammation prompted the patient to visit an urgent-care clinic on February 26, 2010. It was previously known that smallpox vaccination can result in autoinoculation and accidental transmission of vaccinia virus to other people. A Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) editorial note is presented.

This study was conducted to effect on some biochemical parameter (total protein, sugars and cholesterol) as well as ions concentration included calcium, magnesium and sodium in three physical status of Iraqi ewes. The experiment includes 45 ewes, which divided into three equal groups Group 1 (non-pregnant), groups two was pregnant in differential stages, Groups three was postpartum (period 1 month after parturition this study duration from 2017–2018). Data revealed that there was significant (p ≤ 0.05) and different between G1 and G3 compared with G2 with total protein while the concentration of glucose recorded significant (p≤0.05) related with G1 compared with G2 and G3 as well as the concentration of cholesterol show higher significantly related with G1 compared G2 and G3. The result appeared significantly (P≤0.05) related calcium and potassium of G3 compared with G1 and G2 and the same result was recorded or sodium concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition structure is considered as the most important hydraulic structure controlling the w/s transtion, morever it decrease the scouring of outlet structure. seven experiment samples for transition structure was used in this research at different angles ( 10° - 90° ). It was shown that froud number has a clear effect on the depth of the scouring, morever the high discharge rates cause an increase of the ratio between the length of the scour and its depth. In order to select the best flaring angle it was shown that the angle of 40° has the most discharge rate, least structure length and least angle scour depth, with the firmly of the other factors affecting the scouring of outlet structure.

Abstract Background Maps of disease occurrences and GIS-based models of disease transmission risk are increasingly common, and both rely on georeferenced diseases data. Automated methods for georeferencing disease data have been widely studied for developed countries with rich sources of geographic referenced data. However, the transferability of these methods to countries without comparable geographic reference data, particularly when working with historical disease data, has not been as widely studied. Historically, precise geographic information about where individual cases occur has been collected and stored verbally, identifying specific locations using place names. Georeferencing historic data is challenging however, because it is difficult to find appropriate geographic reference data to match the place names to. Here, we assess the degree of care and research invested in converting textual descriptions of disease occurrence locations to numerical grid coordinates (latitude and longitude). Specifically, we develop three datasets from the same, original monkeypox disease occurrence data, with varying levels of care and effort: the first based on an automated web-service, the second improving on the first by reference to additional maps and digital gazetteers, and the third improving still more based on extensive consultation of legacy surveillance records that provided considerable additional information about each case. To illustrate the implications of these seemingly subtle improvements in data quality, we develop ecological niche models and predictive maps of monkeypox transmission risk based on each of the three occurrence data sets. Results We found macrogeographic variations in ecological niche models depending on the type of georeferencing method used. Less-careful georeferencing identified much smaller areas as having potential for monkeypox transmission in the Sahel region, as well as around the rim of the Congo Basin. These results have implications for mapping efforts, as each higher level of georeferencing precision required considerably greater time investment. Conclusions The importance of careful georeferencing cannot be overlooked, despite it being a time- and labor-intensive process. Investment in archival storage of primary disease-occurrence data is merited, and improved digital gazetteers are needed to support public health mapping activities, particularly in developing countries, where maps and geographic information may be sparse.

Abstract Background Orthopoxviruses, including variola virus, vaccinia virus, and monkeypox virus, have previously been documented in humans in West Africa, however, no cases of human orthopoxvirus infection have been reported in the region since 1986. We conducted a serosurvey to determine whether human exposure to orthopoxviruses continues to occur in eastern Sierra Leone. Findings To examine evidence of exposure to orthopoxviruses in the Kenema District of Sierra Leone, we collected and tested sera from 1596 persons by IgG ELISA and a subset of 313 by IgM capture ELISA. Eleven persons born after the cessation of smallpox vaccination had high orthopoxvirus-specific IgG values, and an additional 6 persons had positive IgM responses. No geographic clustering was noted. Conclusions These data suggest that orthopoxviruses continue to circulate in Sierra Leone. Studies aimed at obtaining orthopoxvirus isolates and/or genetic sequences from rodents and symptomatic humans in the area are indicated.

Abstract The prevalence of North American orthopoxviruses in nature is unknown and may be more difficult to ascertain due to wide spread use of vaccinia virus recombinant vaccines in the wild. A real time PCR assay was developed to allow for highly sensitive and specific detection of North American orthopoxvirus DNA in animal tissues and bodily fluids. This method is based on the amplification of a 156 bp sequence within a myristylated protein, highly conserved within the North American orthopoxviruses but distinct from orthologous genes present in other orthopoxviruses. The analytical sensitivity was 1.1 fg for Volepox virus DNA, 1.99 fg for Skunkpox virus DNA, and 6.4 fg for Raccoonpox virus DNA with a 95% confidence interval. Our assay did not cross-react with other orthopoxviruses or ten diverse representatives of the Chordopoxvirinae subfamily. This new assay showed more sensitivity than tissue culture tests, and was capable of differentiating North American orthopoxviruses from other members of Orthopoxvirus. Thus, our assay is a promising tool for highly sensitive and specific detection of North American orthopoxviruses in the United States and abroad.

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection remains a global public health problem. After the "Public Health Emergencies of International Concern" declared in February 2016, the incidence of new infections by this pathogen has been decreasing in many areas. However, there is still a likely risk that ZIKV will spread to more countries. To date, there is no vaccine or antiviral drug available to prevent or treat Zika virus infection. In the Zika vaccine development, those based on protein subunits are attractive as a non-replicable platform due to their potentially enhanced safety profile to be used in all populations. However, these vaccines frequently require multiple doses and adjuvants to achieve protective immunity. In this study we show the immunological evaluation of new formulations of the recombinant protein ZEC, which combines regions of domain III of the envelope and the capsid from ZIKV. Two nucleotide-based adjuvants were used to enhance the immunity elicited by the vaccine candidate ZEC. ODN 39M or c-di-AMP was incorporated as immunomodulator into the formulations combined with aluminum hydroxide. Following immunizations in immunocompetent BALB/c mice, the formulations stimulated high IgG antibodies. Although the IgG subtypes suggested a predominantly Th1-biased immune response by the formulation including the ODN 39M, cellular immune responses measured by IFNγ secretion from spleen cells after in vitro stimulations were induced by both immunomodulators. These results demonstrate the capacity of both immunomodulators to enhance the immunogenicity of the recombinant subunit ZEC as a vaccine candidate against ZIKV., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Extreme precipitation and flooding events are rising globally, necessitating a thorough understanding and sustainable management of water resources. One such setting is the Nile River's source areas, where high precipitation has led to the filling of Lake Nasser (LN) twice (1998-2003; 2019-2022) in the last two decades and the diversion of overflow to depressions west of the Nile, where it is lost mainly to evaporation. Using temporal satellite-based data, climate models, and continuous rainfall-runoff models, we identified the primary contributor to increased runoff that reached LN in the past two decades and assessed the impact of climate change on the LN's runoff throughout the twenty-first century. Findings include: (1) the Blue Nile subbasin (BNS) is the primary contributor to increased downstream runoff, (2) the BNS runoff was simulated in the twenty-first century using a calibrated (1965-1992) rainfall-runoff model with global circulation models (GCMs), CCSM4, HadGEM3, and GFDL-CM4.0, projections as model inputs, (3) the extreme value analysis for projected runoff driven by GCMs' output indicates extreme floods are more severe in the twenty-first century, (4) one adaptation for the projected twenty-first century increase in precipitation (25-39%) and flood (2%-20%) extremes is to recharge Egypt's fossil aquifers during high flood years., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Existing studies suggest a positive correlation between high compliance with enhanced recovery programs (ERP) and improved outcomes. While individual outcome measures have advantages, composite benchmarks, such as textbook outcome (TO), offer a more comprehensive assessment of healthcare performance. Given the link between ERP and postoperative outcomes, this study aims to investigate the impact of ERP on TO attainment after liver surgery (LS)., Methods: A prospective multicenter cohort of patients undergoing LS and exposed to ERP from 2016 to 2022 in France was analyzed. The primary outcome was to compare the rates of TO achieved between patients with high ERP compliance (>70%) and those with low ERP compliance (<70%) after LS., Results: A total of 706 patients were included in the study, and 217 (30.7%) achieved TO: 170 patients with high ERP compliance (24%) versus 47 patients (6.6%) with low ERP compliance attained TO (p < 0.001). High ERP compliance was associated to an increased likelihood of achieving TO [odds ratio (OR) = 1.49 (95% CI: 1.01, 2.24); p = 0.049], while cholangiocarcinoma [OR = 0.11 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.39); p = 0.003], high complexity LS [OR = 0.22 (95% CI: 0.13, 0.36); p < 0.001], intraoperative hypotension requiring vasopressors [OR = 0.29 (95% CI: 0.10, 0.68); p = 0.010], and post-operative ileus [OR = 0.08 (95% CI: 0.00, 0.37); p = 0.013] were negatively associated to the likelihood of achieving TO., Conclusions: Patients with high ERP compliance after LS experience elevated rates of TO, compared to those with low ERP compliance., (© 2024 International Society of Surgery/Société Internationale de Chirurgie (ISS/SIC).)

Liquid smoke, an alternative to traditional wood burning smoking, enhances product value by imparting desirable characteristics such as aroma, flavor, and color. Furthermore, it contains components with inherent antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. This study compares the effects of liquid smoke and conventional smoking methods in bacon processing. Over a 90-day storage period at 22°C, physical-chemical stability, sensory attributes, and microbiological characteristics of the bacon were evaluated. The antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of liquid smoke were assessed. Liquid smoke exhibited antioxidant activity, with an inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) value of 0.19 mg/mL, indicating the concentration of the extract needed to inhibit 50% of DPPH (2,2'-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radicals. Moreover, it demonstrated antimicrobial effects against Escherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesius, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes, with a minimum bactericidal concentration ranging from 7.5% to 10%. Throughout the storage, bacon treated with liquid smoke showed no signs of rancid odor, supported by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values below 0.85 mg MDA/kg (where MDA is malondialdehyde). The utilization of liquid smoke yielded visually attractive bacon with enhanced color attributes, including a distinct yellow and red hue, as well as increased luminosity and brightness, surpassing the effects of traditional smoke. Remarkably, liquid smoke application significantly reduced processing time from 30 h to approximately 5 h, leading to substantial cost savings in the processing phase., (© 2024 Institute of Food Technologists.)

Purpose: The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system includes IGF-I, IGF-II insulin and their membrane receptors. IGF system also includes a family of proteins namely insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) composed for six major members (IGFBP-1 to IGFBP6), which capture, transport and prolonging half-life of IGFs. However, it has been described that IGFBPs can also have other functions., Methods: IGFBP5 expression was inhibited by shRNAs, migration was analyzed by scratch-wound assays, invasion assays were performed by the Boyden chamber method, spheroids formation assays were performed on ultra-low attachment surfaces, expression and phosphorylation of proteins were analyzed by Western blot., Results: IGFBP5 is a repressor of IGF-IR expression, but it is not a repressor of IR in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. In addition, IGFBP5 is a suppressor of migration and MMP-9 secretion induced by IGF-I and insulin, but it does not regulate invasion in MCF-7 cells. IGFBP5 also is a repressor of MCF-7 spheroids formation. However treatment with 340 nM rescues the inhibitory effect of IGFBP in the MCF-7 spheroids formation., Conclusion: IGFBP5 regulates IGF-IR expression, migration and MMP-9 secretion induced by IGF-I and/or insulin, and the spheroids formation in MCF-7 breast cancer cells., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Developing accurate models for predicting the risk of 30-day readmission is a major healthcare interest. Evidence suggests that models developed using machine learning (ML) may have better discrimination than conventional statistical models (CSM), but the calibration of such models is unclear., Objectives: To compare models developed using ML with those developed using CSM to predict 30-day readmission for cardiovascular and noncardiovascular causes in HF patients., Methods: We retrospectively enrolled 10,919 patients with HF (> 18 years) discharged alive from a hospital or emergency department (2004-2007) in Ontario, Canada. The study sample was randomly divided into training and validation sets in a 2:1 ratio. CSMs to predict 30-day readmission were developed using Fine-Gray subdistribution hazards regression (treating death as a competing risk), and the ML algorithm employed random survival forests for competing risks (RSF-CR). Models were evaluated in the validation set using both discrimination and calibration metrics., Results: In the validation sample of 3602 patients, RSF-CR (c-statistic=0.620) showed similar discrimination to the Fine-Gray competing risk model (c-statistic=0.621) for 30-day cardiovascular readmission. In contrast, for 30-day noncardiovascular readmission, the Fine-Gray model (c-statistic=0.641) slightly outperformed the RSF-CR model (c-statistic=0.632). For both outcomes, The Fine-Gray model displayed better calibration than RSF-CR using calibration plots of observed vs predicted risks across the deciles of predicted risk., Conclusions: Fine-Gray models had similar discrimination but superior calibration to the RSF-CR model, highlighting the importance of reporting calibration metrics for ML-based prediction models. The discrimination was modest in all readmission prediction models regardless of the methods used., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest None reported., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Understanding the origins of novel, complex phenotypes is a major goal in evolutionary biology. Poison frogs of the family Dendrobatidae have evolved the novel ability to acquire alkaloids from their diet for chemical defense at least three times. However, taxon sampling for alkaloids has been biased towards colorful species, without similar attention paid to inconspicuous ones that are often assumed to be undefended. As a result, our understanding of how chemical defense evolved in this group is incomplete. Here we provide new data showing that, in contrast to previous studies, species from each undefended poison frog clade have measurable yet low amounts of alkaloids. We confirm that undefended dendrobatids regularly consume mites and ants, which are known sources of alkaloids. Thus, our data suggest that diet is insufficient to explain the defended phenotype. Our data support the existence of a phenotypic intermediate between toxin consumption and sequestration - passive accumulation - that differs from sequestration in that it involves no derived forms of transport and storage mechanisms yet results in low levels of toxin accumulation. We discuss the concept of passive accumulation and its potential role in the origin of chemical defenses in poison frogs and other toxin-sequestering organisms. In light of ideas from pharmacokinetics we incorporate new and old data from poison frogs into an evolutionary model that could help explain the origins of acquired chemical defenses in animals and provide insight into the molecular processes that govern the fate of ingested toxins.

In Chile, individuals are commonly exposed to high altitude due to the work shift system, involving days of exposure to high altitude followed by days at sea level over the long term, which can result in chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (CIHH). CIHH can cause high-altitude pulmonary hypertension (HAPH), the principal manifestation of which is right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH), in some cases leading to heart failure and eventually death. Studies have shown the contribution of oxidative stress and inflammation to RVH development. Recently, it was determined that the pigment astaxanthin has high antioxidant capacity and strong anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effects. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effects of astaxanthin on RVH development in rats subjected to CIHH., Methods: Thirty two male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the following groups (n = 8 per group): the normoxia with vehicle (NX), normoxia with astaxanthin (NX + AS), chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia with vehicle (CIHH), and chronic intermittent hypobaric hypoxia with astaxanthin (CIHH + AS) groups. CIHH was simulated by 2 days in a hypobaric chamber followed by 2 days at sea level for 29 days., Results: Exposure to CIHH induced RVH and increased lipid peroxidation (MDA), Nox2 expression, and SOD activity, however, it decreased pro-IL-1β expression. Astaxanthin restored oxidative stress markers (Nox2 and MDA), increased GPx activity, and decreased RVH compared to CIHH., Conclusion: Astaxanthin alleviates RVH and reduces Nox2 and MDA levels while increasing GPx activity in rats subjected to CIHH. These findings provide new insights of astaxanthin as a new nutraceutical against high-altitude effects.