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El optimismo ha mostrado numerosos beneficios físicos y emocionales en diversas poblaciones y contextos profesionales. Sin embargo, los instrumentos para evaluarlo son escasos y presentan importantes limitaciones, especialmente en población joven. En el presente trabajo se presenta un cuestionario que, mediante 9 ítems, evalúa el optimismo disposicional y se analiza su relación con la personalidad e inteligencia emocional. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 2.693 jóvenes españoles (M=16.52, DT=1.38), de los cuales el 51.10% fueron hombres. La inteligencia emocional se evaluó con el cuestionario Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24, mientras que los cinco grandes rasgos de personalidad se midieron mediante la escala Overall Personality Assessment Scale. El cuestionario de optimismo muestra una fiabilidad elevada (α=.84), siendo preciso para un amplio rango de habilidad (θ entre -3 y +2), así como un ajuste aceptable a una estructura unidimensional. Se confirma la elevada relación entre el optimismo y los rasgos de personalidad e inteligencia emocional.

Background: The SF 12 is one of the most used questionnaires to evaluate the multidimensional health related quality of life, worldwide. However, the factor structure does not match the structure of the original instrument. Besides, most studies centered in the physical dimension paying less attention to mental health related quality of life. Aim: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the SF12 and to validate the mental health dimension of this questionnaire. Material and Methods: Two studies were conducted, the first consisting of 845 people aged between 18 and 60 years, who answered the SF-12. In the second study, 970 people aged between 18 and 60 years answered the SF-12 questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the State - Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Reliability (internal consistency and temporal stability) was analyzed, along with construct and criterion validity for the mental health dimension. Results: The reliability estimate using Cronbach's alpha in both studies was higher than 0.74 in both dimensions (physical and psychological). Construct validity analysis yielded a three factor complex solution. Finally the criterion validity analysis showed appropriate and significant correlations with depression and anxiety. Conclusions: The SF - 12 and its mental health scale are suitable for epidemiological characterization studies.

The aim of this investigation is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), in the adult population from ages 18 to 65. In order to do this two studies were conducted. In the first one, we evaluated the internal consistency and construct validation of data from 330 people between 18 and 52 years of age; in the second study, we evaluated the confirmatory factor and validation of data indicators from 1157 people between 18 and 65 years of age. The results show suitable indicators of internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.82), the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis finds a one factor’s solution. The correlation between the SWLS, the WHOQOL-BREF Quality of Life Questionnaire, and the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), display significant, consistent correlations in the expected direction. We conclude that the SWLS is a reliable and valid instrument to use for evaluating the cognitive sphere of subjective well-being in Chile’s adult population

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an anxiety disorder in which an individual re-experiences a traumatic event, avoids situations related to it, and shows excessive arousal. The disorder appears after experiencing a life-threatening event, such as a war or a natural disaster. Thus, the validation of tests which assess the disorder after the earthquake on February 27, 2010, in Chile is crucial for its evaluation and subsequent intervention. The present study includes psychometric data for the Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist–Civilian version (PCL–C) on a sample of 509 survivors of the disaster. Values indicate good psychometric properties of the questionnaire.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de Felicidad Subjetiva (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999). El objetivo del primer estudio, en que participaron 300 personas de población general, fue estimar confiabilidad (consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal) y validez de constructo de la escala. El segundo estudio, donde participaron 779 personas, tuvo por objetivo obtener indicadores definitivos de confiabilidad y validez en muestras con rangos etarios diversos. Además, evaluó validez convergente y divergente con los instrumentos: Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI), Cuestionario de los Cinco Grandes (BFI), y Cuestionario de Optimismo Disposicional (LOT-R). Los principales resultados del primer estudio muestran un alfa de .78 y estabilidad temporal de .61 (8 semanas de diferencias) y una estructura factorialmente pura. Para el segundo estudio la estimación de la confiabilidad estuvo entre .73 y .87 en las diversas muestra estudiadas; se encontró una estructura factorialmente pura; las correlaciones entre la escala de felicidad subjetiva y los instrumentos utilizados para evaluar validez convergente y divergente fueron adecuadas y altamente significativas en la línea de lo esperado teóricamente. La evidencia indica adecuación de la escala para su utilización en la evaluación de este constructo en población chilena.

Se estudio la asociacion entre nivel socioeconomico, satisfaccion con los ingresos, estatus economico, y el bienestar psicologico, en una muestra representativa de chilenos. Los resultados confirman una asociacion positiva entre el nivel socioeconomico, la satisfaccion con el ingreso, estatus economico y el bienestar psicologico. Las asociaciones fueron mas fuertes con las dimensiones de bienestar psicologico, relaciones con el entorno, y autoestima, y mas debil con las dimensiones de proposito con vida, crecimiento personal y autonomia. Modelo de ecuaciones estructurales confirmaron con indicadores de ajuste significativo la relacion entre la situacion socioeconomica y el bienestar psicologico, asi como una trayectoria significativa indirecta a traves de la satisfaccion con los ingresos y el estatus economico. Al controlar el poder adquisitivo en su relacion con satisfaccion con el ingreso, redujo su efecto, pero no elimino el efecto del nivel socioeconomico sobre el bienestar psicologico. Los resultados son consistentes con un modelo de efecto directo de la relacion entre situacion economica y bienestar. Se presenta la importancia de la satisfaccion con el ingreso y el estatutos como predictores del bienestar psicologico

This paper presents the construction and testing of the reliability of an instrument to assess attitudes and subjective norms sexual and reproductive behavior of young males. The scale was administered to 965 male students (From of 11 to 19 years) enrolled at school in the Colombian Caribbean region. This work includes two independent studies, in the first study (pilot) the questionnaire consisted of 150 items and it was reduced to 78. In the protective attitude scale (Mean= 4.10 and SD= 1.07) was obtained Cronbach's alpha of.93 and for the abstinence / delay attitude (Mean= 3.60 and SD= 1.26) an alpha of .88 with high homogeneity. The total correlation item was greater than 0.60 for all the attitude scales. On the scale of beliefs represented by the subjective norms (Mean= 3.79 and SD = 1.08) the estimation of Cronbach's alpha was .98 with correlations above 0.66. In study 2 (final stop), the construct validity assessment using factorial analysis and principal components analysis with VARIMAX rotation reported a satisfactory fit of the data to the array factor. In conclusion, the instrument has a reliable and stable structure for the measurement of attitudes and subjective norms for sexuality and reproductive health, and it is useful to help in the setting of programs.

Las variables psicológicas y especialmente la variables positivas han mostrado múltiple beneficios para los seres humanos. Importante evidencia indica que los sujetos con mejor bienestar, altos niveles de felicidad y emociones positivas muestran mejores indicadores de salud. El optimismo es una variable positiva ampliamente estudiada y con gran evidencia sobre sus beneficios en la salud de las personas. Sin embargo, modelos explicativos acerca de cómo se producen estos beneficios ha sido menos estudiada. Se ha propuesto evaluar un modelo que establece como el optimismo puede ser una variable causal de la salud mediada por los afectos positivos y negativos. Se realizo un análisis de modelo de ecuaciones estructurales para probar un modelo explicativo. Participaron 995 personas con edades entre los 18 y 60 años de edad. Se evaluó el optimismo disposicional, afecto positivo y negativo así como salud mental y física. Los resultados muestran que el ajuste al modelo es adecuado permitiendo considerar al optimismo como una variable explicativa de la salud tanto física y mental mediado por afecto positivo y negativo.

Background: Sexual behavior usually begins in adolescence, and is mediated by biological, personality and socio-cultural variables which can affect the expression of preventive and risky sexual performance, as well as sex and age differences. Aim: To determine sex differences in the age of sexual initiation, the use ofprotective methods and mate selectivity in young men and women, as well as preventive practices according to age, and the prevalence of partner aggression. Subjects and Methods: Participants were 484 university students from public and private institutions, aged 22 ± 3 years (59% women) assessed using a diversity of self-report measures of personality traits, romantic relationship quality, sexual role, attachment type, socio-sexual openness, and self-esteem; they also answered questions regarding sexual behavior, and violence. Results: Differences in age of sexual initiation, risky sexual behavior, and socio-sexual openness were observed between men and women. Aggression prevalence in romantic relationships also varied according to sex and age. Similarities and differences in patterns of behavior and personality variables were observed in relationship quality, sexual role, kindness, and responsibility in males and females. Conclusions: The findings present consistencies with the international evidence and differences that may be due to context specificities, providing also an empirical referent to consider in health planning. Language: es

Sexual behavior usually begins in adolescence, and is mediated by biological, personality and socio-cultural variables which can affect the expression of preventive and risky sexual performance, as well as sex and age differences.To determine sex differences in the age of sexual initiation, the use of protective methods and mate selectivity in young men and women, as well as preventive practices according to age, and the prevalence of partner aggression.Participants were 484 university students from public and private institutions, aged 22 ± 3 years (59% women) assessed using a diversity of self-report measures of personality traits, romantic relationship quality, sexual role, attachment type, socio-sexual openness, and self-esteem; they also answered questions regarding sexual behavior, and violence.Differences in age of sexual initiation, risky sexual behavior, and socio-sexual openness were observed between men and women. Aggression prevalence in romantic relationships also varied according to sex and age. Similarities and differences in patterns of behavior and personality variables were observed in relationship quality, sexual role, kindness, and responsibility in males and females.The findings present consistencies with the international evidence and differences that may be due to context specificities, providing also an empirical referent to consider in health planning.

This study presents the first validity and reliability data for the trait sub- scale, T-Dep, of the Spanish Experimental Version of the State and Trait Depression Questionnaire, ST-Dep: Euthymia and Dysthymia (Ritterband and Spielberger, 1996; Spielberger, 1999). The data were obtained from a sample of 264 university students. The internal consistency values for the T-Dep were high (.95). The convergent validity indexes for the Beck Depression Inventory (Beck, Rush, Shaw, and Emery, 1979), the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (Zung, 1965), and the Penate Basic Depression Questionnaire (Penate, 2001) were also high, with indexes ranging from .68 to .82. The correlation between State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, Gorsuch, and Luschene, 1970) and all scales used in this study, was high, once again indicating the usual overlapping between anxiety and depression seen in most depression inventories. The test-retest values from a three and one half month time interval (one hundred twelve days) are elevated (.71). Similarly, there appear to be significant gender differences for all the administered scales, with women obtaining the highest scores. A factorial analysis of the main axis revealed a principal factor for all of the constructed items in this experimental version of the T-Dep. The last, promax rotation showed two clear main factors similar in size: negative affectivity (Dysthymia) and positive affectivity (Euthymia).

The present study reports the preliminary analyses and normative data of the State-Trate anxiety inventory (Spielberger, Gorusch & Lushene, 1970), for a Chilean, general population sample. Data were obtained from a total sample of 1488 people, between 13 and 60 years old. A high internal consistency for STAI-S .92 and for STAI-T .87 is reported. Two factors were obtained from the confirmatory factorial analysis. Finally, analyses of the means were carried out, obtaining normative data for the total sample, differentiated by sex, and for the adolescents and adults sample El estudio reporta los análisis preliminares y datos normativos, para una muestra de población general del Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado Rasgo (Spielberger, Gorsuch & Lushene, 1970). Los datos fueron obtenidos de una muestra total de 1488 personas entre 13 y 60 años de edad. La consistencia interna obtenida fue .92, para STAI-S y .87 para STAI-R. Del análisis factorial confirmatorio se obtienen dos factores para cada escala. Finalmente, se realizan análisis de comparación de medias para la obtención de datos normativos, para la muestra total diferenciada por sexo y para la muestra de adolescentes y adultos

El objetivo de esta investigacion fue evaluar las propiedades psicometricas del cuestionario de satisfaccion con la vida (SWLS) en poblacion adulta de 18 a 65 anos. Para esto, se realizaron dos estudios. En el primero se evaluo la consistencia interna y la validez de constructo con datos de 330 personas entre 18 y 52 anos. En el segundo estudio se evaluo la estructura factorial confirmatoria e indicadores de validez con datos de 1157 personas entre 18 y 65 anos. Los resultados mostraron adecuados indicadores de consistencia interna (alfa de Cronbach = 0.82), en el analisis de estructura factorial exploratoria y confirmatoria se encontro una solucion unifactorial. La correlacion entre SWLS, Cuestionario de Calidad de Vida WHOQOL-BREF y Cuestionario de Dificultades en la Regulacion Emocional, arrojo correlaciones significativas, congruentes y en la direccion esperada. Concluimos que el cuestionario SWLS es un instrumento confiable y valido para su utilizacion en la evaluacion de la esfera cognitiva del bienestar subjetivo en poblacion adulta en Chile.

La escala de bienestar psicológico surge a partir del modelo multidimensional propuesto por Ryff (1989). Pese a su amplia utilización, su estructura teórica inicial no ha sido confirmada completamente, debido a que se han encontrado otro tipo de soluciones factoriales distintas a las 6 dimensiones propuestas por la autora. Estas divergencias podrían estar relacionadas al tipo de muestras y poblaciones utilizadas. Ante esto, la siguiente investigación compara el ajuste factorial de los modelos tradicionalmente aplicados de corrección en distintos grupos en edad adulta. Se describen las propiedades psicométricas de la adaptación al español realizada por Díaz et al. (2006), analizando los niveles de confiabilidad (consistencia interna y estabilidad temporal) y estructura factorial confirmatoria, en datos de 1646 personas entre 18 y 90 años de edad. Se encuentran diferencias en los indicadores de confiabilidad para la escala total y las dimensiones, así como en los indicadores de bondad de ajuste dependiendo del grupo de edad. El modelo que presenta mejores indicadores de ajuste en la mayoría de los rangos etarios evaluados fue el de seis factores de primer orden. The scale of psychological well-being arises from the multidimensional model proposed by Ryff (1989). Despite its wide use, its initial theoretical structure has not been completely confirmed because other factorial solutions which are different from those 6 dimensions proposed by the author have been found. These differences may be related to the type of sample and population used. Given this fact, the current study compares the adjustment factor of correction models traditionally used in different groups of adults. We describe the psychometric properties of the Spanish adaptation done by Díaz et al. (2006) and analyze the levels of reliability (internal consistency and temporal stability) and confirmatory factorial structure with data from 1,646 people aged from 18 to 90 years old. Differences are found in the indicators of reliability for the total scale and its dimensions as well as in the indicators of goodness of fit depending on the age group. The model that presents the best indicators of adjustment for most age ranges evaluated was the one of six first-order factors.

Se evaluó la relación entre felicidad y variables socio-demográficas (edad, sexo, estatus socioeconómico, nivel educativo) y su asociación con bienestar subjetivo en una muestra latinoamericana encontrando evidencia empírica controversial de su relación. Se encuestó un total de 520 persona (300 mujeres y 220 hombres) con edades entre los 18 y 29 años, con una media de 21.26 años, y una desviación estándar de 2.47 quienes respondieron la escala de felicidad subjetiva. La variable felicidad fue categorizada, y los participantes fueron clasificados en dos grupos: felices y no felices. Se analizaron los datos con un Análisis de Componentes Principales y Regresiones Logísticas, los principales resultados muestran que las variables que mejor caracterizan los niveles de felicidad son la edad y estatus socioeconómico. Puntualmente, los resultados indican que una mayor edad predice bajos niveles de felicidad. Por otra parte, a un mayor estatus socioeconómico mayor felicidad reportada. No se encontraron diferencias entre los géneros de los participantes. The relationship between happiness and socio-demographic variables (age, sex, socioeconomic status, educational level) was examinated, this with a Latin American sample and its association with Subjective wellbeing given the controversial empirical evidence of their relationship. We surveyed a total of 520 people (300 women and 220 men) between the ages of 18 and 29 with an average of 21.26 years and a standard deviation of 2.47 to answer the subjective happiness scale. The happiness variable was categorized, and the subjects were reorganized in happy and non-happy groups. From the use of main component analysis and logistic regressions, the main results show that variables which best characterize the happiness levels are age and socioeconomic status. Specifically, the results indicate that higher age within the sample, predicts lower levels of happiness. On the other side, at a higher socioeconomic level, people are happier. In addition, there are no differences between genders.