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1. Design considerations for three-dimensional betavoltaics

Author

John W. Murphy, Lars F. Voss, Clint D. Frye, Qinghui Shao, Kareem Kazkaz, Mark A. Stoyer, Roger A. Henderson, and Rebecca J. Nikolic

Subjects
Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Betavoltaic devices are suitable for delivering low-power over periods of years. Typically, their power density is on the order of nano to micro-Watts per cubic centimeter. In this work we evaluate the potential for using high-aspect ratio three-dimensional semiconductor structures to enhance the power and efficiency of these devices. The Monte Carlo transport code MCNP6 is used to provide realistic estimates of the theoretical levels of charge generation, which is in turn used to make predictions about the power output from three-dimensional betavoltaics. The focus of this work is on silicon and promethium-147, but other semiconductors and radioisotopes are considered as well. In the case of silicon diodes with three-dimensional features that are comparable to what is commercially available we estimate that power densities in the range of 20-25 mW/cm3 can be achieved at efficiencies of 2.9-5.8% when coupled with promethium-147 oxide.

Published
2019
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3. Projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment to the two-neutrino and neutrinoless double β decays of Xe134

Author

Oisin Creaner, Guilherme Pereira, Theresa Fruth, Ibles Olcina Samblas, Vitaly Kudryavtsev, Matthew Szydagis, Henrique Araujo, Rachel Mannino, Luiz De Viveiros, Paulo Brás, Athoy Nilima, Andrew Naylor, Junsong Lin, Claudio Silva, Kareem Kazkaz, Francisco Neves, Carl Eric Dahl, Amy Cottle, Winnie Wang, James Watson, Maria Elena Monzani, Sally Shaw, Michael Williams, Madan Sharma Timalsina, Bjoern Penning, and Jorge Morales Mendoza

Subjects
010308 nuclear & particles physics, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, 01 natural sciences
Published
2021

4. Bayesian Analysis of a Future Beta Decay Experiment's Sensitivity to Neutrino Mass Scale and Ordering

Author

Sebastian Böser, Gray Rybka, M. Guigue, Walter C. Pettus, R. Cervantes, Malachi Schram, M. Grando, T. Wendler, Mathew Thomas, Kareem Kazkaz, B. H. LaRoque, James Nikkel, M. Ottiger, B.A. VanDevender, Benjamin Monreal, J. Johnston, M. Betancourt, L. Saldaña, R. G. H. Robertson, X. Huyan, Joseph A. Formaggio, Z. Bogorad, A. Ashtari Esfahani, R. Mohiuddin, V. Sibille, L. de Viveiros, E. Zayas, A. Lindman, Martin Fertl, N. Buzinsky, L. Tvrznikova, L. Gladstone, J. Hartse, A. Ziegler, Thomas Thümmler, P. T. Surukuchi, N. S. Oblath, A. B. Telles, C. Claessens, K. M. Heeger, T. E. Weiss, Y. H. Sun, P. L. Slocum, E. Novitski, Jonathan R. Tedeschi, A. M. Jones, Laboratoire de Physique Nucléaire et de Hautes Énergies (LPNHE (UMR_7585)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Paris (UP), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Semileptonic decay, data analysis method, Particle physics, Bayesian probability, FOS: Physical sciences, [PHYS.NEXP]Physics [physics]/Nuclear Experiment [nucl-ex], Bayesian inference, Bayesian, 01 natural sciences, Measure (mathematics), statistics: Bayesian, mass: scale, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology (hep-ph), 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, neutrino: mass, Sensitivity (control systems), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Electroweak Interaction, Probability and statistics, semileptonic decay, calibration, sensitivity, neutrino: nuclear reactor, High Energy Physics - Phenomenology, mass: calibration, [PHYS.HPHE]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Phenomenology [hep-ph], Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability, spectral, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Neutrino, Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an), [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-DATA-AN]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability [physics.data-an], Symmetries
Abstract

Bayesian modeling techniques enable sensitivity analyses that incorporate detailed expectations regarding future experiments. A model-based approach also allows one to evaluate inferences and predicted outcomes, by calibrating (or measuring) the consequences incurred when certain results are reported. We present procedures for calibrating predictions of an experiment's sensitivity to both continuous and discrete parameters. Using these procedures and a new Bayesian model of the $\beta$-decay spectrum, we assess a high-precision $\beta$-decay experiment's sensitivity to the neutrino mass scale and ordering, for one assumed design scenario. We find that such an experiment could measure the electron-weighted neutrino mass within $\sim40\,$meV after 1 year (90$\%$ credibility). Neutrino masses $>500\,$meV could be measured within $\approx5\,$meV. Using only $\beta$-decay and external reactor neutrino data, we find that next-generation $\beta$-decay experiments could potentially constrain the mass ordering using a two-neutrino spectral model analysis. By calibrating mass ordering results, we identify reporting criteria that can be tuned to suppress false ordering claims. In some cases, a two-neutrino analysis can reveal that the mass ordering is inverted, an unobtainable result for the traditional one-neutrino analysis approach., Comment: 17 pages, 10 figures

Published
2020

6. Discrimination of electronic recoils from nuclear recoils in two-phase xenon time projection chambers

Author

F. L. H. Wolfs, E. M. Boulton, T. A. Shutt, Ethan Bernard, P. Brás, Kareem Kazkaz, T. P. Biesiadzinski, J. T. White, Henrique Araujo, L. Tvrznikova, C. R. Hall, S. Uvarov, X. Bai, E. Druszkiewicz, M. Horn, M. G. D. Gilchriese, Carl Gwilliam, D. J. Taylor, Daniel McKinsey, E. Leason, Q. Riffard, V. A. Kudryavtsev, C. M. Ignarra, Catarina Silva, S. Alsum, A. Naylor, Robert A. Taylor, P. Rossiter, M. Moongweluwan, C. Chan, Chao Zhang, S. Kravitz, D. Q. Huang, T. J. Whitis, Elena Korolkova, B. G. Lenardo, J. A. Morad, G. R. C. Rischbieter, T. J. Sumner, K. T. Lesko, N. Marangou, S. Shaw, M. Solmaz, M. S. Witherell, O. Jahangir, P. A. Terman, Dongming Mei, D. R. Tiedt, Antonin Vacheret, D. S. Akerib, J. Lin, P. Sorensen, V. Velan, J. E. Cutter, A. St. J. Murphy, F. Neves, Adam Bernstein, B. P. Tennyson, D. Khaitan, M.I. Lopes, C. Ghag, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, J. Liao, D. P. Hogan, A. Fan, K. J. Palladino, C. Rhyne, R. J. Gaitskell, E. K. Pease, V. N. Solovov, R. C. Webb, L. de Viveiros, R. L. Mannino, S. Fiorucci, W. H. To, D. Woodward, W. C. Taylor, J. Balajthy, Jilei Xu, C. Nehrkorn, U. Utku, D. Byram, B. Boxer, Matthew Szydagis, S. A. Hertel, Sergey Burdin, A. Baxter, A. Manalaysay, A. Lindote, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, K. Kamdin, S. J. Haselschwardt, H. N. Nelson, R. G. Jacobsen, W. Ji, A. Nilima, and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)

Subjects
Photon, Large Underground Xenon experiment, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Massive particle, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Astronomy & Astrophysics, nucl-ex, 01 natural sciences, Atomic, Physics, Particles & Fields, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Recoil, Xenon, Particle and Plasma Physics, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, physics.ins-det, Physics, Quantum Physics, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, hep-ex, Drift field, Molecular, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Recoil energy, Nuclear & Particles Physics, chemistry, Physical Sciences, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract

We present a comprehensive analysis of electronic recoil vs. nuclear recoil discrimination in liquid/gas xenon time projection chambers, using calibration data from the 2013 and 2014-16 runs of the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment. We observe strong charge-to-light discrimination enhancement with increased event energy. For events with S1 = 120 detected photons, i.e. equivalent to a nuclear recoil energy of $\sim$100 keV, we observe an electronic recoil background acceptance of $, 29 pages, 33 figures; minor typos corrected, references updated

Published
2020

7. The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) radioactivity and cleanliness control programs

Author

Mikkel B. Johnson, B. Landerud, A. Biekert, B. N. Edwards, K. Hanzel, T. E. Tope, D. Curran, C. Chiller, J. Palmer, R. Leonard, P. Sutcliffe, E. D. Fraser, R. Bunker, J. So, A. A. Chiller, M. R. While, A. Dobi, D. Hamilton, M. G. D. van der Grinten, W. J. Wisniewski, J. Li, A. Fan, J.S. Saba, C. Lynch, Henrique Araujo, S. Luitz, J. Nesbit, M. Horn, C. D. Kocher, Catarina Silva, F. G. O’Neill, J. C. Davis, J. J. Silk, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, Simon Fayer, M. Pangilinan, K. O’Sullivan, D. Lucero, Q. Xiao, D. Hemer, B. Boxer, J. M. Lyle, C. Chan, C. E. Tull, J. Genovesi, A. Vaitkus, M. Arthurs, V. B. Francis, S. Kravitz, X. Liu, H. J. Birch, R. Linehan, S. Walcott, C. H. Faham, T. J. Anderson, A. B.M.R. Sazzad, D. White, A. Kamaha, M. S. Witherell, R. Studley, K. Sundarnath, R. Liu, H. Oh, L. Korley, H. Flaecher, R. Conley, K. Kamdin, P. Beltrame, S. Stephenson, C. Pereira, C. R. Hall, R. Cabrita, B. Holbrook, B. G. Lenardo, P. Majewski, T.M. Stiegler, I. B. Peterson, A. Manalaysay, A. Monte, C. Ghag, H. Kraus, C. Loniewski, J. Makkinje, X. Xiang, Robert A. Taylor, M. N. Irving, S. Uvarov, Michael Schubnell, J. Heise, R. Coughlen, A. Lambert, F. Froborg, L. Oxborough, D.C. Malling, S. Greenwood, J. Yin, S. J. Haselschwardt, H. J. Krebs, W. H. Lippincott, K. J. Palladino, R. E. Smith, V. A. Kudryavtsev, I. Olcina, C. M. Ignarra, A. Harrison, A. J. Bailey, Minfang Yeh, D. Bauer, W. Skulski, J. Keefner, O. Hitchcock, Ben Carlson, E. Leason, Benjamin Krikler, A. Cottle, E. Mizrachi, Michele Cascella, M. Khaleeq, M. Solmaz, T. J. Whitis, J. J. Wang, N. Angelides, S. Gokhale, K. Skarpaas, Daniel McKinsey, S. Dardin, S. Kyre, D. Santone, P. R. Scovell, T. Vietanen, S. Powell, Y. Wang, David Leonard, E. Morrison, N. Swanson, M. Sarychev, M. A. Olevitch, E. K. Pease, M. Elnimr, P. Brás, N.J. Gantos, R. G. Jacobsen, J. Migneault, Yeongduk Kim, W. Turner, S. D. Worm, Seth Hillbrand, T. Fruth, G. Gregerson, Wenzhao Wei, V. Kasey, L. Kreczko, J. R. Watson, A. Bhatti, D. Naim, Ethan Bernard, B. J. Mount, V. N. Solovov, C. Nedlik, K. Wilson, Elena Korolkova, G. R. C. Rischbieter, P. Ford, A. Stevens, D. J. Taylor, H. N. Nelson, F. Neves, S. Aviles, W. T. Emmet, K. Stifter, B. Birrittella, J. T. White, S. J. Patton, D. Molash, M. Severson, T. A. Shutt, A. Richards, D Kodroff, J. Lin, Kareem Kazkaz, T. P. Biesiadzinski, David Colling, J. Liao, J. Mock, J. A. Morad, E. Holtom, J. E. Y. Dobson, Bjoern Penning, C. E. Dahl, A. Dushkin, A. Konovalov, D. J. Markley, G. W. Shutt, N. Parveen, M. G. D. Gilchriese, Yanwen Liu, C. Carels, Martin Breidenbach, Kathrin C. Walker, V.V. Sosnovtsev, A. Naylor, K. T. Lesko, N. A. Larsen, C. Lee, A. Pagac, J. J. Cherwinka, N. Decheine, J. Bang, J. A. Nikoleyczik, Patrick Bauer, J.P. Rodrigues, S. Branson, T. J. R. Davison, B. Lopez Paredes, D. Pagenkopf, J. S. Campbell, M. Tan, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, M.J. Barry, J. Belle, D. Yu. Akimov, M. Timalsina, S. Shaw, Alexander Bolozdynya, W. Ji, Sridhara Dasu, D. Q. Huang, J. Edwards, F. L. H. Wolfs, K. E. Boast, J. Busenitz, Ren-Jie Wang, S. Fiorucci, N. Stern, C. Rhyne, V. Bugaev, A. Laundrie, G. Rutherford, G. Pereira, E. H. Miller, W. W. Craddock, S. Alsum, J.P. da Cunha, Richard J. Smith, A. Cole, W. Wang, Julie Harrison, I. Khurana, M. Utes, R. J. Gaitskell, J. Kras, D. Khaitan, R. L. Mannino, J. D. Wolfs, H. Auyeung, L. de Viveiros, E. Voirin, E. M. Boulton, N. I. Chott, I. Stancu, L. Tvrznikova, Richard Rosero, P. MarrLaundrie, D. R. Tronstad, T. Benson, Dongming Mei, T. J. Sumner, O. Jahangir, J. Va’vra, Ross G. White, L. Sabarots, A. Currie, A. R. Smith, W. L. Waldron, J. P. Coleman, E. Lopez-Asamar, Wolfgang Lorenzon, A. Piepke, Carl Gwilliam, S. Hans, T. Harrington, Laura Manenti, A. Greenall, F.-T. Liao, G. Cox, J. R. Bensinger, V. M. Gehman, H. J. Rose, Christopher Brew, X. Bai, P. Sorensen, A. Arbuckle, Y. Qie, R. C. Webb, R.M. Gerhard, T.W. Hurteau, K.J. Thomas, P. Rossiter, C. Hasselkus, W. G. Jones, J. Johnson, R. Gelfand, T. G. Gonda, C. O. Vuosalo, A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, Chao Zhang, A. Nilima, R. M. Preece, T. K. Edberg, Q. Riffard, B. P. Tennyson, Yue Meng, C. Maupin, J. E. Cutter, J. Reichenbacher, J.Y-K. Hor, N. Marangou, D. Temples, Eli Gibson, M. Hoff, H. S. Lee, J. H. Buckley, Z. J. Minaker, M.I. Lopes, M. Koyuncu, P. A. Terman, J.R. Verbus, Bhawna Gomber, J. A. Nikkel, A. Alquahtani, I. M. Fogarty Florang, D. Seymour, A. V. Kumpan, Antonin Vacheret, C. Hjemfelt, M.R. Stark, S. Pierson, M. Racine, D. R. Tiedt, D. S. Akerib, A. Khazov, W. C. Taylor, J. Balajthy, A.V. Khromov, A. C. Kaboth, V. M. Palmaccio, Duncan Carlsmith, K. Pushkin, S. A. Hertel, S. N. Jeffery, E. Druszkiewicz, R. W. Schnee, S. Pal, R. Bramante, B. N. Ratcliff, M. E. Monzani, J. O'Dell, P. Zarzhitsky, L. Wang, P. Johnson, Matthew Szydagis, W. H. To, J. E. Armstrong, U. Utku, Mani Tripathi, D. Woodward, D. Garcia, W. R. Edwards, Carl W. Akerlof, Jilei Xu, C. Nehrkorn, Ian S. Young, J. McLaughlin, J. Thomson, S. R. Eriksen, R. Rucinski, T.J. Martin, C. Levy, Sergey Burdin, A. Baxter, A. Lindote, L. Reichhart, Juhyeong Lee, S. Balashov, C. T. McConnell, M. F. Marzioni, A. Tomás, W. T. Kim, S. Weatherly, and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)

Subjects
BACKGROUNDS, Particle physics, Photomultiplier, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), FOS: Physical sciences, lcsh:Astrophysics, Scintillator, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Physics, Particles & Fields, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), WIMP, lcsh:QB460-466, 0103 physical sciences, lcsh:Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity, Gamma spectroscopy, Sensitivity (control systems), 010306 general physics, DETECTOR, physics.ins-det, 0206 Quantum Physics, Engineering (miscellaneous), Physics, Science & Technology, hep-ex, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Scattering, IMPURITIES, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, Physical Sciences, 0202 Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, Content (measure theory), lcsh:QC770-798, CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
Abstract

LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) is a second-generation direct dark matter experiment with spin-independent WIMP-nucleon scattering sensitivity above $1.4 \times 10^{-48}$ cm$^{2}$ for a WIMP mass of 40 GeV/c$^{2}$ and a 1000 d exposure. LZ achieves this sensitivity through a combination of a large 5.6 t fiducial volume, active inner and outer veto systems, and radio-pure construction using materials with inherently low radioactivity content. The LZ collaboration performed an extensive radioassay campaign over a period of six years to inform material selection for construction and provide an input to the experimental background model against which any possible signal excess may be evaluated. The campaign and its results are described in this paper. We present assays of dust and radon daughters depositing on the surface of components as well as cleanliness controls necessary to maintain background expectations through detector construction and assembly. Finally, examples from the campaign to highlight fixed contaminant radioassays for the LZ photomultiplier tubes, quality control and quality assurance procedures through fabrication, radon emanation measurements of major sub-systems, and bespoke detector systems to assay scintillator are presented., Comment: 45 pages (79 inc. tables), 7 figures, 9 tables

Published
2020

8. Search for two neutrino double electron capture of 124Xe and 126Xe in the full exposure of the LUX detector

Author

E. M. Boulton, A. Naylor, L. Tvrznikova, P. Brás, T. J. Sumner, A. Manalaysay, A. Lindote, J. A. Morad, Jilei Xu, R. L. Mannino, D. Q. Huang, C. Nehrkorn, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, Carl Gwilliam, Ethan Bernard, Catarina Silva, W. C. Taylor, J. Balajthy, K. Kamdin, Chao Zhang, J. Liao, W. H. To, D. R. Tiedt, S. Uvarov, D. Woodward, A. Fan, Henrique Araujo, J. Lin, D. M. Mei, S. J. Haselschwardt, N. Marangou, Q. Riffard, D. S. Akerib, V. A. Kudryavtsev, Sergey Burdin, D. J. Taylor, T. A. Shutt, C. Rhyne, S. A. Hertel, E. Druszkiewicz, M. Horn, A. Baxter, R. J. Gaitskell, C. Chan, S. Kravitz, C. R. Hall, C. M. Ignarra, K. J. Palladino, U. Utku, D. Byram, A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, G. R. C. Rischbieter, Mani Tripathi, M.I. Lopes, Elena Korolkova, M. G. D. Gilchriese, B. G. Lenardo, E. K. Pease, H. N. Nelson, S. Fiorucci, B. Boxer, L. de Viveiros, V. N. Solovov, Daniel McKinsey, S. Alsum, M. Moongweluwan, F. L. H. Wolfs, P. Sorensen, M. Solmaz, M. F. Marzioni, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, R. C. Webb, C. Ghag, J. T. White, D. P. Hogan, D. Khaitan, B. P. Tennyson, P. Rossiter, Matthew Szydagis, Robert A. Taylor, F. Neves, J. E. Cutter, T. J. Whitis, P. A. Terman, Antonin Vacheret, S. Shaw, M. S. Witherell, O. Jahangir, X. Bai, K. T. Lesko, E. Leason, R. G. Jacobsen, Kareem Kazkaz, T. P. Biesiadzinski, W. Ji, A. Nilima, V. Velan, and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)

Subjects
COLLISIONS, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Electron capture, Analytical chemistry, FOS: Physical sciences, nucl-ex, Atomic, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Physics, Particles & Fields, HEAVY-IONS, LIMITS, Particle and Plasma Physics, rare decays, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), xenon detectors, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, physics.ins-det, Physics, Science & Technology, dark matter detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Molecular, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, 3. Good health, Physics, Nuclear, double electron capture, Physical Sciences, 0202 Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, Neutrino
Abstract

Two-neutrino double electron capture is a process allowed in the Standard Model of Particle Physics. This rare decay has been observed in $^{78}$Kr, $^{130}$Ba and more recently in $^{124}$Xe. In this publication we report on the search for this process in $^{124}$Xe and $^{126}$Xe using the full exposure of the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment, in a total of of 27769.5~kg-days. No evidence of a signal was observed, allowing us to set 90\% C.L. lower limits for the half-lives of these decays of $2.0\times10^{21}$~years for $^{124}$Xe and $1.9\times10^{21}$~years for $^{126}$Xe., 8 pages, 3 figures

Published
2020

10. Projected sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment to the 0νββ decay of Xe136

Author

Richard Rosero, D. R. Tronstad, David Leonard, X. Bai, J. Johnson, X. Liu, J. Busenitz, P. Brás, C. Rhyne, A. Cole, R. J. Gaitskell, R. Linehan, Eli Gibson, C. Levy, Sergey Burdin, R. C. Webb, A. Baxter, L. de Viveiros, A. Alqahtani, A. Monte, C. Ghag, N. Angelides, P. Sorensen, S. Gokhale, S. Shaw, Catarina Silva, J. Palmer, B. Lopez Paredes, T. J. Sumner, N. Marangou, A. Manalaysay, K. E. Boast, O. Jahangir, R. W. Schnee, S. Pal, M. E. Monzani, Yue Meng, D. Naim, I. Stancu, J. Liao, J. J. Wang, K. O’Sullivan, V. Bugaev, N. I. Chott, A. Khazov, P. Zarzhitsky, B. J. Mount, T. A. Shutt, Matthew Szydagis, J. Lin, H. N. Nelson, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, Wolfgang Lorenzon, Ross G. White, J.J. Silk, J. R. Bensinger, E. Leason, Benjamin Krikler, M. G. D. Gilchriese, E. Druszkiewicz, Laura Manenti, J. E. Y. Dobson, C. Carels, E. Mizrachi, C. Chan, Henrique Araujo, J. A. Morad, L. Kreczko, J. R. Watson, F.-T. Liao, A. Vaitkus, S. Kravitz, W. C. Taylor, P. Rossiter, H. J. Birch, D. Khaitan, K. Stifter, A. Kamaha, J. Bang, J. A. Nikoleyczik, D. Seymour, W. Turner, U. Utku, E. D. Fraser, Mani Tripathi, K. T. Lesko, C. Nedlik, A. Biekert, J. Balajthy, V. A. Kudryavtsev, S. Fiorucci, A. C. Kaboth, J. McLaughlin, C. M. Ignarra, C. R. Hall, F. L. H. Wolfs, R. Cabrita, Kareem Kazkaz, G. Rutherford, D. R. Tiedt, A. Harrison, M. Horn, J. Li, T. P. Biesiadzinski, C. D. Kocher, M. G. D. van der Grinten, K. J. Palladino, M. F. Marzioni, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, J. Kras, Michele Cascella, Carl W. Akerlof, H. Kraus, C. E. Dahl, T. Fruth, T. J. Anderson, A. Lindote, J. M. Lyle, Jilei Xu, B. Boxer, C. Nehrkorn, A. B.M.R. Sazzad, A. Tomás, E. K. Pease, Juhyeong Lee, Michael Schubnell, D. S. Akerib, L. Korley, K. Kamdin, S. Balashov, Ethan Bernard, P. Majewski, W. H. Lippincott, V. N. Solovov, X. Xiang, Daniel McKinsey, N. Parveen, Minfang Yeh, A. St. J. Murphy, M. Solmaz, Adam Bernstein, Robert A. Taylor, E. Morrison, D. Woodward, A. Naylor, T. J. Whitis, S. J. Haselschwardt, D. Q. Huang, M.I. Lopes, N. Swanson, W. Wang, P. A. Terman, S. R. Eriksen, R. L. Mannino, Antonin Vacheret, M. Arthurs, S. Luitz, G. Pereira, Richard J. Smith, T. K. Edberg, Q. Riffard, D. Temples, K. Pushkin, J. E. Armstrong, J. H. Buckley, J. Genovesi, M. Tan, E. H. Miller, A. Cottle, I. Olcina, A. Bhatti, S. A. Hertel, C. Loniewski, Elena Korolkova, A. Stevens, G. R. C. Rischbieter, F. Neves, Bjoern Penning, M. Timalsina, L. Tvrznikova, Henning Flaecher, S. Alsum, I. Khurana, J. Y.K. Hor, J. E. Cutter, J. Reichenbacher, W. Ji, A. Fan, Duncan Carlsmith, D. Santone, A. Nilima, and R. Liu

Subjects
Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Active volume, 0103 physical sciences, Analytical chemistry, 010306 general physics, 01 natural sciences, Sensitivity (electronics)
Abstract

Author(s): Akerib, DS; Akerlof, CW; Alqahtani, A; Alsum, SK; Anderson, TJ; Angelides, N; Araujo, HM; Armstrong, JE; Arthurs, M; Bai, X; Balajthy, J; Balashov, S; Bang, J; Baxter, A; Bensinger, J; Bernard, EP; Bernstein, A; Bhatti, A; Biekert, A; Biesiadzinski, TP; Birch, HJ; Boast, KE; Boxer, B; Bras, P; Buckley, JH; Bugaev, VV; Burdin, S; Busenitz, JK; Cabrita, R; Carels, C; Carlsmith, DL; Carmona-Benitez, MC; Cascella, M; Chan, C; Chott, NI; Cole, A; Cottle, A; Cutter, JE; Dahl, CE; De Viveiros, L; Dobson, JEY; Druszkiewicz, E; Edberg, TK; Eriksen, SR; Fan, A; Fiorucci, S; Flaecher, H; Fraser, ED; Fruth, T; Gaitskell, RJ; Genovesi, J; Ghag, C; Gibson, E; Gilchriese, MGD; Gokhale, S; Van Der Grinten, MGD; Hall, CR; Harrison, A; Haselschwardt, SJ; Hertel, SA; Hor, JYK; Horn, M; Huang, DQ; Ignarra, CM; Jahangir, O; Ji, W; Johnson, J; Kaboth, AC; Kamaha, AC; Kamdin, K; Kazkaz, K; Khaitan, D; Khazov, A; Khurana, I; Kocher, CD; Korley, L; Korolkova, EV; Kras, J; Kraus, H; Kravitz, S; Kreczko, L; Krikler, B; Kudryavtsev, VA; Leason, EA; Lee, J | Abstract: The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will enable a neutrinoless double β decay search in parallel to the main science goal of discovering dark matter particle interactions. We report the expected LZ sensitivity to Xe136 neutrinoless double β decay, taking advantage of the significant (g600 kg) Xe136 mass contained within the active volume of LZ without isotopic enrichment. After 1000 live-days, the median exclusion sensitivity to the half-life of Xe136 is projected to be 1.06×1026 years (90% confidence level), similar to existing constraints. We also report the expected sensitivity of a possible subsequent dedicated exposure using 90% enrichment with Xe136 at 1.06×1027 years.

Published
2020

11. Investigation of background electron emission in the LUX detector

Author

D. J. Taylor, M. G. D. Gilchriese, V. Velan, U. Utku, A. Manalaysay, A. Fan, S. Shaw, L. Tvrznikova, P. A. Terman, T. J. Sumner, J. T. White, Ethan Bernard, H. N. Nelson, W. H. To, D. Woodward, W. C. Taylor, J. Balajthy, B. G. Lenardo, M. S. Witherell, O. Jahangir, P. Brás, Robert A. Taylor, Q. Riffard, Carl Gwilliam, Daniel McKinsey, R. G. Jacobsen, Jilei Xu, C. Nehrkorn, T. J. Whitis, M. Solmaz, X. Bai, D. Khaitan, S. Alsum, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, S. A. Hertel, W. Ji, K. Kamdin, E. Druszkiewicz, M. Moongweluwan, Antonin Vacheret, F. L. H. Wolfs, P. Rossiter, K. J. Palladino, E. M. Boulton, R. L. Mannino, Elena Korolkova, G. R. C. Rischbieter, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, S. J. Haselschwardt, D. Byram, T. A. Shutt, J. A. Morad, J. Lin, D. R. Tiedt, Henrique Araujo, E. K. Pease, D. P. Hogan, B. Boxer, K. T. Lesko, V. N. Solovov, E. Leason, C. R. Hall, Matthew Szydagis, D. S. Akerib, S. Uvarov, R. C. Webb, M. Horn, L. de Viveiros, A. St. J. Murphy, P. Sorensen, Adam Bernstein, B. P. Tennyson, A. Naylor, M.I. Lopes, D. Q. Huang, Kareem Kazkaz, V. A. Kudryavtsev, C. M. Ignarra, T. P. Biesiadzinski, J. Liao, Sergey Burdin, C. Rhyne, A. Baxter, R. J. Gaitskell, A. Lindote, S. Fiorucci, J. E. Cutter, Chao Zhang, C. Ghag, N. Marangou, F. Neves, Dongming Mei, Catarina Silva, C. Chan, S. Kravitz, A. Nilima, and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, Photoionization, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Atomic, 01 natural sciences, Physics, Particles & Fields, ENERGY, XENON, Particle and Plasma Physics, Xenon, DEPENDENCE, Impurity, LIQUID ARGON, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear, FIELD, 010306 general physics, physics.ins-det, Physics, Quantum Physics, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Molecular, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Photoelectric effect, Nuclear & Particles Physics, STATE, KRYPTON, chemistry, Physical Sciences, Atomic physics, Luminescence, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract

Dual-phase xenon detectors, as currently used in direct detection dark matter experiments, have observed elevated rates of background electron events in the low energy region. While this background negatively impacts detector performance in various ways, its origins have only been partially studied. In this paper we report a systematic investigation of the electron pathologies observed in the LUX dark matter experiment. We characterize different electron populations based on their emission intensities and their correlations with preceding energy depositions in the detector. By studying the background under different experimental conditions, we identified the leading emission mechanisms, including photoionization and the photoelectric effect induced by the xenon luminescence, delayed emission of electrons trapped under the liquid surface, capture and release of drifting electrons by impurities, and grid electron emission. We discuss how these backgrounds can be mitigated in LUX and future xenon-based dark matter experiments., 17 pages, 13 figures

Published
2020

12. Simulations of Events for the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Dark Matter Experiment

Author

T. Fruth, D. Seymour, J. Lin, W. Ji, J. McLaughlin, J. Palmer, L. Tvrznikova, M. Tan, P. R. Scovell, J. Genovesi, Ethan Bernard, E. H. Miller, F. L. H. Wolfs, G. Rutherford, V. Bugaev, J. Kras, D. Woodward, B. Lopez Paredes, M. Solmaz, E. Morrison, A. Biekert, I. Stancu, A. Lindote, K. E. Boast, A. Fan, Kareem Kazkaz, Juhyeong Lee, I. Olcina, A. Bhatti, A. Alqahtani, M. G. D. Gilchriese, S. Balashov, D. Santone, C. Carels, A. Piepke, Ross G. White, A. Cottle, M. E. Monzani, F.-T. Liao, T. P. Biesiadzinski, C. Loniewski, J. Y.K. Hor, J. E. Cutter, J. Reichenbacher, M. G. D. van der Grinten, N. I. Chott, P. Zarzhitsky, Matthew Szydagis, C. Levy, Sergey Burdin, K. J. Palladino, P. Rossiter, Elena Korolkova, Laura Manenti, G. R. C. Rischbieter, A. Baxter, D. R. Tiedt, C. E. Dahl, B. Boxer, T. K. Edberg, S. A. Hertel, Q. Riffard, U. Utku, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, R. W. Schnee, S. Pal, G. Pereira, Richard J. Smith, Michele Cascella, David Leonard, E. Druszkiewicz, D. S. Akerib, Mani Tripathi, A. Nilima, Simon Fayer, M. Timalsina, E. K. Pease, D. Temples, K. Pushkin, N. Angelides, P. Majewski, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, T. J. Anderson, N. Marangou, J. Busenitz, W. H. Lippincott, Michael Schubnell, A. B.M.R. Sazzad, C. Rhyne, J. E. Armstrong, V. N. Solovov, A. Manalaysay, A. Khazov, J.J. Silk, A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, A. Naylor, D. Naim, S. Shaw, J. Li, S. Luitz, S. Gokhale, A. Cole, R. J. Gaitskell, J. H. Buckley, L. Korley, N. Parveen, K. Kamdin, R. Linehan, Minfang Yeh, W. C. Taylor, D. Q. Huang, B. J. Mount, T. A. Shutt, Catarina Silva, Carl W. Akerlof, Jilei Xu, C. Nehrkorn, H. J. Birch, J. Balajthy, M.I. Lopes, O. Jahangir, A. Monte, Daniel McKinsey, A. C. Kaboth, J. E. Y. Dobson, X. Xiang, A. Richards, C. Ghag, V. A. Kudryavtsev, C. Chan, A. Vaitkus, S. Kravitz, D. Khaitan, J. J. Wang, C. M. Ignarra, P. A. Terman, D. Bauer, M. F. Marzioni, A. Tomás, L. Kreczko, J. R. Watson, A. Harrison, R. L. Mannino, Antonin Vacheret, S. J. Haselschwardt, M. Arthurs, F. Neves, W. Wang, E. D. Fraser, P. Sorensen, E. Leason, T. J. Sumner, P. Brás, Henning Flaecher, Benjamin Krikler, K. T. Lesko, Yue Meng, T. J. Whitis, X. Bai, E. Mizrachi, J. Johnson, S. R. Eriksen, Duncan Carlsmith, Wolfgang Lorenzon, X. Liu, N. Swanson, J. R. Bensinger, Eli Gibson, A. Kamaha, H. N. Nelson, W. Turner, C. Nedlik, Henrique Araujo, C. R. Hall, R. Cabrita, H. Kraus, R. Liu, Richard Rosero, D. R. Tronstad, R. C. Webb, L. de Viveiros, K. Stifter, S. Fiorucci, J. Liao, J. A. Morad, J. Bang, J. A. Nikoleyczik, M. Horn, C. D. Kocher, J. M. Lyle, Robert A. Taylor, S. Alsum, I. Khurana, A. Stevens, and Bjoern Penning

Subjects
Physics, Particle physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, hep-ex, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Monte Carlo method, Detector, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), WIMP, 0103 physical sciences, Sensitivity (control systems), Projection (set theory), physics.ins-det, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Event (particle physics), Background radiation
Abstract

The LUX-ZEPLIN dark matter search aims to achieve a sensitivity to the WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross-section down to (1--2)$\times10^{-12}$\,pb at a WIMP mass of 40 GeV/$c^2$. This paper describes the simulations framework that, along with radioactivity measurements, was used to support this projection, and also to provide mock data for validating reconstruction and analysis software. Of particular note are the event generators, which allow us to model the background radiation, and the detector response physics used in the production of raw signals, which can be converted into digitized waveforms similar to data from the operational detector. Inclusion of the detector response allows us to process simulated data using the same analysis routines as developed to process the experimental data., Comment: 24 pages, 19 figures; Corresponding Authors: A. Cottle, V. Kudryavtsev, D. Woodward

Published
2020
Full Text
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13. Cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy signal classification with machine learning in project 8

Author

M. Guigue, Sebastian Böser, Joseph A. Formaggio, A. M. Jones, Kareem Kazkaz, B. H. LaRoque, James Nikkel, N. S. Oblath, Benjamin Monreal, E. Machado, T. E. Weiss, E. C. Morrison, P. L. Slocum, Thomas Thümmler, K. M. Heeger, T. Wendler, E. Zayas, E. Novitski, C. Claessens, Martin Fertl, Walter C. Pettus, A. Lindman, B.A. VanDevender, N. Buzinsky, L. Gladstone, R. G. H. Robertson, V. Sibille, Gray Rybka, L. Saldaña, J. Johnston, R. Cervantes, Malachi Schram, Y. H. Sun, L. de Viveiros, and A. Ashtari Esfahani

Subjects
Cyclotron, General Physics and Astronomy, FOS: Physical sciences, Electron, Machine learning, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Signal, Electromagnetic radiation, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), law, Magnetic trap, 0103 physical sciences, ddc:530, Emission spectrum, Cyclotron radiation, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Physics, business.industry, Detector, 3. Good health, Artificial intelligence, business, computer
Abstract

The Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES) technique pioneered by Project 8 measures electromagnetic radiation from individual electrons gyrating in a background magnetic field to construct a highly precise energy spectrum for beta decay studies and other applications. The detector, magnetic trap geometry, and electron dynamics give rise to a multitude of complex electron signal structures which carry information about distinguishing physical traits. With machine learning models, we develop a scheme based on these traits to analyze and classify CRES signals. Understanding and proper use of these traits will be instrumental to improve cyclotron frequency reconstruction and help Project 8 achieve world-leading sensitivity on the tritium endpoint measurement in the future., 30 pages, 16 figures

Published
2020

14. Measurement of material isotopics and atom number ratio with α-particle spectroscopy for a NIFFTE fission Time Projection Chamber actinide target

Author

J. A. Magee, C. A. Hagmann, Fredrik Tovesson, C. Prokop, B. Seilhan, W. Loveland, Denise Neudecker, A. Kemnitz, Daniel James Higgins, Mateusz Monterial, Nikolaos Fotiades, D. Cebra, D. Hensle, M. Heffner, L. Yao, L. D. Isenhower, N. Walsh, T.S. Watson, Samuele Sangiorgio, Kyle Schmitt, J. Gearhart, M. P. Mendenhall, R. S. Towell, Brett Manning, Jonathan B. King, Nathaniel Bowden, T. Classen, Uwe Greife, Shea Mosby, E. Leal-Cidoncha, J. L. Klay, J. Bundgaard, L. Snyder, Walid Younes, Robert Casperson, V. Geppert-Kleinrath, D.H. Dongwi, Kareem Kazkaz, Joseph Latta, and M. Anastasiou

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Time projection chamber, Isotope, Fission, Analytical chemistry, Atomic number, Actinide, Nuclear Experiment, Mass spectrometry, Spectroscopy, Instrumentation, Spectral line
Abstract

We present the results of a measurement of isotopic concentrations and atomic number ratio of a double-sided actinide target using α -spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The double-sided actinide target, with predominantly 239Pu on one side and 235U on the other, was used in the fission Time Projection Chamber (fissionTPC) for a measurement of the neutron-induced fission cross-section ratio between the two isotopes. The measured atomic number ratio is needed to extract an absolute measurement fission cross-section ratio. The 239Pu/235U atom number ratio was measured with a combination of mass spectrometry and α -spectroscopy with a planar silicon detector achieving uncertainties of less than 1%. Different strategies for estimating isotopic concentration from the α -spectrum are presented to demonstrate the potential of these methods for non-destructive target assay. We found that a combination of fitting spectra with constraints from mass spectrometry, and summing counts in a region of the spectrum provided the most consistent results with the lowest uncertainty.

Published
2022

15. The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) Experiment

Author

P. Sorensen, J. C. Davis, J. J. Silk, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, E. Holtom, T. J. Anderson, A. B.M.R. Sazzad, V.V. Sosnovtsev, J. J. Cherwinka, V. B. Francis, A. Naylor, L. Korley, K. Kamdin, W. Craddock, P. Beltrame, X. Xiang, A. Manalaysay, P. R. Scovell, D. Q. Huang, Ethan Bernard, B. P. Tennyson, Yue Meng, I. B. Peterson, A. Cottle, A. Biekert, A. Kamaha, M. S. Witherell, R. Studley, M. E. Monzani, J. S. Campbell, Alexander Bolozdynya, C. Chiller, M. G. D. van der Grinten, Matthew Szydagis, C. O. Vuosalo, M. Tan, E. H. Miller, V. Bugaev, B. Boxer, R. Coughlen, J. Liao, I. Stancu, L. de Viveiros, P. MarrLaundrie, A. Lambert, L. Kreczko, J. R. Watson, Michael Schubnell, A. Piepke, S. Greenwood, J. P. Coleman, A. Geffre, D. Bauer, G. W. Shutt, W. H. Lippincott, Y. Qie, Dongming Mei, L. Sabarots, S. Hans, Bhawna Gomber, W. Skulski, J. A. Nikkel, S. A. Hertel, A. Arbuckle, F.-T. Liao, S. R. Eriksen, Daniel McKinsey, E. Druszkiewicz, Jilei Xu, P. Sutcliffe, H. J. Rose, C. Nehrkorn, K. T. Lesko, N. A. Larsen, C. Lee, B. Landerud, Martin Breidenbach, D. Molash, Candace Lynch, W. G. Jones, M. A. Olevitch, Ian S. Young, M. Sarychev, B. N. Edwards, A. Pagac, L. Tvrznikova, P. Ford, S. Luitz, T. J. R. Davison, D. Pagenkopf, P. Majewski, G. Gregerson, Chao Zhang, Mary Severson, A. Currie, Ross G. White, Carl Gwilliam, S. J. Patton, A. J. Bailey, David Colling, Minfang Yeh, K. Wilson, P. Rossiter, S. Alsum, G. Pereira, V. M. Gehman, A. Dushkin, I. Khurana, Richard J. Smith, Benjamin Krikler, N. Marangou, John Heise, C. Loniewski, J. Bang, J. A. Nikoleyczik, J. Belle, D. Yu. Akimov, E. Mizrachi, C. Levy, M. R. While, A. Dobi, H. N. Nelson, X. Bai, J. Johnson, J. O'Dell, W. T. Kim, S. Weatherly, L. Wang, P. Johnson, Elena Korolkova, S. Pierson, W. T. Emmet, K. Stifter, B. Birrittella, T. Tope, A. Richards, Yufeng Wang, Ren-Jie Wang, J. Genovesi, C. Maupin, Kathrin C. Walker, G. R. C. Rischbieter, Eli Gibson, Yeongduk Kim, W. Turner, S. D. Worm, E. M. Boulton, G. Rutherford, S. Kyre, J. Mock, Seth Hillbrand, D. White, Q. Xiao, Sridhara Dasu, R. Leonard, J. Y.K. Hor, B. Holbrook, C. Nedlik, S. Fiorucci, J. Keefner, J. Kras, J. Yin, F. Froborg, F. Neves, D. Khaitan, S. J. Haselschwardt, L. Oxborough, D.S. Hamilton, O. Hitchcock, J.P. da Cunha, J.S. Saba, Henrique Araujo, I. Olcina, David Leonard, A. Bhatti, U. Utku, W. J. Wisniewski, S. Powell, M. Pangilinan, F.L.H. Wolfs, J. Barthel, D. Naim, D. Hemer, M. Timalsina, B. J. Mount, T. A. Shutt, S. Shaw, J. A. Morad, N. Swanson, J.P. Rodrigues, J. Nesbit, W.L. Waldron, J. E. Y. Dobson, J. Busenitz, C. R. Hall, N. Stern, C. Rhyne, A. Cole, R. J. Gaitskell, T. K. Edberg, Q. Riffard, O. Jahangir, B. G. Lenardo, D. Temples, C. Chan, C. E. Tull, A. Vaitkus, D. Garcia, S. Kravitz, T. G. Gonda, M. Elnimr, K. Pushkin, M. Horn, Kareem Kazkaz, H. Kraus, J. Li, C. H. Faham, T.M. Stiegler, A. Monte, C. D. Kocher, T. P. Biesiadzinski, C. Ghag, J. E. Armstrong, H. S. Lee, W. R. Edwards, K. J. Palladino, T. Benson, J. H. Buckley, Z. J. Minaker, Carl W. Akerlof, R. Bunker, M. Solmaz, M. Koyuncu, J.R. Verbus, J. M. Lyle, C. E. Dahl, E. Morrison, J. E. Cutter, J. Reichenbacher, H.J. Krebs, J. So, S. Branson, Peter Bauer, H. Auyeung, D. Seymour, Michele Cascella, A. A. Chiller, Mani Tripathi, Richard Rosero, D. R. Tronstad, R. Liu, M. Khaleeq, N. Decheine, M. N. Irving, Yunpeng Liu, S. Uvarov, J. McLaughlin, A. R. Smith, S. Dardin, J. Thomson, K. Sundarnath, Robert A. Taylor, Ben Carlson, T. Harrington, C. T. McConnell, E. K. Pease, A. Greenall, T. J. Whitis, M. F. Marzioni, C. Silva, V. Kasey, D. Rynders, R. C. Webb, J. Palmer, P. Brás, V. N. Solovov, T.J. Martin, R. Conley, P. A. Terman, A. Tomás, B. Lopez Paredes, K. E. Boast, J. T. White, D. Markley, A. Konovalov, A. Lindote, A. Alquahtani, L. Reichhart, D.C. Malling, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, E. Leason, Juhyeong Lee, D. Curran, Henning Flaecher, S. Balashov, A.V. Khromov, B. N. Ratcliff, J. Migneault, A. V. Kumpan, Simon Fayer, Antonin Vacheret, C. Hjemfelt, R. Linehan, M. Arthurs, S. Stephenson, V. M. Palmaccio, N. I. Chott, M.R. Stark, Duncan Carlsmith, Wenzhao Wei, M. Utes, Laura Manenti, A. Stevens, D. J. Taylor, R. E. Smith, V. A. Kudryavtsev, S. Walcott, C. M. Ignarra, N.J. Gantos, R. G. Jacobsen, M. Racine, A. Fan, Bjoern Penning, J. Va’vra, A. Harrison, H. Oh, J. Makkinje, W. Ji, R. Rucinski, Sergey Burdin, A. Baxter, D. Santone, E. Voirin, R.M. Gerhard, T.W. Hurteau, K.J. Thomas, X. Liu, R. Gelfand, T. Vietanen, A. Nilima, R. M. Preece, A. Laundrie, Mikkel B. Johnson, K. Hanzel, F. G. O'Neill, A. Khazov, W. C. Taylor, J. Balajthy, M.J. Barry, K. O’Sullivan, D. Lucero, A. C. Kaboth, R. L. Mannino, J. D. Wolfs, J. Lin, C. Pereira, N. Angelides, S. Gokhale, A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, M. Hoff, M.I. Lopes, M. G. D. Gilchriese, C. Carels, I. M. Fogarty Florang, J. Edwards, S. N. Jeffery, R. W. Schnee, S. Pal, R. Bramante, T. Fruth, T. J. Sumner, W. H. To, Wolfgang Lorenzon, J. R. Bensinger, J. J. Wang, D. Woodward, C. Hasselkus, K. Skarpaas, D. R. Tiedt, D. S. Akerib, and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Technology, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, 0299 Other Physical Sciences, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Scintillator, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Physics, Particles & Fields, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, LEAD, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), XENON, Low energy, Xenon, WIMP, 0103 physical sciences, 0201 Astronomical and Space Sciences, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Science & Technology, Underground, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Instrumentation, Instruments & Instrumentation, physics.ins-det, Physics, Dark matter detector, Time projection chamber, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, hep-ex, Detector, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, Neutron capture, Physics, Nuclear, chemistry, Physical Sciences, 0202 Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle and Plasma Physics, Liquid xenon, EMISSION, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, astro-ph.IM
Abstract

We describe the design and assembly of the LUX-ZEPLIN experiment, a direct detection search for cosmic WIMP dark matter particles. The centerpiece of the experiment is a large liquid xenon time projection chamber sensitive to low energy nuclear recoils. Rejection of backgrounds is enhanced by a Xe skin veto detector and by a liquid scintillator Outer Detector loaded with gadolinium for efficient neutron capture and tagging. LZ is located in the Davis Cavern at the 4850' level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility in Lead, South Dakota, USA. We describe the major subsystems of the experiment and its key design features and requirements. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Published
2019

16. Low-Energy Physics Reach of Xenon Detectors for Nuclear-Recoil-Based Dark Matter and Neutrino Experiments

Author

D. Naim, J. Kingston, C. Awe, Liang Li, Adam Bernstein, J. Runge, P. S. Barbeau, Jilei Xu, Kareem Kazkaz, P. An, O. A. Akindele, Mani Tripathi, S. Hedges, B. G. Lenardo, and Sergei V. Pereverzev

Subjects
Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Scattering, Dark matter, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, Recoil, Xenon, chemistry, WIMP, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Physics::Atomic Physics, Neutrino, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics
Abstract

Dual-phase xenon detectors lead the search for keV-scale nuclear recoil signals expected from the scattering of weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) dark matter, and can potentially be used to study the coherent nuclear scattering of MeV-scale neutrinos. New capabilities of such experiments can be enabled by extending their nuclear recoil searches down to the lowest measurable energy. The response of the liquid xenon target medium to nuclear recoils, however, is not well characterized below a few keV, leading to large uncertainties in projected sensitivities. In this work, we report a new measurement of ionization signals from nuclear recoils in liquid xenon down to the lowest energy reported to date. At 0.3 keV, we find that the average recoil produces approximately one ionization electron; this is the first measurement of nuclear recoil signals at the single-ionization-electron level, approaching the physical limit of liquid xenon ionization detectors. We discuss the implications of these measurements on the physics reach of xenon detectors for nuclear-recoil-based WIMP dark matter searches and the detection of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering.

Published
2019

17. Locust: C++ software for simulation of RF detection

Author

R. Cervantes, Malachi Schram, P. L. Slocum, Thomas Thümmler, T. E. Weiss, Jonathan R. Tedeschi, J. Nikkel, E. C. Morrison, A. M. Jones, Mathieu Guigue, Kareem Kazkaz, E. Novitski, T. Wendler, A. Ashtari Esfahani, M. Wachtendonk, N. S. Oblath, E. Zayas, Joseph A. Formaggio, B. A. VanDevender, Martin Fertl, A. Lindman, B. H. LaRoque, C. Claessens, Sebastian Böser, R. G. H. Robertson, M. Walter, E. Machado, Walter C. Pettus, J. Johnston, Gray Rybka, L. Saldaña, V. Sibille, K. M. Heeger, Benjamin Monreal, N. Buzinsky, L. Gladstone, Y. H. Sun, and L. de Viveiros

Subjects
Physics, Flexibility (engineering), Modularity (networks), Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, biology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Software tool, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), Tracking (particle physics), biology.organism_classification, 01 natural sciences, Particle detector, Software, 0103 physical sciences, Antenna (radio), 010306 general physics, business, Physics - Computational Physics, Computer hardware, Locust
Abstract

The Locust simulation package is a new C++ software tool developed to simulate the measurement of time-varying electromagnetic fields using RF detection techniques. Modularity and flexibility allow for arbitrary input signals, while concurrently supporting tight integration with physics-based simulations as input. External signals driven by the Kassiopeia particle tracking package are discussed, demonstrating conditional feedback between Locust and Kassiopeia during software execution. An application of the simulation to the Project 8 experiment is described. Locust is publicly available at https://github.com/project8/locust_mc., 18 pages, 7 figures

Published
2019

19. Results of a Search for Sub-GeV Dark Matter Using 2013 LUX Data

Author

D. P. Hogan, M. G. D. Gilchriese, K. T. Lesko, Henrique Araujo, Sergey Burdin, C. Ghag, Q. Riffard, L. Tvrznikova, J. Lin, C. R. Hall, A. Naylor, S. Alsum, S. J. Haselschwardt, T. J. R. Davison, S. Shaw, Matthew Szydagis, P. A. Terman, D. Q. Huang, Carl Gwilliam, M. Moongweluwan, J. Genovesi, Jilei Xu, C. Nehrkorn, M. S. Witherell, O. Jahangir, Daniel McKinsey, D. Byram, S. Uvarov, X. Bai, C. Chan, S. Kravitz, H. N. Nelson, M. Horn, R. G. Jacobsen, F. Neves, J. E. Cutter, V. Velan, A. Fan, Kareem Kazkaz, A. Manalaysay, T. P. Biesiadzinski, W. Ji, B. Boxer, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, P. Sorensen, P. Brás, T. J. Whitis, K. J. Palladino, K. Kamdin, Ethan Bernard, F.L.H. Wolfs, P. Beltrame, Dongming Mei, D. J. Taylor, B. P. Tennyson, T. A. Shutt, J. A. Morad, U. Utku, C. Rhyne, E. K. Pease, C. Silva, R. L. Mannino, Elena Korolkova, R. J. Gaitskell, V. N. Solovov, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, M. F. Marzioni, S. A. Hertel, E. Druszkiewicz, K. Yazdani, G. R. C. Rischbieter, Chao Zhang, D. Khaitan, S. R. Fallon, N. Marangou, V. A. Kudryavtsev, D. R. Tiedt, J. T. White, C. M. Ignarra, D. S. Akerib, E. M. Boulton, T. J. Sumner, W. H. To, A. Lindote, D. Woodward, A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, W. C. Taylor, M.I. Lopes, R. Knoche, J. Balajthy, J. Liao, Mani Tripathi, R. C. Webb, S. Fiorucci, P. Rossiter, B. G. Lenardo, M. Solmaz, Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC), and The Royal Society

Subjects
General Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics (astro-ph.CO), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics, Multidisciplinary, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, 09 Engineering, High Energy Physics - Experiment, LUX Collaboration, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Xenon, Recoil, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), physics.ins-det, 01 Mathematical Sciences, Physics, Scintillation, Science & Technology, 02 Physical Sciences, hep-ex, Scattering, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), chemistry, Physical Sciences, Scintillation counter, astro-ph.CO, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics, astro-ph.IM
Abstract

The scattering of dark matter (DM) particles with sub-GeV masses off nuclei is difficult to detect using liquid xenon-based DM search instruments because the energy transfer during nuclear recoils is smaller than the typical detector threshold. However, the tree-level DM-nucleus scattering diagram can be accompanied by simultaneous emission of a Bremsstrahlung photon or a so-called "Migdal" electron. These provide an electron recoil component to the experimental signature at higher energies than the corresponding nuclear recoil. The presence of this signature allows liquid xenon detectors to use both the scintillation and the ionization signals in the analysis where the nuclear recoil signal would not be otherwise visible. We report constraints on spin-independent DM-nucleon scattering for DM particles with masses of 0.4-5 GeV/c$^2$ using 1.4$\times10^4$ kg$\cdot$day of search exposure from the 2013 data from the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment for four different classes of mediators. This analysis extends the reach of liquid xenon-based DM search instruments to lower DM masses than has been achieved previously.

Published
2019

20. Electron Radiated Power in Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy Experiments

Author

R. Cervantes, Malachi Schram, T. E. Weiss, Y. H. Sun, Kareem Kazkaz, M. Wachtendonk, N. S. Oblath, P. J. Doe, L. Saldaña, J. Johnston, T. Wendler, C. Claessens, A. Ashtari Esfahani, R. G. H. Robertson, V. Sibille, A. Lindman, E. Zayas, N. Buzinsky, Gray Rybka, P. L. Slocum, L. Gladstone, Martin Fertl, M. Leber, Thomas Thümmler, K. M. Heeger, L. de Viveiros, Joseph A. Formaggio, Benjamin Monreal, Walter C. Pettus, B. A. VanDevender, Vikas Bansal, Mathieu Guigue, Jonathan R. Tedeschi, James Nikkel, A. M. Jones, E. C. Morrison, E. Novitski, E. Machado, M. Walter, B. H. LaRoque, and Sebastian Böser

Subjects
Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Cyclotron, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Electron, Effective radiated power, Kinetic energy, 01 natural sciences, Signal, 3. Good health, Computational physics, law.invention, law, 0103 physical sciences, Cyclotron radiation, Emission spectrum, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Neutrino, 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

The recently developed technique of Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES) uses frequency information from the cyclotron motion of an electron in a magnetic bottle to infer its kinetic energy. Here we derive the expected radio frequency signal from an electron in a waveguide CRES apparatus from first principles. We demonstrate that the frequency-domain signal is rich in information about the electron's kinematic parameters, and extract a set of measurables that in a suitably designed system are sufficient for disentangling the electron's kinetic energy from the rest of its kinematic features. This lays the groundwork for high-resolution energy measurements in future CRES experiments, such as the Project 8 neutrino mass measurement., 15 pages, 10 figures

Published
2019

21. Using cyclotron radiation emission for ultra-high resolution x-ray spectroscopy

Author

Kareem Kazkaz and Nathan Woollett

Subjects
Physics, Range (particle radiation), Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Atomic Physics (physics.atom-ph), Cyclotron, Electronvolt, FOS: Physical sciences, General Physics and Astronomy, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Electron, 01 natural sciences, Physics - Atomic Physics, 010305 fluids & plasmas, Computational physics, law.invention, Pair production, law, 0103 physical sciences, Emission spectrum, Cyclotron radiation, 010306 general physics, Spectroscopy
Abstract

Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES) is an approach to measuring the energy of an electron trapped in an externally applied magnetic field. The bare electron can come from different interactions, including photoelectric absorption, Compton scatters, beta decay, and pair production. CRES relies on measuring the frequency of the electron's cyclotron motion, and because the measurement times extend over $10^6$-$10^7$ cycles, the energy resolution is on the order of a single electronvolt. To date, CRES has only been performed on internal beta-emitting radioisotopes, but the technology can be applied to X-ray spectrometery through appropriate selection of a target gas and sufficient intensity of the distinct X-ray source. The applications of this technology range from high-precision measurements of atomic energy levels, to calibrations of basic science experiments, to trace element identification. In this work we explore the use of CRES for X-ray spectroscopy within the rubric of measuring the energy levels of argon, although the principles are broadly applicable to many other situations. The issues we explore include target material, density, electron trapping depth, noise levels, and overall efficiency. We also discuss spectral deconvolution and how the multiple peaks obtained from a single target / source pair can be used to enhance the robustness of the measurement., Comment: 11 pages, 9 figures

Published
2021

22. A Global Analysis of Light and Charge Yields in Liquid Xenon

Author

Jeremy Mock, B. G. Lenardo, Mani Tripathi, Matthew Szydagis, Kareem Kazkaz, and A. Manalaysay

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Photon, Dark matter, Monte Carlo method, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Markov chain Monte Carlo, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Particle detector, Computational physics, symbols.namesake, Xenon, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, chemistry, Simulated annealing, symbols, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Free parameter
Abstract

We present an updated model of light and charge yields from nuclear recoils in liquid xenon with a simultaneously constrained parameter set. A global analysis is performed using measurements of electron and photon yields compiled from all available historical data, as well as measurements of the ratio of the two. These data sweep over energies from 1 - 300 keV and external applied electric fields from 0 - 4060 V/cm. The model is constrained by constructing global cost functions and using a gradient descent minimizer, a simulated annealing algorithm, and a Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach to optimize and find confidence intervals on all free parameters in the model. This analysis contrasts with previous work in that we do not unnecessarily exclude data sets nor impose artificially conservative assumptions, do not use spline functions, and reduce the number of parameters used in NEST v0.98. We report our results and the calculated best-fit charge and light yields. These quantities are crucial to understanding the response of liquid xenon detectors in the energy regime important for rare event searches such as the direct detection of dark matter particles., 9 pages, 11 figures

Published
2015

23. LUX trigger efficiency

Author

A. Manalaysay, T. A. Shutt, D. Khaitan, A. Lindote, Daniel McKinsey, S. R. Fallon, J.R. Verbus, Ethan Bernard, F. L. H. Wolfs, Kareem Kazkaz, Henrique Araujo, U. Utku, T. P. Biesiadzinski, P. Sorensen, Mani Tripathi, S. A. Hertel, C. R. Hall, E. Druszkiewicz, K. Yazdani, G. R. C. Rischbieter, B. P. Tennyson, M. G. D. Gilchriese, K. J. Palladino, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, W. H. To, E. K. Pease, L. Tvrznikova, K. Kamdin, P. Beltrame, J. T. White, D. Woodward, V. N. Solovov, D. Byram, P. Rossiter, V. Velan, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, P. A. Terman, J. A. Morad, Carl Gwilliam, K. T. Lesko, D. P. Hogan, Matthew Szydagis, H. N. Nelson, S. Shaw, B. G. Lenardo, B. Boxer, M. S. Witherell, S. Fiorucci, W. C. Taylor, Elena Korolkova, M. Solmaz, A. Fan, J. Balajthy, D. S. Akerib, D. Q. Huang, T. J. Whitis, R. L. Mannino, X. Bai, J. Genovesi, Jilei Xu, C. Nehrkorn, S. Uvarov, S. J. Haselschwardt, T. J. R. Davison, M. Horn, P. Brás, S. Alsum, J. Lin, M. Moongweluwan, R. C. Webb, A. St. J. Murphy, D. J. Taylor, Adam Bernstein, M. F. Marzioni, M.I. Lopes, R. Knoche, J. E. Cutter, V. A. Kudryavtsev, D. R. Tiedt, C. M. Ignarra, E. M. Boulton, T. J. Sumner, J. Liao, C. Ghag, C. Rhyne, R. J. Gaitskell, Sergey Burdin, Dongming Mei, Chao Zhang, N. Marangou, F. Neves, Catarina Silva, C. Chan, S. Kravitz, E. Grace, R. G. Jacobsen, and W. Ji

Subjects
Technology, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Photon, Large Underground Xenon experiment, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Dark matter, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Atomic, Physics, Particles & Fields, Nuclear physics, 0202 Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle And Plasma Physics, Xenon, Recoil, Particle and Plasma Physics, WIMP, Affordable and Clean Energy, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, Nuclear, Nuclear Science & Technology, 010306 general physics, Instruments & Instrumentation, Instrumentation, physics.ins-det, Physics, Dark matter detectors, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Molecular, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, WIMPs, Other Physical Sciences, Physics, Nuclear, chemistry, Physical Sciences, Liquid xenon, Trigger efficiency, Astronomical and Space Sciences
Abstract

The Large Underground Xenon experiment (LUX) searches for dark matter using a dual-phase xenon detector. LUX uses a custom-developed trigger system for event selection. In this paper, the trigger efficiency, which is defined as the probability that an event of interest is selected for offline analysis, is studied using raw data obtained from both electron recoil (ER) and nuclear recoil (NR) calibrations. The measured efficiency exceeds 98\% at a pulse area of 90 detected photons, which is well below the WIMP analysis threshold on the S2 pulse area. The efficiency also exceeds 98\% at recoil energies of \mbox{0.2 keV} and above for ER, and \mbox{1.3 keV} and above for NR. The measured trigger efficiency varies between 99\% and 100\% over the fiducial volume of the detector., Comment: 31 pages, 14 figures

Published
2018

24. Three-Dimensionally Structured Betavoltaics

Author

Qinghui Shao, John W. Murphy, Kareem Kazkaz, John D. Despotopulos, Lars F. Voss, Rebecca J. Nikolic, Roger Henderson, Fang Qian, and Clint D. Frye

Subjects
Betavoltaics, Electricity generation, Materials science, Semiconductor, Silicon, chemistry, business.industry, Optoelectronics, chemistry.chemical_element, business, Diode, Power density
Abstract

In this work we demonstrate three-dimensionally structured silicon diodes for use as a betavoltaic power source in conjunction with147Pm. The concept of using a three-dimensionally structured semiconductor to increase the power density and efficiency of a betavoltaic device has existed for some time, even specifically for the combination of Si and Pm [1], [2], however this work is the first demonstration of infiltration of the radioisotope into the structured semiconductor; the previous works utilized either an e-beam gun or a sealed source to demonstrate power generation. MCNP simulations were carried out to determine the optimal feature sizes for maximizing power density and efficiency. We have fabricated three devices, which were filled with approximately 3, 7, and 28 mCi of PmCl 3 respectively. These devices produced an output current greater than what could be achieved in a coplanar device, demonstrating successful infiltration of the radioisotope.

Published
2018

25. Position Reconstruction in LUX

Author

B. N. Edwards, Henrique Araujo, K. O’Sullivan, V. Velan, J. E. Cutter, E. M. Boulton, T. J. Sumner, R. G. Jacobsen, A. Fan, Matthew Szydagis, C. Rhyne, R. J. Gaitskell, C. Ghag, X. Bai, R. L. Mannino, W. Ji, D. Q. Huang, Kareem Kazkaz, T. P. Biesiadzinski, A. Lindote, S. Alsum, A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, K. J. Palladino, S. J. Haselschwardt, J. Mock, C. R. Hall, M. G. D. Gilchriese, M.I. Lopes, R. Knoche, M. Moongweluwan, E. K. Pease, C. Silva, T. A. Shutt, A. J. Bailey, J. A. Morad, V. N. Solovov, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, D. Byram, Dongming Mei, L. Tvrznikova, C. Chan, M. Hanhardt, D. J. Taylor, K. T. Lesko, N. A. Larsen, J. Genovesi, Jilei Xu, D. S. Akerib, C. Nehrkorn, W. C. Taylor, F.L.H. Wolfs, D. Khaitan, A. Currie, D. P. Hogan, S. A. Hertel, S. Shaw, M. F. Marzioni, S. R. Fallon, P. A. Terman, E. Druszkiewicz, J. Balajthy, K. Yazdani, S. Uvarov, M. S. Witherell, M. Horn, Chao Zhang, A. Dobi, H. N. Nelson, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, K. Kamdin, P. Beltrame, P. Sorensen, Daniel McKinsey, B. P. Tennyson, S. Fiorucci, A. Manalaysay, F. Neves, Mani Tripathi, W. H. To, T. J. R. Davison, Ethan Bernard, R. C. Webb, Sarah Young, D. R. Tiedt, C. M. Ignarra, P. Brás, Sidney Cahn, B. G. Lenardo, M. Solmaz, T. J. Whitis, J.R. Verbus, and J. T. White

Subjects
Technology, Liquid detectors, Photomultiplier, Photon, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Dark Matter detectors (WIMPs, axions, etc.), XENON, Optics, Xenon, law, 0103 physical sciences, Calibration, 010306 general physics, Instruments & Instrumentation, DETECTOR, physics.ins-det, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Gamma camera, Detector modelling and simulations I (interaction of radiation with matter, interaction of photons with matter, interaction of hadrons with matter, etc), Physics, Science & Technology, hep-ex, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Charge transport, multiplication and electroluminescence in rare gases and liquids, Detector, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Photon counting, GAMMA-CAMERA, chemistry, physics.comp-ph, EMISSION, business, Physics - Computational Physics
Abstract

The $(x, y)$ position reconstruction method used in the analysis of the complete exposure of the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment is presented. The algorithm is based on a statistical test that makes use of an iterative method to recover the photomultiplier tube (PMT) light response directly from the calibration data. The light response functions make use of a two dimensional functional form to account for the photons reflected on the inner walls of the detector. To increase the resolution for small pulses, a photon counting technique was employed to describe the response of the PMTs. The reconstruction was assessed with calibration data including ${}^{\mathrm{83m}}$Kr (releasing a total energy of 41.5 keV) and ${}^{3}$H ($\beta^-$ with Q = 18.6 keV) decays, and a deuterium-deuterium (D-D) neutron beam (2.45 MeV). In the horizontal plane, the reconstruction has achieved an $(x, y)$ position uncertainty of $\sigma$= 0.82 cm for events of only 200 electroluminescence photons and $\sigma$ = 0.17 cm for 4,000 electroluminescence photons. Such signals are associated with electron recoils of energies $\sim$0.25 keV and $\sim$10 keV, respectively. The reconstructed position of the smallest events with a single electron emitted from the liquid surface has a horizontal $(x, y)$ uncertainty of 2.13 cm., Comment: 30 pages, 17 figures

Published
2018

26. Ultralow energy calibration of LUX detector using Xe127 electron capture

Author

Henrique Araujo, C. R. Hall, S. K. Young, D. J. Taylor, D. Byram, S. Shaw, A. Dobi, Sidney Cahn, S. A. Hertel, E. Druszkiewicz, K. Yazdani, M. S. Witherell, J. A. Morad, F. L. H. Wolfs, R. G. Jacobsen, J. E. Cutter, P. Brás, D. Q. Huang, B. N. Edwards, J. T. White, M. Hanhardt, Daniel McKinsey, X. Bai, W. Ji, S. Alsum, B. G. Lenardo, A. Manalaysay, M. Moongweluwan, C. Rhyne, R. J. Gaitskell, T. A. Shutt, D. R. Tiedt, J.R. Verbus, Ethan Bernard, C. M. Ignarra, D. M. Mei, Kareem Kazkaz, V. Velan, M. Solmaz, T. J. R. Davison, C. Ghag, T. P. Biesiadzinski, D. P. Hogan, K. T. Lesko, T. J. Whitis, S. Uvarov, N. A. Larsen, Chao Zhang, R. L. Mannino, K. O’Sullivan, M. Horn, Matthew Szydagis, M. G. D. Gilchriese, F. Neves, P. Sorensen, J. Mock, M. F. Marzioni, Mani Tripathi, B. P. Tennyson, S. Fiorucci, Jilei Xu, C. Nehrkorn, P. A. Terman, W. C. Taylor, J. Balajthy, W. H. To, R. C. Webb, S. R. Fallon, Catarina Silva, H. N. Nelson, C. Chan, D. S. Akerib, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, A. St. J. Murphy, K. Kamdin, Adam Bernstein, P. Beltrame, M.I. Lopes, R. Knoche, L. Tvrznikova, A. Currie, S. J. Haselschwardt, J. Genovesi, E. M. Boulton, T. J. Sumner, D. Khaitan, K. J. Palladino, E. K. Pease, V. N. Solovov, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, A. Fan, A. J. Bailey, and A. Lindote

Subjects
Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Electron capture, Binding energy, Analytical chemistry, chemistry.chemical_element, Electron, 01 natural sciences, Beta decay, Xenon, Recoil, chemistry, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, Isotopes of xenon, 010306 general physics
Abstract

Author(s): Akerib, DS; Alsum, S; Araujo, HM; Bai, X; Bailey, AJ; Balajthy, J; Beltrame, P; Bernard, EP; Bernstein, A; Biesiadzinski, TP; Boulton, EM; Bras, P; Byram, D; Cahn, SB; Carmona-Benitez, MC; Chan, C; Currie, A; Cutter, JE; Davison, TJR; Dobi, A; Druszkiewicz, E; Edwards, BN; Fallon, SR; Fan, A; Fiorucci, S; Gaitskell, RJ; Genovesi, J; Ghag, C; Gilchriese, MGD; Hall, CR; Hanhardt, M; Haselschwardt, SJ; Hertel, SA; Hogan, DP; Horn, M; Huang, DQ; Ignarra, CM; Jacobsen, RG; Ji, W; Kamdin, K; Kazkaz, K; Khaitan, D; Knoche, R; Larsen, NA; Lenardo, BG; Lesko, KT; Lindote, A; Lopes, MI; Manalaysay, A; Mannino, RL; Marzioni, MF; McKinsey, DN; Mei, DM; Mock, J; Moongweluwan, M; Morad, JA; Murphy, ASJ; Nehrkorn, C; Nelson, HN; Neves, F; O'Sullivan, K; Oliver-Mallory, KC; Palladino, KJ; Pease, EK; Rhyne, C; Shaw, S; Shutt, TA; Silva, C; Solmaz, M; Solovov, VN; Sorensen, P; Sumner, TJ; Szydagis, M; Taylor, DJ; Taylor, WC; Tennyson, BP; Terman, PA; Tiedt, DR; To, WH; Tripathi, M; Tvrznikova, L; Uvarov, S; Velan, V; Verbus, JR; Webb, RC | Abstract: We report an absolute calibration of the ionization yields (Qy) and fluctuations for electronic recoil events in liquid xenon at discrete energies between 186 eV and 33.2 keV. The average electric field applied across the liquid xenon target is 180 V/cm. The data are obtained using low energy Xe127 electron capture decay events from the 95.0-day first run from LUX (WS2013) in search of weakly interacting massive particles. The sequence of gamma-ray and x-ray cascades associated with I127 deexcitations produces clearly identified two-vertex events in the LUX detector. We observe the K-(binding energy, 33.2 keV), L-(5.2 keV), M-(1.1 keV), and N-(186 eV) shell cascade events and verify that the relative ratio of observed events for each shell agrees with calculations. The N-shell cascade analysis includes single extracted electron (SE) events and represents the lowest-energy electronic recoil in situ measurements that have been explored in liquid xenon.

Published
2017

27. Modeling ionization and recombination from low energy nuclear recoils in liquid argon

Author

Adam Bernstein, Igor Jovanovic, Samuele Sangiorgio, Vladimir Mozin, Michael Foxe, Peter Sorensen, Sergey Pereverzev, Tenzing H. Y. Joshi, Kareem Kazkaz, and Chris Hagmann

Subjects
Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Solar neutrino, chemistry.chemical_element, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Electron, Electric charge, Nuclear physics, Xenon, chemistry, Electric field, Ionization, Atom, Physics::Atomic Physics, Atomic physics, Neutrino, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

Coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering (CNNS) is an as-yet undetected, flavor-independent neutrino interaction predicted by the Standard Model. CNNS is a flavor-blind interaction, which offers potential benefits for its use in nonproliferation (nuclear reactor monitoring) and astrophysics (supernova and solar neutrinos) applications. One challenge with detecting CNNS is the low energy deposition associated with a typical CNNS nuclear recoil. In addition, nuclear recoils are predicted to result in lower ionization yields than those produced by electron recoils of the same energy. This ratio of nuclear- and electron-induced ionization, known as the nuclear quenching factor, is unknown at energies typical for CNNS interactions in liquid xenon (LXe) and liquid argon (LAr), detector media being considered for CNNS detection. While there have been recent measurements [1] of the ionization yield from nuclear recoils in LAr, there is no universal model for nuclear quenching and ionization yield. For this reason, a Monte Carlo simulation has been developed to predict the ionization yield at sub-10 keV energies. The local ionization yield of a recoiling atom in the medium is calculated first. The ejected electrons are subsequently tracked in the electric field resulting from both the local electric charges and the externally applied drift field. The dependencemore » of the ionization yield on the drift electric field is obtained by combining the calculated ionization yield for the initial collision cascade with the electron escape probability. An updated estimate of the CNNS signal expected in a LAr detector operated near a nuclear power reactor is presented.« less

Published
2015

28. Radiogenic and muon-induced backgrounds in the LUX dark matter detector

Author

D. J. Taylor, B. N. Edwards, N. Walsh, J.J. Chapman, Michael S. Witherell, Daniel McKinsey, M. Pangilinan, F. Neves, F.L.H. Wolfs, E. K. Pease, C. Silva, J. A. Morad, V. N. Solovov, Matthew Szydagis, D. R. Tiedt, C.H. Faham, N. A. Larsen, C. Lee, C. Chan, M. Moongweluwan, Chao Zhang, A. W. Bradley, S. A. Hertel, P. Phelps, T. J. Sumner, P. D. Parker, K. O'Sullivan, Henrique Araujo, A. J. Bailey, H. N. Nelson, M. G. D. Gilchriese, E. Druszkiewicz, Mani Tripathi, C. R. Hall, T. Coffey, L. de Viveiros, Ethan Bernard, R. G. Jacobsen, X. Bai, C. Ghag, Dongming Mei, K. Pech, J. Mock, A. A. Chiller, Sidney Cahn, C. E. Flores, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, R. C. Webb, D.C. Malling, R. L. Mannino, R. A. Ott, A. Lindote, L. Reichhart, D. Q. Huang, J. Balajthy, M. Horn, D. S. Akerib, A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, K.R. Gibson, R. J. Gaitskell, S. Fiorucci, M.I. Lopes, R. Knoche, J. T. White, M. Ihm, S. Uvarov, D. Byram, C. Chiller, J.R. Verbus, T. A. Shutt, J. E. Y. Dobson, C. Nehrkorn, A. Dobi, P. Sorensen, B. P. Tennyson, M. Woods, A. Currie, V. M. Gehman, and Kareem Kazkaz

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, Flux, chemistry.chemical_element, Atomic, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, Particle and Plasma Physics, Xenon, WIMP, 0103 physical sciences, Nuclear, Radioactive background, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), physics.ins-det, Physics, LUX, Muon, Radiogenic nuclide, Isotope, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Molecular, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, chemistry, Material screening, Weakly interacting massive particles, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomical and Space Sciences, Simulation, astro-ph.IM
Abstract

The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) dark matter experiment aims to detect rare low-energy interactions from Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs). The radiogenic backgrounds in the LUX detector have been measured and compared with Monte Carlo simulation. Measurements of LUX high-energy data have provided direct constraints on all background sources contributing to the background model. The expected background rate from the background model for the 85.3 day WIMP search run is $(2.6\pm0.2_{\textrm{stat}}\pm0.4_{\textrm{sys}})\times10^{-3}$~events~keV$_{ee}^{-1}$~kg$^{-1}$~day$^{-1}$ in a 118~kg fiducial volume. The observed background rate is $(3.6\pm0.4_{\textrm{stat}})\times10^{-3}$~events~keV$_{ee}^{-1}$~kg$^{-1}$~day$^{-1}$, consistent with model projections. The expectation for the radiogenic background in a subsequent one-year run is presented., 18 pages, 12 figures / 17 images, submitted to Astropart. Phys

Published
2015

29. Radon-related Backgrounds in the LUX Dark Matter Search

Author

Sidney Cahn, D. R. Tiedt, M. G. D. Gilchriese, C. Zhang, P. Phelps, A. Dobi, J. T. White, J. A. Morad, M. Pangilinan, R. L. Mannino, R. J. Gaitskell, D. Byram, M. Moongweluwan, E. K. Pease, Ethan Bernard, C. Chiller, R. C. Webb, J.R. Verbus, L. de Viveiros, C. Silva, T. Coffey, P. D. Parker, K. O'Sullivan, V. N. Solovov, N. A. Larsen, C. Lee, C. H. Faham, X. Bai, J.J. Chapman, M. Woods, C. Ghag, D. J. Taylor, A. A. Chiller, J. Mock, H. N. Nelson, T. A. Shutt, B. N. Edwards, M. Horn, S. Fiorucci, R. A. Ott, A. W. Bradley, J. E. Y. Dobson, K. Pech, P. Sorensen, A. Lindote, C. E. Flores, L. Reichhart, D. Q. Huang, J. Balajthy, N. Walsh, B. P. Tennyson, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, Michael S. Witherell, Mani Tripathi, A. J. Bailey, F. L. H. Wolfs, C. Nehrkorn, C. Chan, S. A. Hertel, E. Druszkiewicz, F. Neves, Dongming Mei, Henrique Araujo, C. R. Hall, Matthew Szydagis, M. Ihm, K.R. Gibson, S. Uvarov, Daniel McKinsey, D.C. Malling, Kareem Kazkaz, A. Currie, V. M. Gehman, D. S. Akerib, A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, M.I. Lopes, R. Knoche, T. J. Sumner, and R. G. Jacobsen

Subjects
Physics, Particle physics, Dark matter, chemistry.chemical_element, radon, Radon, Astrophysics, Physics and Astronomy(all), dark matter, xenon, background characterization, Low energy, WIMP, chemistry, liquid noble detectors, Alpha decay, Event (particle physics)
Abstract

© 2015 Published by Elsevier B.V. The LUX detector is currently in operation at the Davis Campus at the 4850' level of the Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF) in Lead, SD to directly search for WIMP dark matter. Knowing the type and rate of backgrounds is critical in a rare, low energy event search, and LUX was designed, constructed, and deployed to mitigate backgrounds, both internal and external. An important internal background are decays of radon and its daughters. These consist of alpha decays, which are easily tagged and are a tracer of certain backgrounds, and beta decays, some of which are not as readily tagged and present a background for the WIMP search. We report on studies of alpha decay and discuss implications for the WIMP search.

Published
2015

30. Low-energy (<10keV) electron ionization and recombination model for a liquid argon detector

Author

Kareem Kazkaz, Michael Foxe, Sergey Pereverzev, Adam Bernstein, Vladimir Mozin, C. A. Hagmann, Igor Jovanovic, Samuele Sangiorgio, and P. Sorensen

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Helium ionization detector, Thermal ionization, Ion source, Atmospheric-pressure laser ionization, Pulsed discharge ionization detector, Ionization, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Atomic physics, Discharge ionization detector, Instrumentation, Electron ionization
Abstract

Detailed understanding of the ionization process in noble liquid detectors is important for their use in applications such as the search for dark matter and coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering. The response of noble liquid detectors to low-energy ionization events is poorly understood at this time. We describe a new simulation tool which predicts the ionization yield from electronic energy deposits ( E 10 keV ) in liquid Ar, including the dependence of the yield on the applied electric drift field. The ionization signal produced in a liquid argon detector from 37Ar beta decay and 55Fe X-rays has been calculated using the new model.

Published
2015

31. 3D Modeling of Electric Fields in the LUX Detector

Author

D. Q. Huang, P. A. Terman, S. Uvarov, M. Horn, A. Dobi, H. N. Nelson, Mani Tripathi, S. A. Hertel, J. Genovesi, Jilei Xu, M. G. D. Gilchriese, E. Druszkiewicz, T. J. R. Davison, C. Nehrkorn, S. Alsum, J. T. White, K. Yazdani, M. Hanhardt, W. C. Taylor, L. Tvrznikova, R. C. Webb, M. Moongweluwan, D. Byram, A. Lindote, Sarah Young, T. A. Shutt, J. A. Morad, A. Manalaysay, D. R. Tiedt, D. Khaitan, C. M. Ignarra, J. Balajthy, S. R. Fallon, A. J. Bailey, S. Fiorucci, A. Currie, T. J. Whitis, B. G. Lenardo, P. Brás, J.R. Verbus, K. T. Lesko, N. A. Larsen, D. J. Taylor, A. Fan, X. Bai, C. Chan, K. J. Palladino, F.L.H. Wolfs, B. N. Edwards, J. Mock, E. K. Pease, C. Silva, M. Solmaz, Ethan Bernard, Kareem Kazkaz, V. N. Solovov, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, P. Sorensen, Sidney Cahn, K. O’Sullivan, S. Shaw, T. P. Biesiadzinski, M. F. Marzioni, M. S. Witherell, B. P. Tennyson, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, Henrique Araujo, P. Beltrame, S. J. Haselschwardt, Matthew Szydagis, C. R. Hall, Daniel McKinsey, R. G. Jacobsen, W. Ji, K. Kamdin, D. S. Akerib, E. M. Boulton, T. J. Sumner, Dongming Mei, C. Ghag, A. St. J. Murphy, Adam Bernstein, M.I. Lopes, R. Knoche, Chao Zhang, D. P. Hogan, C. Rhyne, F. Neves, R. J. Gaitskell, J. E. Cutter, V. Velan, R. L. Mannino, and W. H. To

Subjects
Technology, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Field (physics), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Noble liquid detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, Electron, Detector modelling and simulations II, Noble liquid detectors (scintillation, ionization, double-phase), 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Dark Matter detectors (WIMPs, axions, etc.), High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Engineering, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, CALORIMETER, 010306 general physics, Dark Matter detectors, Instrumentation, Instruments & Instrumentation, physics.ins-det, Mathematical Physics, Mathematical physics, Physics, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, hep-ex, Active volume, Mean value, Detector, Charge density, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Computational Physics (physics.comp-ph), Nuclear & Particles Physics, Detector modelling and simulations II (electric fields, charge transport, multiplication and induction, pulse formation, electron emission, etc), LIGHT, physics.comp-ph, Physical Sciences, Analysis and statistical methods, Electric field magnitude, CHAMBERS, Physics - Computational Physics
Abstract

Author(s): Akerib, DS; Alsum, S; Araujo, HM; Bai, X; Bailey, AJ; Balajthy, J; Beltrame, P; Bernard, EP; Bernstein, A; Biesiadzinski, TP; Boulton, EM; Bras, P; Byram, D; Cahn, SB; Carmona-Benitez, MC; Chan, C; Currie, A; Cutter, JE; Davison, TJR; Dobi, A; Druszkiewicz, E; Edwards, BN; Fallon, SR; Fan, A; Fiorucci, S; Gaitskell, RJ; Genovesi, J; Ghag, C; Gilchriese, MGD; Hall, CR; Hanhardt, M; Haselschwardt, SJ; Hertel, SA; Hogan, DP; Horn, M; Huang, DQ; Ignarra, CM; Jacobsen, RG; Ji, W; Kamdin, K; Kazkaz, K; Khaitan, D; Knoche, R; Larsen, NA; Lenardo, BG; Lesko, KT; Lindote, A; Lopes, MI; Manalaysay, A; Mannino, RL; Marzioni, MF; McKinsey, DN; Mei, DM; Mock, J; Moongweluwan, M; Morad, JA; Murphy, ASJ; Nehrkorn, C; Nelson, HN; Neves, F; O'Sullivan, K; Oliver-Mallory, KC; Palladino, KJ; Pease, EK; Rhyne, C; Shaw, S; Shutt, TA; Silva, C; Solmaz, M; Solovov, VN; Sorensen, P; Sumner, TJ; Szydagis, M; Taylor, DJ; Taylor, WC; Tennyson, BP; Terman, PA; Tiedt, DR; To, WH; Tripathi, M; Tvrznikova, L; Uvarov, S; Velan, V; Verbus, JR; Webb, RC | Abstract: This work details the development of a three-dimensional (3D) electric field model for the LUX detector. The detector took data to search for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) during two periods. After the first period completed, a time-varying non-uniform negative charge developed in the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) panels that define the radial boundary of the detector's active volume. This caused electric field variations in the detector in time, depth and azimuth, generating an electrostatic radially-inward force on electrons on their way upward to the liquid surface. To map this behavior, 3D electric field maps of the detector's active volume were generated on a monthly basis. This was done by fitting a model built in COMSOL Multiphysics to the uniformly distributed calibration data that were collected on a regular basis. The modeled average PTFE charge density increased over the course of the exposure from -3.6 to -5.5 μC/m2. From our studies, we deduce that the electric field magnitude varied locally while the mean value of the field of ∼200 V/cm remained constant throughout the exposure. As a result of this work the varying electric fields and their impact on event reconstruction and discrimination were successfully modeled.

Published
2017

32. Project 8 Phase III Design Concept

Author

S. Doeleman, P. L. Slocum, Kareem Kazkaz, Thomas Thümmler, Jonathan R. Tedeschi, M. Guigue, A. Ashtari Esfahani, Andre Young, M. Wachtendonk, Jonathan Weintroub, C. Claessens, James Nikkel, E. Zayas, Martin Fertl, L J Rosenberg, Benjamin Monreal, A. M. Jones, Gray Rybka, Erin C. Finn, L. Saldaña, N. S. Oblath, L. de Viveiros, Joseph A. Formaggio, P. J. Doe, R. G. H. Robertson, K. M. Heeger, Sebastian Böser, E. Machado, B H LaRoque, and B.A. VanDevender

Subjects
Physics, History, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Phase (waves), FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Computer Science Applications, Education, Computational physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Antenna array, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Volume (thermodynamics), ddc:530, Sensitivity (control systems), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Neutrino, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

We present a working concept for Phase III of the Project 8 experiment, aiming to achieve a neutrino mass sensitivity of $2~\mathrm{eV}$ ($90~\%$ C.L.) using a large volume of molecular tritium and a phased antenna array. The detection system is discussed in detail., 3 pages, 3 figures, Proceedings of Neutrino 2016, XXVII International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, 4-9 July 2016, London, UK

Published
2017

33. Results from the Project 8 phase-1 cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy detector

Author

B.A. VanDevender, Jonathan Weintroub, Gray Rybka, N. S. Oblath, Benjamin Monreal, C. Claessens, L. Saldaña, Joseph A. Formaggio, Kareem Kazkaz, S. Doeleman, P. L. Slocum, Thomas Thümmler, James Nikkel, R. G. H. Robertson, Sebastian Böser, L. de Viveiros, A. Ashtari Esfahani, Andre Young, Erin C. Finn, Jonathan R. Tedeschi, E. Machado, P. J. Doe, A. M. Jones, E. Zayas, M. Wachtendonk, Martin Fertl, B H LaRoque, L J Rosenberg, K. M. Heeger, and M. Guigue

Subjects
History, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Cyclotron, FOS: Physical sciences, Electron, Radiation, Education, law.invention, High Energy Physics - Experiment, symbols.namesake, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Internal conversion, law, ddc:530, Cyclotron radiation, Emission spectrum, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nuclear Experiment, Physics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Computer Science Applications, Computational physics, Lorentz factor, symbols, Neutrino
Abstract

The Project 8 collaboration seeks to measure the absolute neutrino mass scale by means of precision spectroscopy of the beta decay of tritium. Our technique, cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy, measures the frequency of the radiation emitted by electrons produced by decays in an ambient magnetic field. Because the cyclotron frequency is inversely proportional to the electron's Lorentz factor, this is also a measurement of the electron's energy. In order to demonstrate the viability of this technique, we have assembled and successfully operated a prototype system, which uses a rectangular waveguide to collect the cyclotron radiation from internal conversion electrons emitted from a gaseous $^{83m}$Kr source. Here we present the main design aspects of the first phase prototype, which was operated during parts of 2014 and 2015. We will also discuss the procedures used to analyze these data, along with the features which have been observed and the performance achieved to date., 3 pages; 2 figures; Proceedings of Neutrino 2016, XXVII International Conference on Neutrino Physics and Astrophysics, 4-9 July 2016, London, UK

Published
2017

34. Identification of Radiopure Titanium for the LZ Dark Matter Experiment and Future Rare Event Searches

Author

A.V. Khromov, P. Sorensen, D. Woodward, Duncan Carlsmith, M. Arthurs, J.S. Saba, Henrique Araujo, Yue Meng, M. G. D. Gilchriese, M. Horn, W. Skulski, S. A. Hertel, E. Druszkiewicz, E. H. Miller, D. White, C. Carels, K. Stifter, A. Manalaysay, L. Tvrznikova, M. S. Witherell, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, P. Rossiter, Laura Manenti, J. Va’vra, A. St. J. Murphy, B. Holbrook, C. R. Hall, B. Gomber, R. Coughlen, C. Levy, V.V. Sosnovtsev, Adam Bernstein, K. Kamdin, Ethan Bernard, T. J. R. Davison, J. J. Cherwinka, S. Hans, A. Currie, P.R. Scovell, P. Beltrame, E. Mizrachi, S. Fiorucci, K. J. Palladino, V. M. Gehman, Ben Carlson, T. J. Whitis, H. Kraus, R. W. Schnee, R. Bramante, M. Hoff, M.I. Lopes, I. J. Arnquist, J. Mock, W. R. Edwards, Carl W. Akerlof, D. J. Markley, J. Thomson, J. Yin, I. Olcina, F.L.H. Wolfs, K. Pushkin, S. J. Haselschwardt, H. J. Krebs, C. Chiller, S. Alsum, S. Shaw, M. G. D. van der Grinten, E. K. Pease, B. Lopez Paredes, S. Luitz, P. Brás, K. E. Boast, C. Silva, Elena Korolkova, A. Khazov, Andreas Piepke, T.J. Martin, W. L. Waldron, D. Q. Huang, A. Lindote, J. Belle, R.M. Gerhard, W.W. Craddock, T.W. Hurteau, K.J. Thomas, P. A. Terman, V. N. Solovov, D. Yu. Akimov, C. H. Faham, K. C. Oliver-Mallory, T.M. Stiegler, J. O'Dell, A. Cottle, B. Boxer, A. Konovalov, M. E. Monzani, W. C. Taylor, L. Reichhart, M.J. Barry, Juhyeong Lee, T. K. Edberg, C. Chan, I. Stancu, M. Timalsina, Wenzhao Wei, Michael Schubnell, D. Temples, D. J. Taylor, M. Solmaz, C. Ghag, R. M. Preece, S. Balashov, N.J. Gantos, R. G. Jacobsen, P. Majewski, M. Sarychev, R. Wang, J. Balajthy, K. Hanzel, H. S. Lee, Steven Worm, J. H. Buckley, A. J. Bailey, A. C. Kaboth, Matthew Szydagis, M. Koyuncu, J.R. Verbus, R. Bunker, W. H. Lippincott, Daniel McKinsey, T. Benson, A. V. Kumpan, Eric W. Hoppe, Antonin Vacheret, C. Hjemfelt, M.R. Stark, X. Bai, Minfang Yeh, B. N. Ratcliff, R. L. Mannino, T. Fruth, W. Ji, Seth Hillbrand, M. A. Olevitch, A. Richards, Jilei Xu, D. Khaitan, J. Lin, K. O’Sullivan, C. Nehrkorn, W. H. To, J. Reichenbacher, A. A. Chiller, J. A. Nikkel, W.T. Emmet, D. S. Akerib, R. Linehan, R. Watson, Mani Tripathi, David Leonard, Richard Rosero, J.P. Rodrigues, J. Busenitz, K. T. Lesko, C. Lee, C. Rhyne, R. J. Gaitskell, Kareem Kazkaz, Carl Vuosalo, T. P. Biesiadzinski, R. C. Webb, C. E. Dahl, T. J. Sumner, S. Kyre, F. Neves, R. Leonard, Wolfgang Lorenzon, H. J. Rose, S. Stephenson, Chao Zhang, W. J. Wisniewski, J.Y-K. Hor, Alexander Bolozdynya, V. Bugaev, Dongming Mei, F.-T. Liao, T. E. Tope, M. R. While, A. Dobi, H. N. Nelson, V. A. Kudryavtsev, S. Powell, D. R. Tiedt, B. J. Mount, T. A. Shutt, J. A. Morad, E. Holtom, J. E. Y. Dobson, C. M. Ignarra, C. T. McConnell, K. Skarpaas, M. F. Marzioni, A. Tomás, Sergey Burdin, X. Liu, and Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC)

Subjects
Cryostat, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, ZEPLIN-III, Dark matter, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Cryogenics, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Physics, Particles & Fields, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Xenon, 0202 Atomic, Molecular, Nuclear, Particle And Plasma Physics, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, physics.ins-det, Physics, Science & Technology, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, hep-ex, Detector, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Nuclear & Particles Physics, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, chemistry, 13. Climate action, Physical Sciences, Event (particle physics), Titanium, GERDA
Abstract

The LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) experiment will search for dark matter particle interactions with a detector containing a total of 10 tonnes of liquid xenon within a double-vessel cryostat. The large mass and proximity of the cryostat to the active detector volume demand the use of material with extremely low intrinsic radioactivity. We report on the radioassay campaign conducted to identify suitable metals, the determination of factors limiting radiopure production, and the selection of titanium for construction of the LZ cryostat and other detector components. This titanium has been measured with activities of $^{238}$U$_{e}$~$, Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physics

Published
2017
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35. Determining the neutrino mass with cyclotron radiation emission spectroscopy—Project 8

Author

Jared A. Kofron, Gray Rybka, Callum Lamb, R. Cervantes, P. J. Doe, Andre Young, L. Saldaña, Joseph A. Formaggio, Devyn Rysewyk, E. Zayas, M. L. Miller, B. A. VanDevender, Kareem Kazkaz, Luiz de Viveiros, Martin Fertl, Jonathan Weintroub, Walter C. Pettus, L J Rosenberg, A. Mark Jones, Eric Machado, S. Doeleman, C. Claessens, D. Furse, Sebastian Böser, James Nikkel, Prajwal Mohanmurthy, Benjamin H. LaRoque, Justin L. Fernandes, Mathieu Guigue, Natasha L. Woods, Benjamin Monreal, R. G. Hamish Robertson, Erin C. Finn, Ali Ashtari Esfahani, P. L. Slocum, Thomas Thümmler, Matthew Sternberg, David M. Asner, K. M. Heeger, Elizabeth L. McBride, Laura Vertatschitsch, M. Wachtendonk, N. S. Oblath, Jonathan R. Tedeschi, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Department of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Laboratory for Nuclear Science, Formaggio, Joseph A, Furse, Daniel Lawrence, Mohanmurthy, Prajwal Thyagarthi, Solomon-Oblath, Noah, Rysewyk, Devyn M., and Zayas, Evan M.

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Upper and lower bounds, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), 0103 physical sciences, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Cyclotron radiation, Emission spectrum, Sensitivity (control systems), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Neutrino, 010306 general physics, Neutrino oscillation, Adiabatic process, Nuclear Experiment, KATRIN
Abstract

The most sensitive direct method to establish the absolute neutrino mass is observation of the endpoint of the tritium beta-decay spectrum. Cyclotron Radiation Emission Spectroscopy (CRES) is a precision spectrographic technique that can probe much of the unexplored neutrino mass range with $\mathcal{O}({\rm eV})$ resolution. A lower bound of $m(\nu_e) \gtrsim 9(0.1)\, {\rm meV}$ is set by observations of neutrino oscillations, while the KATRIN Experiment - the current-generation tritium beta-decay experiment that is based on Magnetic Adiabatic Collimation with an Electrostatic (MAC-E) filter - will achieve a sensitivity of $m(\nu_e) \lesssim 0.2\,{\rm eV}$. The CRES technique aims to avoid the difficulties in scaling up a MAC-E filter-based experiment to achieve a lower mass sensitivity. In this paper we review the current status of the CRES technique and describe Project 8, a phased absolute neutrino mass experiment that has the potential to reach sensitivities down to $m(\nu_e) \lesssim 40\,{\rm meV}$ using an atomic tritium source., Comment: 19 pages, 8 figures, to be published in Journal of Physics G

Published
2016

36. Design considerations for three-dimensional betavoltaics

Author

Lars F. Voss, Roger Henderson, Rebecca J. Nikolic, Qinghui Shao, Clint D. Frye, John W. Murphy, M. A. Stoyer, and Kareem Kazkaz

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Work (thermodynamics), Materials science, Silicon, business.industry, Monte Carlo method, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, lcsh:QC1-999, Power (physics), Semiconductor, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Nano, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business, lcsh:Physics, Power density, Diode
Abstract

Betavoltaic devices are suitable for delivering low-power over periods of years. Typically, their power density is on the order of nano to micro-Watts per cubic centimeter. In this work we evaluate the potential for using high-aspect ratio three-dimensional semiconductor structures to enhance the power and efficiency of these devices. The Monte Carlo transport code MCNP6 is used to provide realistic estimates of the theoretical levels of charge generation, which is in turn used to make predictions about the power output from three-dimensional betavoltaics. The focus of this work is on silicon and promethium-147, but other semiconductors and radioisotopes are considered as well. In the case of silicon diodes with three-dimensional features that are comparable to what is commercially available we estimate that power densities in the range of 20-25 mW/cm3 can be achieved at efficiencies of 2.9-5.8% when coupled with promethium-147 oxide.

Published
2019

37. The LUX prototype detector: Heat exchanger development

Author

W. Skulski, M. Woods, Kareem Kazkaz, B. Holbrook, P. Sorensen, F.L.H. Wolfs, T. A. Shutt, T. Classen, R. L. Mannino, C.H. Faham, James Nikkel, S. Fiorucci, R. L. Lander, S. Bedikian, Mani Tripathi, D.C. Malling, R. C. Webb, L. de Viveiros, C.E. Dahl, Robert Svoboda, X. Bai, J.J. Chapman, J. Mock, E. Druszkiewicz, J. Spaans, M. R. Dragowsky, S. Dazeley, P. Phelps, A. Curioni, M. Sweany, T. Steigler, M. Morii, D. S. Akerib, Sidney Cahn, J. T. White, A. Bernstein, J. Thomson, J. Kwong, L. Kastens, K. Clark, David Leonard, Chao Zhang, R. J. Gaitskell, N. Walsh, Alexander Bolozdynya, Dongming Mei, A. W. Bradley, D. Carr, C. R. Hall, and Daniel McKinsey

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Dark matter, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Cryogenics, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, Xenon, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Heat exchanger, Physics::Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Instrumentation, Physics, Time projection chamber, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), chemistry, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business
Abstract

The LUX (Large Underground Xenon) detector is a two-phase xenon Time Projection Chamber (TPC) designed to search for WIMP-nucleon dark matter interactions. As with all noble element detectors, continuous purification of the detector medium is essential to produce a large ($>$1ms) electron lifetime; this is necessary for efficient measurement of the electron signal which in turn is essential for achieving robust discrimination of signal from background events. In this paper we describe the development of a novel purification system deployed in a prototype detector. The results from the operation of this prototype indicated heat exchange with an efficiency above 94% up to a flow rate of 42 slpm, allowing for an electron drift length greater than 1 meter to be achieved in approximately two days and sustained for the duration of the testing period., 12 pages, 9 figures

Published
2013

38. Comparison of Lithium Gadolinium Borate Crystal Grains in Scintillating and Nonscintillating Plastic Matrices

Author

M. Pedretti, Nathaniel Bowden, and Kareem Kazkaz

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Scintillation, Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Gamma ray, Fast fission, Crystal, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Neutron detection, Neutron, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Sensitivity (electronics)
Abstract

We present a method for detecting neutrons using scintillating lithium gadolinium borate crystal grains in a plastic matrix while maintaining high gamma rejection. We have procured two cylindrical detectors, 5" × 5", containing 1% crystal by mass and with the crystal grains having a typical dimension of 1 mm. One detector was made with scintillating plastic, and one with nonscintillating plastic. Pulse shape analysis was used to reject gamma ray backgrounds. The scintillating detector was measured to have an intrinsic fast fission neutron efficiency of 0.4% and a gamma sensitivity

Published
2013

39. CUORE crystal validation runs: Results on radioactive contamination and extrapolation to CUORE background

Author

S. Newman, M. Carrettoni, L. Pattavina, M. Balata, S. Kraft, Ke Han, Reina H. Maruyama, C. Arnaboldi, Stuart J. Freedman, C. Salvioni, R. J. Creswick, F. Alessandria, M. I. Martínez, D. Lenz, Eric B. Norman, E. Longo, X. Z. Cai, N. Xu, G. Bari, A. Woodcraft, I. C. Bandac, M. Pavan, Kareem Kazkaz, D. Schaeffer, E. Fiorini, A. Giachero, F. Orio, C. Bucci, T. D. Gutierrez, Massimiliano Clemenza, B. S. Wang, Alan R. Smith, D. Q. Fang, V. Palmieri, Giorgio Frossati, Simone Capelli, C. Rusconi, C. Brofferio, H. Z. Huang, Silvio Morganti, D. Orlandi, S. Zucchelli, F. Rimondi, B. X. Zhu, G. Terenziani, C. Nones, A. Dally, Cristián Martínez, A. Bryant, Jeffrey W. Beeman, Ioan Dafinei, Oliviero Cremonesi, M. Biassoni, C. A. Whitten, Raffaele Ardito, Yu. G. Kolomensky, L. Gironi, Y. L. Li, K. M. Heeger, E. Previtali, L. Canonica, Giulio Maier, Claudia Tomei, F. T. Avignone, X. Liu, T. I. Banks, L. Foggetta, S. Trentalange, M. M. Deninno, V. Rampazzo, A. Bersani, A. de Waard, Nicholas Scielzo, N. Moggi, F. Bellini, Marco Pallavicini, N. Chott, R. W. Kadel, E. Andreotti, S. Di Domizio, G. Pessina, C. Zarra, Laura Cardani, Samuele Sangiorgio, Stefano Nisi, A. Nucciotti, L. Zanotti, W. D. Tian, M. Vignati, Marisa Pedretti, Larissa M. Ejzak, A. De Biasi, G. Ventura, H. A. Farach, Claudio Gotti, T. Bloxham, T. Wise, C. Maiano, L. Taffarello, H. W. Wang, C. Cosmelli, Yu-Gang Ma, C. Rosenfeld, P. Gorla, F. Ferroni, Emanuele Ferri, Eugene E. Haller, R. Faccini, L. Kogler, Koichi Ichimura, E. Guardincerri, M. P. Decowski, J. L. Ouellet, L. Carbone, F. Stivanello, S. Pirro, G. Keppel, Monica Sisti, A. Giuliani, Alessandria, F, Andreotti, E, Ardito, R, Arnaboldi, C, Avignone, F, Balata, M, Bandac, I, Banks, T, Bari, G, Beeman, J, Bellini, F, Bersani, A, Biassoni, M, Bloxham, T, Brofferio, C, Bryant, A, Bucci, C, Cai, X, Canonica, L, Capelli, S, Carbone, L, Cardani, L, Carrettoni, M, Chott, N, Clemenza, M, Cosmelli, C, Cremonesi, O, Creswick, R, Dafinei, I, Dally, A, De Biasi, A, Decowski, M, Deninno, M, de Waard, A, Di Domizio, S, Ejzak, L, Faccini, R, Fang, D, Farach, H, Ferri, E, Ferroni, F, Fiorini, E, Foggetta, L, Freedman, S, Frossati, G, Giachero, A, Gironi, L, Giuliani, A, Gorla, P, Gotti, C, Guardincerri, E, Gutierrez, T, Haller, E, Han, K, Heeger, K, Huang, H, Ichimura, K, Kadel, R, Kazkaz, K, Keppel, G, Kogler, L, Kolomensky, Y, Kraft, S, Lenz, D, Li, Y, Liu, X, Longo, E, Ma, Y, Maiano, C, Maier, G, Martinez, C, Martinez, M, Maruyama, R, Moggi, N, Morganti, S, Newman, S, Nisi, S, Nones, C, Norman, E, Nucciotti, A, Orio, F, Orlandi, D, Ouellet, J, Pallavicini, M, Palmieri, V, Pattavina, L, Pavan, M, Pedretti, M, Pessina, G, Pirro, S, Previtali, E, Rampazzo, V, Rimondi, F, Rosenfeld, C, Rusconi, C, Salvioni, C, Sangiorgio, S, Schaeffer, D, Scielzo, N, Sisti, M, Smith, A, Stivanello, F, Taffarello, L, Terenziani, G, Tian, W, Tomei, C, Trentalange, S, Ventura, G, Vignati, M, Wang, B, Wang, H, Whitten, C, Wise, T, Woodcraft, A, Xu, N, Zanotti, L, Zarra, C, Zhu, B, Zucchelli, S, CSNSM PS2, Centre de Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de Spectrométrie de Masse (CSNSM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), IoP (FNWI), Gravitation and Astroparticle Physics Amsterdam, GRAPPA (ITFA, IoP, FNWI), Faculty of Science, Other Research IHEF (IoP, FNWI), F. Alessandria, E. Andreotti, R. Ardito, C. Arnaboldi, F.T. Avignone III, M. Balata, I. Bandac, T.I. Bank, G. Bari, J. Beeman, F. Bellini, A. Bersani, M. Biassoni, T. Bloxham, C. Brofferio, A. Bryant, C. Bucci, X.Z. Cai, L. Canonica, S. Capelli, L. Carbone, L. Cardani, M. Carrettoni, N. Chott, M. Clemenza, C. Cosmelli, O. Cremonesi, R.J. Creswick, I. Dafinei, A. Dally, A. De Biasi, M.P. Decowski, M.M. Deninno, A. de Waard, S. Di Domizio, L. Ejzak, R. Faccini, D.Q. Fang, H.A. Farach, E. Ferri, F. Ferroni, E. Fiorini, L. Foggetta, S.J. Freedman, G. Frossati, A. Giachero, L. Gironi, A. Giuliani, P. Gorla, C. Gotti, E. Guardincerri, T.D. Gutierrez, E.E. Haller, K. Han, K.M. Heeger, H.Z. Huang, K. Ichimura, R. Kadel, K. Kazkaz, G. Keppel, L. Kogler, Yu.G. Kolomensky, S. Kraft, D. Lenz, Y.L. Li, X. Liu, E. Longo, Y.G. Ma, C. Maiano, G. Maier, C. Martinez, M. Martinez, R.H. Maruyama, N. Moggi, S. Morganti, S. Newman, S. Nisi, C. None, E.B. Norman, A. Nucciotti, F. Orio, D. Orlandi, J.L. Ouellet, M. Pallavicini, V. Palmieri, L. Pattavina, M. Pavan, M. Pedretti, G. Pessina, S. Pirro, E. Previtali, V. Rampazzo, F. Rimondi, C. Rosenfeld, C. Rusconi, C. Salvioni, S. Sangiorgio, D. Schaeffer, N.D. Scielzo, M. Sisti, A.R. Smith, F. Stivanello, L. Taffarello, G. Terenziani, W.D. Tian, C. Tomei, S. Trentalange, G. Ventura, M. Vignati, B.S. Wang, H.W. Wang, C.A. Whitten Jr., T. Wise, A. Woodcraft, N. Xu, L. Zanotti, C. Zarra, B.X. Zhu, and S. Zucchelli

Subjects
Extrapolation, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, CUORE, ESPERIMENTO CUORE, 0103 physical sciences, Radioactive contamination, radioactive contamination, tellurium dioxide, double beta decay, Quality monitoring, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Nuclide, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Tellurium dioxide, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Radioactive contamination DETECTORS, Double beta decay, Chinese academy of sciences, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], LABORATORI NAZIONALI DEL GRAN SASSO, FIS/04 - FISICA NUCLEARE E SUBNUCLEARE
Abstract

The CUORE Crystal Validation Runs (CCVRs) have been carried out since the end of 2008 at the Gran Sasso National Laboratories, in order to test the performances and the radiopurity of the TeO$_2$ crystals produced at SICCAS (Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences) for the CUORE experiment. In this work the results of the first 5 validation runs are presented. Results have been obtained for bulk contaminations and surface contaminations from several nuclides. An extrapolation to the CUORE background has been performed., 11 pages, 8 figures

Published
2012

40. LUXSim: A component-centric approach to low-background simulations

Author

C.H. Faham, J. Thomson, M. Woods, P. Sorensen, K. T. Lesko, N. A. Larsen, C. Lee, T. Coffey, F. L. H. Wolfs, D.C. Malling, L. Kastens, K.R. Gibson, J.R. Verbus, P. Phelps, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, T.M. Stiegler, M. Wlasenko, Mani Tripathi, M. Pangilinan, A. Dobi, S. Bedikian, M. Ihm, T. Classen, W. Skulski, Kareem Kazkaz, A. Lyashenko, X. Bai, R. G. Jacobsen, R. L. Mannino, D. Carr, J.J. Chapman, James Nikkel, R. C. Webb, L. de Viveiros, M. R. Dragowsky, J. Mock, D. S. Akerib, Steven Dazeley, Adam Bernstein, H. N. Nelson, J. Spaans, T. A. Shutt, J. T. White, S. Fiorucci, Matthew Szydagis, Dongming Mei, E. Druszkiewicz, Chao Zhang, David Leonard, R. J. Gaitskell, K. Clark, M. Sweany, Sidney Cahn, M. Hanhardt, B. Holbrook, Ethan Bernard, C. R. Hall, Daniel McKinsey, P.D. Parker, Robert Svoboda, M. Morii, A. W. Bradley, N. Walsh, and R. L. Lander

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Data management, FOS: Physical sciences, Geant4, nucl-ex, Atomic, High Energy Physics - Experiment, physics.data-an, Set (abstract data type), Nuclear physics, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Particle and Plasma Physics, Affordable and Clean Energy, Component (UML), Dark matter, Code (cryptography), Nuclear, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Underground, Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, Physics, Flexibility (engineering), Research Groups and Centres\Physics\Low Temperature Physics, hep-ex, Faculty of Science\Physics, business.industry, Event (computing), Detector, Molecular, Low-background, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Other Physical Sciences, Computer engineering, Physics - Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability, business, Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability (physics.data-an), Astronomical and Space Sciences, Simulation, Energy (signal processing)
Abstract

Geant4 has been used throughout the nuclear and high-energy physics community to simulate energy depositions in various detectors and materials. These simulations have mostly been run with a source beam outside the detector. In the case of low-background physics, however, a primary concern is the effect on the detector from radioactivity inherent in the detector parts themselves. From this standpoint, there is no single source or beam, but rather a collection of sources with potentially complicated spatial extent. LUXSim is a simulation framework used by the LUX collaboration that takes a component-centric approach to event generation and recording. A new set of classes allows for multiple radioactive sources to be set within any number of components at run time, with the entire collection of sources handled within a single simulation run. Various levels of information can also be recorded from the individual components, with these record levels also being set at runtime. This flexibility in both source generation and information recording is possible without the need to recompile, reducing the complexity of code management and the proliferation of versions. Within the code itself, casting geometry objects within this new set of classes rather than as the default Geant4 classes automatically extends this flexibility to every individual component. No additional work is required on the part of the developer, reducing development time and increasing confidence in the results. We describe the guiding principles behind LUXSim, detail some of its unique classes and methods, and give examples of usage. * Corresponding author, kareem@llnl.gov, 45 pages, 15 figures

Published
2012

41. LUX Cryogenics and Circulation

Author

R. G. Jacobsen, James Nikkel, T. Classen, K.R. Gibson, M. R. Dragowsky, A. Lyashenko, E. Druszkiewicz, Matthew Szydagis, P. Sorensen, D. S. Akerib, M. Sweany, M. Woods, N. Walsh, M. Hanhardt, Mani Tripathi, L. Kastens, K. Clark, D. Carr, F. Neves, Daniel McKinsey, J.J. Chapman, R. L. Mannino, Ethan Bernard, J. Pinto da Cunha, B. Holbrook, M. Morii, C. Silva, D.C. Malling, T. A. Shutt, V. N. Solovov, F.L.H. Wolfs, K. T. Lesko, N. A. Larsen, C. Lee, Kareem Kazkaz, Dongming Mei, A. W. Bradley, X. Bai, W. Skulski, C.H. Faham, Adam Bernstein, Robert Svoboda, M. C. Carmona-Benitez, J. Mock, C. R. Hall, Sidney Cahn, Chao Zhang, P. Phelps, M. Wlasenko, R. L. Lander, J. Spaans, J. Thomson, M.I. Lopes, A. Lindote, Steven Dazeley, R. J. Gaitskell, S. Bedikian, H. N. Nelson, T. Coffey, T.M. Stiegler, M. Ihm, M. Pangilinan, S. Fiorucci, R. C. Webb, L. de Viveiros, J. T. White, and J.R. Verbus

Subjects
Physics, Time projection chamber, LUX, Cryogenics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Nuclear engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Physics and Astronomy(all), 01 natural sciences, Thermosyphon, Nuclear physics, Circulation (fluid dynamics), Xenon, Noble gas circulation, chemistry, Getter, 0103 physical sciences, Water cooling, Dark matter, Thermosiphon, 010306 general physics, Internal heating
Abstract

Submitted by Helmut Wolters (helmut@coimbra.lip.pt) on 2019-02-04T04:47:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 1.pdf: 568034 bytes, checksum: 9b578ed88c0f02f94689dbd34aaeae28 (MD5) zip/1313265.zip: 499693 bytes, checksum: 46d8f87f31a2aa6d1d4fffb91f43b4d7 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-02-04T04:47:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 1.pdf: 568034 bytes, checksum: 9b578ed88c0f02f94689dbd34aaeae28 (MD5) zip/1313265.zip: 499693 bytes, checksum: 46d8f87f31a2aa6d1d4fffb91f43b4d7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-14

Published
2012
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42. R&D for the Observation of Coherent Neutrino-Nucleus Scatter at a Nuclear Reactor with a Dual-Phase Argon Ionization Detector

Author

Sergey Pereverzev, Adam Bernstein, Igor Jovanovic, Kareem Kazkaz, Samuele Sangiorgio, C. A. Hagmann, Tenzing H. Y. Joshi, K. Movrokoridis, Michael Foxe, and J. P. Coleman

Subjects
Physics, Particle physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Scattering, Dark matter, Helium ionization detector, Detector, Nuclear reactor, Physics and Astronomy(all), Coherent neutrino scatter, Standard Model, law.invention, Nuclear physics, law, Ionization, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Liquid argon, Neutrino, Ionization detector, Ionization yield nucler recoil
Abstract

Coherent scattering of neutrinos on nuclei is a well-predicted Standard Model interaction that has so far eluded all experimental attempts to detect it due to its extremely low-energy signature. Detection of coherent neutrino scattering reliesontheabilityto measurethetinyrecoil energy(fewkeVfor reactor neutrinos)ofthetarget nucleus –a challenge that dual-phase noble-element detectors might be able to tackle, as indicated by their successful use in Dark Matter searches. For this reason, we have constructed and started to characterize a small dual-phase Argon detector as a first step toward searching for coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering at a nuclear reactor. This detector will be used to measureakeyparameter: the nuclear ionization quenchfactorintheyet unexplored recoil energy rangeoffewkeVand below. After discussing the detector design, we will examine our plans to perform this measurement with two different techniques.

Published
2012
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43. Combining stochastics and analytics for a fast Monte Carlo decay chain generator

Author

Kareem Kazkaz and N. Walsh

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Stochastic process, Monte Carlo method, FOS: Physical sciences, Mathematical Physics (math-ph), Nuclear physics, Hybrid Monte Carlo, Dynamic Monte Carlo method, Overhead (computing), Statistical physics, Decay chain, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Generator (mathematics), Event generator
Abstract

Various Monte Carlo programs, developed either by small groups or widely available, have been used simulate decays of radioactive chains, from the original parent nucleus to the final stable isotopes. These chains include uranium, thorium, radon, and others, and generally have long-lived parent nuclei. Generating decays within these chains requires a certain amount of computing overhead related to simulating unnecessary decays, time-ordering the final results in post-processing, or both. We present a combination analytic/stochastic algorithm for creating a time-ordered set of decays with position and time correlations, and starting with an arbitrary source age. Thus the simulation costs are greatly reduced, while at the same time avoiding chronological post-processing. We discuss optimization methods within the approach to minimize calculation time, and extension of the algorithm to include various source types.

Published
2011

44. Operation of a 1-liter-volume gaseous argon proportional scintillation counter

Author

Adam Bernstein, Michael Foxe, C. Hagmann, Wolfgang Stoeffl, Peter Sorensen, Kareem Kazkaz, Igor Jovanovic, and Celeste Winant

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Argon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, Proportional counter, Nuclear physics, Data acquisition, Recoil, chemistry, Volume (thermodynamics), Scintillation counter, Calibration, Instrumentation
Abstract

We have built a gas-phase argon ionization detector to measure small nuclear recoil energies ( 10 keVee ) . In this paper, we describe the detector response to X-ray and gamma calibration sources, including analysis of pulse shapes, software triggers, optimization of gas content, and energy- and position-dependence of the signal. We compare our experimental results against simulation using a 5.9-keV X-ray source, as well as higher-energy gamma sources up to 1332 keV. We conclude with a description of the detector, DAQ, and software settings optimized for a measurement of the low-energy nuclear quenching factor in gaseous argon. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in part under Contract W-7405-Eng-48 and in part under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. Funded by Lab-wide LDRD. LLNL-JRNL-415990-DRAFT.

Published
2010

45. A Model for the Secondary Scintillation Pulse Shape from a Gas Proportional Scintillation Counter

Author

Kareem Kazkaz and Tenzing H. Y. Joshi

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Photon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Monte Carlo method, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Collimated light, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Engineering, Ionization, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, physics.ins-det, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Physics, Scintillation, hep-ex, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Dead time, Nuclear & Particles Physics, Computational physics, Physical Sciences, Scintillation counter, High Energy Physics::Experiment
Abstract

Proportional scintillation counters (PSCs), both single- and dual-phase, can measure the scintillation (S1) and ionization (S2) channels from particle interactions within the detector volume. The signal obtained from these detectors depends first on the physics of the medium (the initial scintillation and ionization), and second how the physics of the detector manipulates the resulting photons and liberated electrons. In this paper we develop a model of the detector physics that incorporates event topology, detector geometry, electric field configuration, purity, optical properties of components, and wavelength shifters. We present an analytic form of the model, which allows for general study of detector design and operation, and a Monte Carlo model which enables a more detailed exploration of S2 events. This model may be used to study systematic effects in currents detectors such as energy and position reconstruction, pulse shape discrimination, event topology, dead time calculations, purity, and electric field uniformity. We present a comparison of this model with experimental data collected with an argon gas proportional scintillation counter (GPSC), operated at 20 C and 1 bar, and irradiated with an internal, collimated 55Fe source. Additionally we discuss how the model may be incorporated in Monte Carlo simulations of both GPSCs and dual-phase detectors, increasing the reliability of the simulation results and allowing for tests of the experimental data analysis algorithms., Comment: 10 pages, 9 figures

Published
2015
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46. First data from CUORE-0

Author

Ettore Fiorini, Andrea Giachero, S. Di Domizio, Y. L. Li, W. D. Tian, L. Wielgus, M. L. Di Vacri, D. Orlandi, C. Zarra, M. Tenconi, S. Zucchelli, B. X. Zhu, X. Liu, N. Chott, Alan R. Smith, M. A. Franceschi, B. K. Fujikawa, V. Rampazzo, R. J. Creswick, F. Orio, C. Rusconi, C. Rosenfeld, Kareem Kazkaz, Davide Chiesa, Massimiliano Clemenza, Carlo Cosmelli, P. Gorla, F. Ferroni, C. Tomei, Emanuele Ferri, Eugene E. Haller, A. De Biasi, T. I. Banks, Oliviero Cremonesi, J. Goett, A. Giuliani, K. E. Lim, A. Camacho, B. S. Wang, L. Cardani, C. Pira, Jeffrey W. Beeman, G. Bari, S. Pirro, A. Dally, A.M. Vignati, V. Palmieri, O. Azzolini, Pedretti, Larissa M. Ejzak, S. Trentalange, C. Brofferio, C. Maiano, L. Gironi, F. T. Avignone, A. Bersani, D. Q. Fang, Ioan Dafinei, M. M. Deninno, James R. Wilson, Eric B. Norman, Silvio Morganti, T. Napolitano, L. Taffarello, Carlo Ligi, M. Carrettoni, M. Maino, Lucia Canonica, G. Keppel, Nicholas Scielzo, D. R. Artusa, M. I. Martínez, Monica Sisti, F. Bellini, H. W. Wang, M. Biassoni, Lindley Winslow, G. Ventura, T. O'Donnell, X. Z. Cai, Ezio Previtali, G. Piperno, Claudio Gotti, C. P. Aguirre, H. A. Farach, N. Casali, L. Zanotti, C. Bucci, T. D. Gutierrez, Vladimir Datskov, J. L. Ouellet, Yu-Gang Ma, Ke Han, Reina H. Maruyama, M. Pavan, Stuart J. Freedman, M. Balata, T. Wise, N. Moggi, Elena Sala, Y. Mei, L. Carbone, Simone Capelli, R. W. Kadel, C. Nones, R. Hennings-Yeomans, Xi-Guang Cao, Yu. G. Kolomensky, K. M. Heeger, A. Woodcraft, Samuele Sangiorgio, Stefano Nisi, F. Terranova, A. Nucciotti, M. Faverzani, Marco Pallavicini, G. Fernandes, G. Pessina, H. Z. Huang, L. Pattavina, A.M. Vignati, C.P. Aguirre, D.R. Artusa, F.T. Avignone III, O. Azzolini, M. Balata, T.I. Bank, G. Bari, J. Beeman, F. Bellini, A. Bersani, M. Biassoni, C. Brofferio, C. Bucci, X.Z. Cai, A. Camacho, L. Canonica, X. Cao, S. Capelli, L. Carbone, L. Cardani, M. Carrettoni, N. Casali, D. Chiesa, N. Chott, M. Clemenza, C. Cosmelli, O. Cremonesi, R.J. Creswick, I. Dafinei, A. Dally, V. Datskov, A. De Biasi, M.M. Deninno, S. Di Domizio, M.L. di Vacri, L. Ejzak, D.Q. Fang, H.A. Farach, M. Faverzani, G. Fernande, E. Ferri, F. Ferroni, E. Fiorini, M.A. Franceschi, S.J. Freedman, B.K. Fujikawa, A. Giachero, L. Gironi, A. Giuliani, J. Goett, P. Gorla, C. Gotti, T.D. Gutierrez, E.E. Haller, K. Han, K.M. Heeger, R. Hennings-Yeoman, H.Z. Huang, R. Kadel, K. Kazkaz, G. Keppel, Yu.G. Kolomensky, Y.L. Li, C. Ligi, K.E. Lim, X. Liu, Y.G. Ma, C. Maiano, M. Maino, M. Martinez, R.H. Maruyama, Y. Mei, N. Moggi, S. Morganti, T. Napolitano, S. Nisi, C. None, E.B. Norman, A. Nucciotti, T. O’Donnell, F. Orio, D. Orlandi, J.L. Ouellet, M. Pallavicini, V. Palmieri, L. Pattavina, M. Pavan, Pedretti, G. Pessina, G. Piperno, C. Pira, S. Pirro, E. Previtali, V. Rampazzo, C. Rosenfeld, C. Rusconi, E. Sala, S. Sangiorgio, N.D. Scielzo, M. Sisti, A.R. Smith, L. Taffarello, M. Tenconi, F. Terranova, W.D. Tian, C. Tomei, S. Trentalange, G. Ventura, B.S. Wang, H.W. Wang, L. Wielgu, J. Wilson, L.A. Winslow, T. Wise, A. Woodcraft, L. Zanotti, C. Zarra, B.X. Zhu, S. Zucchelli, Vignati, A, Aguirre, C, Artusa, D, Avignone, F, Azzolini, O, Balata, M, Banks, T, Bari, G, Beeman, J, Bellini, F, Bersani, A, Biassoni, M, Brofferio, C, Bucci, C, Cai, X, Camacho, A, Canonica, L, Cao, X, Capelli, S, Carbone, L, Cardani, L, Carrettoni, M, Casali, N, Chiesa, D, Chott, N, Clemenza, M, Cosmelli, C, Cremonesi, O, Creswick, R, Dafinei, I, Dally, A, Datskov, V, De Biasi, A, Deninno, M, Di Domizio, S, Di Vacri, M, Ejzak, L, Fang, D, Farach, H, Faverzani, M, Fernandes, G, Ferri, E, Ferroni, F, Fiorini, E, Franceschi, M, Freedman, S, Fujikawa, B, Giachero, A, Gironi, L, Giuliani, A, Goett, J, Gorla, P, Gotti, C, Gutierrez, T, Haller, E, Han, K, Heeger, K, Hennings Yeomans, R, Huang, H, Kadel, R, Kazkaz, K, Keppel, G, Kolomensky, Y, Li, Y, Ligi, C, Lim, K, Liu, X, Ma, Y, Maiano, C, Maino, M, Martinez, M, Maruyama, R, Mei, Y, Moggi, N, Morganti, S, Napolitano, T, Nisi, S, Nones, C, Norman, E, Nucciotti, A, O'Donnell, T, Orio, F, Orlandi, D, Ouellet, J, Pallavicini, M, Palmieri, V, Pattavina, L, Pavan, M, Pedretti, N, Pessina, G, Piperno, G, Pira, C, Pirro, S, Previtali, E, Rampazzo, V, Rosenfeld, C, Rusconi, C, Sala, E, Sangiorgio, S, Scielzo, N, Sisti, M, Smith, A, Taffarello, L, Tenconi, M, Terranova, F, Tian, W, Tomei, C, Trentalange, S, Ventura, G, Wang, B, Wang, H, Wielgus, L, Wilson, J, Winslow, L, Wise, T, Woodcraft, A, Zanotti, L, Zarra, C, Zhu, B, and Zucchelli, S

Subjects
Physics, CUORE, bolometer, BOLOMETERS, Bolometer, Detector, half live, double beta decay, Physics and Astronomy(all), law.invention, Nuclear physics, neutrino, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, law, Double beta decay, radioactivity, Sensitivity (control systems), Neutrino
Abstract

CUORE-0 is an experiment built to test and demonstrate the performance of the upcoming CUORE experiment. Com- posed of 52 TeO2 bolometers of 750g each, it is expected to reach a sensitivity to the 0νββ half-life of 130Te around 3 · 1024 y in one year of live time. We present the first data, corresponding to an exposure of 7.1kg y. An analysis of the background indicates that the CUORE sensitivity goal is within reach, validating our techniques to reduce the α radioactivity of the detector.

Published
2015

47. Dark matter search with CUORE-0 and CUORE

Author

M. Faverzani, Davide Chiesa, M. Balata, Jeffrey W. Beeman, G. Bari, X. Liu, C. Rosenfeld, A. Woodcraft, N. Moggi, Y. L. Li, Lindley Winslow, F. Terranova, P. Gorla, R. J. Creswick, F. Ferroni, C. Tomei, Samuele Sangiorgio, X. Z. Cai, Stefano Nisi, Emanuele Ferri, V. Rampazzo, H. Z. Huang, Massimiliano Clemenza, Carlo Cosmelli, A. Nucciotti, Eugene E. Haller, L. Wielgus, A. Bersani, M. Tenconi, Simone Capelli, R. W. Kadel, Marisa Pedretti, L. Zanotti, A. Camacho, D. Q. Fang, A. Dally, C. Rusconi, C. Pira, Marco Pallavicini, F. Orio, L. Carbone, M. M. Deninno, C. Maiano, A. De Biasi, G. Fernandes, G. Pessina, G. Piperno, S. Zucchelli, H. A. Farach, L. Cardani, Carlo Ligi, Lucia Canonica, J. L. Ouellet, L. Pattavina, Kareem Kazkaz, F. Bellini, M. Maino, Yu. G. Kolomensky, D. Orlandi, Ettore Fiorini, N. Chott, T. Wise, Ezio Previtali, T. I. Banks, S. Pirro, M. I. Martínez, C. Nones, Larissa M. Ejzak, B. X. Zhu, Andrea Giachero, B. S. Wang, H. W. Wang, T. O'Donnell, M. A. Franceschi, James R. Wilson, O. Azzolini, C. P. Aguirre, W. D. Tian, V. Palmieri, Alan R. Smith, Eric B. Norman, Silvio Morganti, T. Napolitano, M. Pavan, G. Keppel, D. R. Artusa, M. L. Di Vacri, Monica Sisti, G. Ventura, L. Taffarello, Ioan Dafinei, M. Biassoni, A. Giuliani, S. Trentalange, Vladimir Datskov, Yu-Gang Ma, Oliviero Cremonesi, J. Goett, Nicholas Scielzo, C. Bucci, T. D. Gutierrez, Claudio Gotti, N. Casali, Elena Sala, Y. Mei, L. Gironi, R. Hennings-Yeomans, Xi-Guang Cao, K. M. Heeger, F. T. Avignone, M. Carrettoni, C. Brofferio, Ke Han, Reina H. Maruyama, Stuart J. Freedman, S. Di Domizio, C. Zarra, B. K. Fujikawa, M. Vignati, Aguirre, C, Artusa, D, Avignone, F, Azzolini, O, Balata, M, Banks, T, Bari, G, Beeman, J, Bellini, F, Bersani, A, Biassoni, M, Brofferio, C, Bucci, C, Cai, X, Camacho, A, Canonica, L, Cao, X, Capelli, S, Carbone, L, Cardani, L, Carrettoni, M, Casali, N, Chiesa, D, Chott, N, Clemenza, M, Cosmelli, C, Cremonesi, O, Creswick, R, Dafinei, I, Dally, A, Datskov, V, De Biasi, A, Deninno, M, Di Domizio, S, Di Vacri, M, Ejzak, L, Fang, D, Farach, H, Faverzani, M, Fernandes, G, Ferri, E, Ferroni, F, Fiorini, E, Franceschi, M, Freedman, S, Fujikawa, B, Giachero, A, Gironi, L, Giuliani, A, Goett, J, Gorla, P, Gotti, C, Gutierrez, T, Haller, E, Han, K, Heeger, K, Hennings Yeomans, R, Huang, H, Kadel, R, Kazkaz, K, Keppel, G, Kolomensky, Y, Li, Y, Ligi, C, Liu, X, Ma, Y, Maiano, C, Maino, M, Martinez, M, Maruyama, R, Mei, Y, Moggi, N, Morganti, S, Napolitano, T, Nisi, S, Nones, C, Norman, E, Nucciotti, A, O'Donnell, T, Orio, F, Orlandi, D, Ouellet, J, Pallavicini, M, Palmieri, V, Pattavina, L, Pavan, M, Pedretti, M, Pessina, G, Piperno, G, Pira, C, Pirro, S, Previtali, E, Rampazzo, V, Rosenfeld, C, Rusconi, C, Sala, E, Sangiorgio, S, Scielzo, N, Sisti, M, Smith, A, Taffarello, L, Tenconi, M, Terranova, F, Tian, W, Tomei, C, Trentalange, S, Ventura, G, Vignati, M, Wang, B, Wang, H, Wielgus, L, Wilson, J, Winslow, L, Wise, T, Woodcraft, A, Zanotti, L, Zarra, C, Zhu, B, and Zucchelli, S

Subjects
Physics, Particle physics, CUORE, Dark matter, Bolometer, Physics and Astronomy(all), law.invention, Nuclear physics, Physics and Astronomy (all), lowthreshold, law, Observatory, Double beta decay, tellurium, low threshold, Counting rate
Abstract

The Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events (CUORE) is a ton-scale experiment made of TeO2 bolometers that will probe the neutrinoless double beta decay of 130Te. Excellent energy resolution, low threshold and low background make CUORE sensitive to nuclear recoils, allowing a search for dark matter interactions. With a total mass of 741 kg of TeO2, CUORE can search for an annual modulation of the counting rate at low energies. We present data obtained with CUORE-like detectors and the prospects for a dark matter search in CUORE-0, a 40-kg prototype, and CUORE.

Published
2015

48. Fabrication and characterization of a lithium-glass-based composite neutron detector

Author

T. Gushue, G.C. Rich, H.P. Martinez, and Kareem Kazkaz

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Neutron stimulated emission computed tomography, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Scintillator, Nuclear physics, Neutron capture, chemistry, Neutron cross section, Neutron detection, Neutron, Lithium, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nuclear Experiment, Instrumentation, Neutron activation
Abstract

A novel composite, scintillating material intended for neutron detection and composed of small (1.5 mm) cubes of KG2-type lithium glass embedded in a matrix of scintillating plastic has been developed in the form of a 2.2 in.-diameter, 3.1 in.-tall cylindrical prototype loaded with $\left( 5.82 \pm 0.02 \right)\%$ lithium glass by mass. The response of the material when exposed to ${}^{252}$Cf fission neutrons and various $\gamma$-ray sources has been studied; using the charge-integration method for pulse shape discrimination, good separation between neutron and $\gamma$-ray events is observed and intrinsic efficiencies of $\left( 1.15 \pm 0.16 \right)\times 10^{-2}$ and $\left( 2.28 \pm 0.21 \right)\times 10^{-4}$ for ${}^{252}$Cf fission neutrons and ${}^{60}$Co $\gamma$ rays are obtained; an upper limit for the sensitivity to ${}^{137}$Cs $\gamma$ rays is determined to be $< 3.70 \times 10^{-8}$. The neutron/$\gamma$ discrimination capabilities are improved in circumstances when a neutron capture signal in the lithium glass can be detected in coincidence with a preceding elastic scattering event in the plastic scintillator; with this coincidence requirement, the intrinsic efficiency of the prototype detector for ${}^{60}$Co $\gamma$ rays is $\left( 2.42 \pm 0.61 \right)\times 10^{-6}$ while its intrinsic efficiency for unmoderated ${}^{252}$Cf fission neutrons is $\left( 4.31 \pm 0.59 \right)\times 10^{-3}$. Through use of subregion-integration ratios in addition to the coincidence requirement, the efficiency for $\gamma$ rays from ${}^{60}$Co is reduced to $\left( 7.15 \pm 4.10 \right) \times 10^{-7}$ while the ${}^{252}$Cf fission neutron efficiency becomes $\left( 2.78 \pm 0.38 \right) \times 10^{-3}$., Comment: Final results, figures, and text; published in Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A

Published
2014
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49. First CUORE-0 Performance Results and Status of CUORE Experiment

Author

L. Gironi, F. T. Avignone, S. Di Domizio, D. Lenz, C. Zarra, M. Tenconi, A. Woodcraft, Marisa Pedretti, B. K. Fujikawa, Eric B. Norman, N. Chott, A. De Biasi, M. Vignati, G. Bari, H. Z. Huang, M. Maino, F. Terranova, X. Z. Cai, M. Faverzani, R. J. Creswick, Kareem Kazkaz, C. Bucci, N. Casali, S. Newman, H. W. Wang, T. D. Gutierrez, L. Kogler, Yu. G. Kolomensky, Massimiliano Clemenza, Carlo Cosmelli, L. Wielgus, C. Pira, Elena Sala, Y. Mei, Xi-Guang Cao, K. M. Heeger, A. Bersani, T. I. Banks, Deqing Fang, C. Rusconi, C. Brofferio, N. Moggi, G. Ventura, Ioan Dafinei, M. Carrettoni, S. Zucchelli, M. M. Deninno, C. Maiano, F. Rimondi, Samuele Sangiorgio, Stefano Nisi, A. Nucciotti, B. X. Zhu, M. I. Martínez, L. Pattavina, L. Cardani, Ke Han, Reina H. Maruyama, M. Balata, Lucia Canonica, Carlo Ligi, F. Bellini, Stefano Pirro, C. Rosenfeld, P. Gorla, F. Ferroni, Simone Capelli, H. A. Farach, D. Orlandi, C. Tomei, R. W. Kadel, Larissa M. Ejzak, Davide Chiesa, Alan R. Smith, X. Liu, Emanuele Ferri, Eugene E. Haller, L. Zanotti, Jeffrey W. Beeman, M. A. Franceschi, V. Rampazzo, F. Orio, A. Camacho, T. O'Donnell, Ettore Fiorini, Andrea Giachero, Claudio Gotti, T. Bloxham, W. D. Tian, M. Pavan, Vladimir Datskov, A. Dally, B. S. Wang, M. L. Di Vacri, Yu-Gang Ma, Ezio Previtali, T. Wise, G. Piperno, L. Taffarello, O. Azzolini, John Wilson, V. Palmieri, Silvio Morganti, T. Napolitano, J. L. Ouellet, M. Biassoni, S. Trentalange, Yong-Ping Li, R. Faccini, L. Carbone, C. Nones, Oliviero Cremonesi, J. Goett, Nicholas Scielzo, Marco Pallavicini, G. Fernandes, G. Pessina, S. J. Freedman, A. Giuliani, G. Keppel, D. R. Artusa, Monica Sisti, L. Canonica, D. R. Artusa, F. T. Avignone, O. Azzolini, M. Balata, T. I. Bank, G. Bari, J. Beeman, F. Bellini, A. Bersani, M. Biassoni, T. Bloxham, C. Brofferio, C. Bucci, X. Z. Cai, A. Camacho, X. Cao, S. Capelli, L. Carbone, L. Cardani, M. Carrettoni, N. Casali, D. Chiesa, N. Chott, M. Clemenza, C. Cosmelli, O. Cremonesi, R. J. Creswick, I. Dafinei, A. Dally, V. Datskov, A. Biasi, M. M. Deninno, S. Domizio, M. L. Vacri, L. Ejzak, R. Faccini, D. Q. Fang, H. A. Farach, M. Faverzani, G. Fernande, E. Ferri, F. Ferroni, E. Fiorini, M. A. Franceschi, S. J. Freedman, B. K. Fujikawa, A. Giachero, L. Gironi, A. Giuliani, J. Goett, P. Gorla, C. Gotti, T. D. Gutierrez, E. E. Haller, K. Han, K. M. Heeger, H. Z. Huang, R. Kadel, K. Kazkaz, G. Keppel, L. Kogler, Yu. G. Kolomensky, D. Lenz, Y. L. Li, C. Ligi, X. Liu, Y. G. Ma, C. Maiano, M. Maino, M. Martinez, R. H. Maruyama, Y. Mei, N. Moggi, S. Morganti, T. Napolitano, S. Newman, S. Nisi, C. None, E. B. Norman, A. Nucciotti, T. O’Donnell, F. Orio, D. Orlandi, J. L. Ouellet, M. Pallavicini, V. Palmieri, L. Pattavina, M. Pavan, M. Pedretti, G. Pessina, G. Piperno, C. Pira, S. Pirro, E. Previtali, V. Rampazzo, F. Rimondi, C. Rosenfeld, C. Rusconi, E. Sala, S. Sangiorgio, N. D. Scielzo, M. Sisti, A. R. Smith, L. Taffarello, M. Tenconi, F. Terranova, W. D. Tian, C. Tomei, S. Trentalange, G. Ventura, M. Vignati, B. S. Wang, H. W. Wang, L. Wielgu, J. Wilson, T. Wise, A. Woodcraft, L. Zanotti, C. Zarra, B. X. Zhu, S. Zucchelli, Canonica, L, Artusa, D, Avignone, F, Azzolini, O, Balata, M, Banks, T, Bari, G, Beeman, J, Bellini, F, Bersani, A, Biassoni, M, Bloxham, T, Brofferio, C, Bucci, C, Cai, X, Camacho, A, Cao, X, Capelli, S, Carbone, L, Cardani, L, Carrettoni, M, Casali, N, Chiesa, D, Chott, N, Clemenza, M, Cosmelli, C, Cremonesi, O, Creswick, R, Dafinei, I, Dally, A, Datskov, V, Biasi, A, Deninno, M, Domizio, S, Vacri, M, Ejzak, L, Faccini, R, Fang, D, Farach, H, Faverzani, M, Fernandes, G, Ferri, E, Ferroni, F, Fiorini, E, Franceschi, M, Freedman, S, Fujikawa, B, Giachero, A, Gironi, L, Giuliani, A, Goett, J, Gorla, P, Gotti, C, Gutierrez, T, Haller, E, Han, K, Heeger, K, Huang, H, Kadel, R, Kazkaz, K, Keppel, G, Kogler, L, Kolomensky, Y, Lenz, D, Li, Y, Ligi, C, Liu, X, Ma, Y, Maiano, C, Maino, M, Martinez, M, Maruyama, R, Mei, Y, Moggi, N, Morganti, S, Napolitano, T, Newman, S, Nisi, S, Nones, C, Norman, E, Nucciotti, A, O’Donnell, T, Orio, F, Orlandi, D, Ouellet, J, Pallavicini, M, Palmieri, V, Pattavina, L, Pavan, M, Pedretti, M, Pessina, G, Piperno, G, Pira, C, Pirro, S, Previtali, E, Rampazzo, V, Rimondi, F, Rosenfeld, C, Rusconi, C, Sala, E, Sangiorgio, S, Scielzo, N, Sisti, M, Smith, A, Taffarello, L, Tenconi, M, Terranova, F, Tian, W, Tomei, C, Trentalange, S, Ventura, G, Vignati, M, Wang, B, Wang, H, Wielgus, L, Wilson, J, Wise, T, Woodcraft, A, Zanotti, L, Zarra, C, Zhu, B, Zucchelli, S, CSNSM PS1, Centre de Sciences Nucléaires et de Sciences de la Matière (CSNSM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Centre de Spectrométrie Nucléaire et de Spectrométrie de Masse (CSNSM), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)

Subjects
Particle physics, Bolometer, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, VALIDATION, law.invention, Nuclear physics, CUORE, Neutrino mass, law, Observatory, Double beta decay, Atomic and Molecular Physics, majorana particle, bolometer, neutrino mass, neutrinoless double beta decay, 0103 physical sciences, Neutrinoless double beta decay Neutrino mass Majorana particle Bolometer CONTAMINATION, General Materials Science, Neutrinoless double beta decay, 010306 general physics, Physics, Neutrinoless Double Beta Decay, Cuore, Neutrino Mass, Bolometers, Majorana particle, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Materials Science (all), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Performance results, MAJORANA, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], DOUBLE-BETA DECAY, Neutrino, and Optics, NEUTRINO, National laboratory
Abstract

The CUORE (Cryogenic Underground Observatory for Rare Events) experiment will search for neutrinoless double beta decay in {Mathematical expression}Te. Observation of the process would unambiguously establish that neutrinos are Majorana particles as well as provide information about the absolute neutrino mass scale and mass hierarchy.The CUORE setup will consist of an array of 988 tellurium dioxide crystals (containing 206 kg of {Mathematical expression}Te in total), operated as bolometers at a temperature of {Mathematical expression}10 mK. The experiment is now under construction at the Gran Sasso National Laboratory in Italy. As a first step towards CUORE, a tower (CUORE-0) has been assembled and is taking data. Here a detailed description of the CUORE-0 tower and its performance is reported. The status of the CUORE experiment and its expected sensitivity will then be discussed. © 2014 Springer Science+Business Media New York.

Published
2014

50. First demonstration of a sub-keV electron recoil energy threshold in a liquid argon ionization chamber

Author

Adam Bernstein, Samuele Sangiorgio, Igor Jovanovic, Sergey Pereverzev, C. A. Hagmann, P. Sorensen, Vladimir Mozin, K. Mavrokoridis, Tenzing H. Y. Joshi, Michael Foxe, J. P. Coleman, and Kareem Kazkaz

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Time projection chamber, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Electron capture, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Dark matter, Detector, FOS: Physical sciences, Electron, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Ionization, Ionization chamber, Calibration, Atomic physics, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

We describe the first demonstration of a sub-keV electron recoil energy threshold in a dual-phase liquid argon time projection chamber. This is an important step in an effort to develop a detector capable of identifying the ionization signal resulting from nuclear recoils with energies of order a few keV and below. We obtained this result by observing the peaks in the energy spectrum at 2.82 keV and 0.27 keV, following the K- and L-shell electron capture decay of 37 Ar respectively. The 37 Ar source preparation is described in detail, since it enables calibration that may also prove useful in dark matter direct detection experiments. An internally placed 55 Fe x-ray source simultaneously provided another calibration point at 5.9 keV. We discuss the ionization yield and electron recombination in liquid argon at those three calibration energies.

Published
2013

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