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Larvae meal has been reported as a suitable alternative protein source to fish meal and soybean meal. It contains necessary essential amino acids required in poultry feeding. A feeding trial was conducted to assess the effects of feeding different levels of larvae meal on broiler performance, nutrient digestibility, carcass and meat quality, and bacterial count. Day-old male broiler chicks (216) were raised for 42 days. Birds were weighed and randomly allotted into 6 dietary treatments consisting of 6 replicates (pens) per treatment and 6 birds in each replicate. The dietary treatments were supplemented with earth larvae meal by 0% (control group), 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10%. The feed and drinking water were provided ad lib. The findings showed that body weight, average daily gain and total weight gain for group of birds fed 0% larvae meal significantly decreased compared to those chickens fed 8% and 10% larvae meal. A higher crude protein digestibility was found in birds fed with larvae meal. Control group had the highest Enterobacteriaceae count compared to the other treatments. Larvae meal supplementation improved the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and meat quality of broiler chicken and decreased excreta Enterobacteriaceae counts.

Larvae meal has been reported as a suitable alternative protein source to fish meal and soybean meal. It contained necessary essential amino acids required in poultry feeding. An experiment was conducted to assess the effects of different levels of larvae meal on broiler performance. A total of 216 one-day-old male broiler chicks were raised for 42 days. Birds were randomly allotted into open house cages and 6 chicks per cage. The dietary treatments were supplemented with larvae meal by 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% and 10% to represent T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively. The findings showed that body weight, average daily gain and total weight gain for T1 were significantly decreased (P<0.05) compared to T5 and T6.

This study examined the effects of different combinations of inulin and postbiotics RG14 on growth performance, cecal microbiota, volatile fatty acids (VFA), and ileal cytokine expression in broiler chickens. Two-hundred-and sixteen, one-day-old chicks were allocated into 6 treatment groups, namely, a basal diet (negative control, NC), basal diet + neomycin and oxytetracycline (positive control, PC), T1 = basal diet + 0.15% postbiotic RG14 + 1.0% inulin, T2 = basal diet + 0.3% postbiotic RG14 + 1.0% inulin, T3 = basal diet + 0.45% postbiotic RG14 + 1.0% inulin, and T4 = basal diet + 0.6% postbiotic RG14 + 1.0% inulin, and fed for 6 weeks. The results showed that birds fed T1 and T3 diets had higher (P < 0.05) final body weight and total weight gain than NC and PC birds. A lower (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio was observed in birds fed T1 and T2 compared with those fed the NC diet. Birds fed PC, T1, T2, and T3 had higher (P< 0.05) cecum total bacteria and Bifidobacteria compared to the NC birds. Diet had no effect on cecum Lactobacilli, Enterococcus and Salmonella. The NC birds had higher (P < 0.05) Enterobacteria and E. coli than other treatments. Concentration of acetic acid was higher in birds fed PC, T1, and T4 compared to the NC birds. However, the concentration of butyric acid, propionic acid, and total VFA did not differ (P > 0.05) among diets. The NC birds had higher (P < 0.05) expression of interferon (IFN) and Lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-alpha factor (LITAF) gene compared with those fed other diets. The mRNA expression of interluken-6 (IL-6) was up-regulated in birds fed T3 and T4 compared to the NC birds. However, the expression of interluken-8 (IL-8) gene was not influenced by diet. Postbiotic and inulin combinations are potential replacements for antibiotic growth promoters in the poultry industry.

This study investigated the efficacy of antibiotics, probiotics and their combination on meat quality of breast muscle in broilers. A total of 480 male one-day-old Cobb chicks were randomly assigned to control (without additive), antibiotic growth promoter (AGP), Bioplus® (probiotics), or AGP + Bioplus® and raised for 42 d. Each treatment was replicated six times with 20 birds per replicate. At the end of rearing period, 10 birds were randomly selected from each treatment, slaughtered and the breast muscles were excised for meat quality analyses. The results showed that all additives influenced drip and cooking loses, pH, fat content and colour attributes of breast muscle but did not affect tenderness, muscle glycogen, moisture, crude protein and ash content of breast muscle. Both drip and cooking losses were lower in treatment groups than those in the control group. Birds fed sole probiotics had the least pH, drip loss and cooking loss compared with the other treatments. Sole probiotics-fed birds had higher lightness, redness and yellowness values and lower fat value than the other treatments on day 1 post-mortem. The results indicate that probiotics are good substitutes for antibiotics in the diet of broiler chickens for the enhancement of meat quality.

The study investigated the effects of varying dietary calcium (Ca) level and oil sources on the growth performance and carcass quality of broiler chickens. A total of 378, 1-day-old birds (Cobb 500) were fed either 6% palm oil, soybean oil (SO) or linseed oil (LO) in combination with three dietary levels of calcium (1.00%, 1.25% and 1.50%) for 6 weeks. Birds fed SO had higher body weight (BW) compared with those fed LO (p < .05). However, feed efficiency, carcass and bone quality were similar among the oil treatments. Regardless of the oil source, chicken fed diets containing 1.50% of Ca had lower BW compared with those fed 1.00% and 1.25% of Ca. In contrast, birds fed 1.25% of Ca had significantly higher (p < .05) bone quality than those fed 1% of Ca. It can be concluded that increasing the level of calcium up to 1.25% improved bone quality regardless of the type of oil.

Background: Postbiotics (metabolic products by lactic acid bacteria) and prebiotics have been established as substitute to antibiotics in order to enhance immunity and growth performance in broiler chickens. Nonetheless, insufficient information is available on the effects of postbiotics and prebiotics combination on growth performance, faecal microbiota, pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA), as well as liver insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF1) and growth hormone receptor (GHR) mRNA expressions in broiler chickens. The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of different types of postbiotics with different levels of prebiotic (inulin) on broiler for those parameters. Results: The results showed that birds fed T3: (0.3 % RI11 + 0.8 % Inulin), T4: (0.3 % RI11 + 1.0 % Inulin), and T6: (0.3 % RG14+ 1.0 % Inulin) had higher (p < 0.05) final body weight (BW) and total weight gain (WG) than other treatments. Birds fed T3 had lower feed conversion ratio (FCR) which was significantly different from those fed with negative control diet but was similar to other treatments. Postbiotic and inulin increased (p < 0.05) faecal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and reduced (p < 0.05) Enterobacteriaceae count. Birds fed T4 and T6 had higher faecal acetic acid and propionic acid respectively, and both had higher total VFA and lactic acid bacteria but lower pH and Enterobacteriaceae (ENT) counts compared to other treatments. The liver of birds fed T4 and T6 had higher IGF1 expression compared to other treatments while T6 had higher GHR mRNA expression compared to other treatments. Conclusions: Results indicate that the addition of postbiotics and inulin combinations had beneficial effects on total BW, feed efficiency, mucosa architecture and IGF1 and GHR mRNA expression in broiler chickens.

The study assessed the effects of different types of postbiotics that mixed with different levels of prebiotic (inulin) on carcass, meat and bone quality. A total of 280 male Cobb broiler chickens were randomly assigned to 8 treatment groups. The treatments included basal diet (-ve control), basal diet+neomycin and oxytetracycline (+ve control), (T1) basal diet+0.3% postbiotic RI11 (T2) basal diet+0.3% postbiotic RG14 (T3) basal diet+0.3% postbiotic RI11+0.8% inulin, (T4) basal diet+0.3% postbiotic RI11+1.0% inulin, (T5) basal diet+0.3% postbiotic RG14+0.8% inulin, and (T6) basal diet+0.3% postbiotic RG14+1.0% inulin. The birds were fed the diets for 6 weeks and slaughtered. Meat quality assessment was conducted on the breast muscle while bone quality traits were assessed on tibia of right leg. Birds fed postbiotics and inulin had lower (p< 0.05) drip loss and improved (p< 0.05) lightness of breast muscle as compared to the control birds. No changes were observed in cooking loss, shear force and most carcass attributes among the treatments. Carcass attributes, bone breaking strength, tibiotarsal index and robusticity index were not significantly different (p>0.05) among the treatments. Postbiotic and inulin had beneficial effect on meat quality as compared to antibiotics.

The study examined the effect of combinations of postbiotics and inulin on growth performance, faecal microflora, and pH, liver IGF-I and GHR mRNA expression in broiler chickens. A total of 288 one day old chicks were randomly into eight treatment groups viz basal diet without additive (negative control), basal diet feed + neomycin and oxytetracycline (positive control), T1=Basal diet + 0.3% postbiotic RI11, T2=Basal diet + 0.3% postbiotic RG14, T3=Basal diet + 0.3% postbiotic RI11 + 0.8% inulin, T4=Basal diet + 0.3% postbiotic RI11 + 1.0% inulin, T5=Basal diet + 0.3% postbiotic RG14 + 0.8% inulin, T6=Basal diet + 0.3% postbiotic RG14 + 1.0% inulin. Birds fed T3, T4 and T6 had higher (p<0.05) final body weight and total weight gain than did other treatments. Birds fed T3 had lower FCR which was significantly different from those fed negative control diet but was similar to other treatments. Postbiotic and inulin increased (p<0.05) faecal LAB at compared to negative control and decreased (p<0.05) Enterobacteriaceae counts. The liver of birds fed T4 and T6 had higher IGF-I expression compared to other treatments while T6 had higher GHR mRNA expression compared to other treatments. It can be concluded that the addition of postbiotics and inulin had benefical effects on total body weight, feed efficiency, and expression of IGF-I and GHR mRNA in broiler chickens.