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The accuracy of determining the location of detectable subsurface objects is related to the accuracy of the position of georadar traces in a given profile, which in turn depends on the precise assessment of the distance covered by an antenna. During georadar measurements the distance covered by an antenna can be determined with a variety of methods. Recording traces at fixed time intervals is the simplest of them. A method which allows for more precise location of georadar traces is recording them at fixed distance intervals, which can be performed with the use of distance triggers (such as a measuring wheel or a hip chain). The search for methods eliminating these discrepancies can be based on the measurement of spatial coordinates of georadar traces conducted with the use of modern geodetic techniques for 3-D location. These techniques include above all a GNSS satellite system and electronic tachymeters. Application of the above mentioned methods increases the accuracy of space location of georadar traces. The article presents the results of georadar measurements performed with the use of geodetic techniques in the test area of Mydlniki in Krakow. A satellite receiver Leica system 1200 and a electronic tachymeter Leica 1102 TCRA were integrated with the georadar equipment. The accuracy of locating chosen subsurface structures was compared.

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Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is commonly used for locating burial sites. In this article, we acquired radargrams at a site where a domestic pig cadaver was buried. The measurements were conducted with the ProEx System GPR manufactured by the Swedish company Mala Geoscience with an antenna of 500MHz. The event corresponding to the pig can be clearly seen in the measurements. In order to improve the interpretation, the electromagnetic field is compared to numerical simulations computed with the pseudo-spectral Fourier method. A geological model has been defined on the basis of assumed electromagnetic properties (permittivity, conductivity and magnetic permeability). The results, when compared with the GPR measurements, show a dissimilar amplitude behaviour, with a stronger reflection event from the bottom of the pit. We have therefore performed another simulation by decreasing the electrical conductivity of the body very close to that of air. The comparison improved, showing more reflections, which could be an indication that the body contains air or has been degraded to a certain extent that the electrical resistivity has greatly increased.

We established HEK-293 cell lines that stably express functional canine ether-a-go-go-related gene (cERG) [K.sup.+] channels and examined their biophysical and pharmacological properties with whole cell patch clamp and [sup.35]S-labeled MK-499 ([[sup.35]S]MK-499) binding displacement. Functionally, cERG current had the hallmarks of cardiac delayed rectifier [K.sup.+] current ([I.sup.Kr]). Channel opening was time- and voltage dependent with threshold near -40 mV. The half-maximum activation voltage was -7.8 [+ or -] 2.4 mV at 23[degrees]C, shifting to -31.9 [+ or -] 1.2 mV at 36[degrees]C. Channels activated with a time constant of 13 [+ or -] 1 ms at +20 mV, showed prominent inward rectification at depolarized potentials, were highly [K.sup.+] selective ([Na.sup.+]-to-[K.sup.+] permeability ratio = 0.007), and were potently inhibited by [I.sup.Kr] blockers. Astemizole, terfenadine, cisapride, and MK-499 inhibited cERG and human ERG (hERG) currents with I[C.sub.50] values of 1.3, 13, 19, and 15 nM and 1.2, 9, 14, and 21 nM, respectively, and competitively displaced [[sup.35]S]MK-499 binding from cERG and hERG with I[C.sub.50] values of 0.4, 12, 35, and 0.6 nM and 0.8, 5, 47, and 0.7 nM, respectively, cERG channels had biophysical properties appropriate for canine action potential repolarization and were pharmacologically sensitive to agents known to prolong QT. A novel MK-499 binding assay provides a new tool to detect agents affecting ERG channels. ion channels; acquired long QT syndrome, potassium ion channel; ventricular arrhythmia; canine ether-a-go-go-related gene

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We established HEK-293 cell lines that stably express functional canine ether-à-go-go-related gene (cERG) K[sup +] channels and examined their biophysical and pharmacological properties with whole cell patch clamp and [sup 35]S-labeled MK-499 ([[sup 35]S]MK-499) binding displacement. Functionally, cERG current had the hallmarks of cardiac delayed rectifier K[sup +] current (I[sub Kr]). Channel opening was time- and voltage dependent with threshold near -40 mV. The half-maximum activation voltage was -7.8 ± 2.4 mV at 23°C, shifting to -31.9 ± 1.2 mV at 36°C. Channels activated with a time constant of 13 ± 1 ms at +20 mV, showed prominent inward rectification at depolarized potentials, were highly K[sup +] selective (Na[sup +]-to-K[sup +] permeability ratio = 0.007), and were potently inhibited by I[sub Kr] blockers. Astemizole, terfenadine, cisapride, and MK-499 inhibited cERG and human ERG (hERG) currents with IC[sub 50] values of 1.3, 13, 19, and 15 nM and 1.2, 9, 14, and 21 nM, respectively, and competitively displaced [[sup 35]S]MK-499 binding from cERG and hERG with IC[sub 50] values of 0.4, 12, 35, and 0.6 nM and 0.8, 5, 47, and 0.7 nM, respectively, cERG channels had biophysical properties appropriate for canine action potential repolarization and were pharmacologically sensitive to agents known to prolong QT. A novel MK-499 binding assay provides a new tool to detect agents affecting ERG channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]