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Kapacitet biljke da preživi u uslovima suše u tesnoj vezi je sa osobinama korena. Većina naučnih radova koji se bave tolerancijom na sušu usmerena je na genetičke i molekularne analize. Međutim, osim na morfologiju korena (dubinu, pravac rasta i grananje), suša utiče i na anatomske karakteristike korena. U cilju odabira genotipova suncokreta tolerantnih na sušu, analizirana su tri genotipa uzgajana četrnaest dana u rizotronima, pri dva različita tretmana vlažnosti (70% - kontrola i 42% - suša). Metodom kriotehnike pravljeni su poprečni preseci korena, u nekoliko nivoa, duž celog korena. Preliminarni rezultatati pokazali su, da kod sva tri genotipa u uslovima vlaznosti od 42%, dolazi do smanjenja površine poprečnog preseka korena, površine ćelija korteksa (egzodermisa i mezodermisa), procentualnog udela centralnog cilindra i ksilema, kao i površine lumena trahejarnih elementa. Dobijene genotipske razlike u anatomskim karakteristikama korena, kao odgovor na vodni deficit, mogu biti značajne smernice u izboru genotipova suncokreta sa većim brojem kseromorfnih karakteristika., A plants capacity to survive in drought condition is in close relation with the root traits. Most of the scientific work related to drought tolerance is focused towards genetic and molecular analysis. Apart from the root morphology (depth, orientation and branching), drought condition reflects the root anatomical characteristics. In order to select sunflower genotypes tolerant to drought, we analyzed the three genotypes grown for fourteen days in rhizotrons, under two different humidity treatments (70% as control and 42% as drought). Root cross-sections were cut along root maturity using a cryotechnique. Our preliminary results showed that characters such as: root cross section area, cortical cells size (exodermis and mesodermis), central cylinder and xylem percentage, and lumen tracheary elements were reduced under 42% humidity, in all three genotypes. Differences in the root response to water deficit among genotypes, especially with the xylem architecture (structure), can be significant guidelines in the selection of sunflower genotypes with higher xeromorphic traits.

The aim of this research was to determine the histological basis of the genotypic differences for drought tolerance, calculate tissue volume densities (Vv), examine the variability, and assess tissue proportions along the root maturity gradient. For the stereological analyses of root tissues four sunflower genotypes, 14 days old seedlings which were grown in rhizotrons, have been carried out on the primary (axial) root. The total length of the axial roots varied among genotypes, but not significantly. Root cross-sections were cut along the root maturity in five segments according to the principle of systematic uniform random sampling method. Cross-sections were made applying cryo-technique procedure and proportion of tissues was estimated by point-counting method. The vessel network characteristics (number and diameter of vessels) vary along maturity gradient and individual roots. Consequently, branching vessels pattern and axial conductance may limit water flow through root systems.

The root functionality is affected by numerous factors. One of the main structural parameters, the most important for functionality and adaptability, is xylem organization. Taking into account that sunflower root features have not been directly selected in breeding programs the aim of this research is to determine whether different sunflower genotypes (wild annual species and cultivated genotypes) have influence (i) on the structure of the xylem anatomy and (ii) on the xylem features along the maturity gradient. For the detailed anatomical characterization of root xylem, 14 days old seedlings which were grown in rhizotrons, have been carried out on the primary root. Root cross-sections were cut in positions sampled according to the principle of systematic uniform random sampling method. Along the root maturity, three sections per roots were made using cryotechnic procedure. Observations of the root and measurements of the vessels were carried out using the light microscope with Image Analyzing System. The obtained results of the comparative root xylem anatomy revealed significant phenotypic variability among tested genotypes. The ratio of cross-section xylem area, vessel diameter and theoretical hydraulic conductance (kh), increase along the maturity gradient for all genotypes. Significant differences in vessel size and frequency were recorded between wild species and cultivated genotypes.

Anatomical characteristics affect technological quality and use value of edible fruits. Pepper is one of the most important vegetable species due to it’s high nutritional value, as well as due to it’s multiple uses in human nutrition (like fresh consumption, cooking, pickling) and in industrial processing. Quality requirements and desirable traits depend on the final use of fruits. Anatomical characteristics of fruits of 12 pepper genotypes selected for different purposes (Amfora, Piquillo de Lodosa, Kurtovska kapija, Kalifornijsko čudo - California Wonder, Anita, Šorokšari, Novosađanka, 214/14, Zeleni rotund, HS-2, HS-6, Venčarka) were analyzed. Cross sections of ripe fruits were hand-made and analyzed using light microscopy. Observations and measurements of pericarp parameters were performed using Image Analyzing System Motic. Pepper fruit pericarp was composed of one-layered epidermis, 1-5 layers of collenchyma, vascular bundles and well developed parenchyma, with huge vesicular cells adjecent to endocarp.

The production of high yielding cultivated sunflower genotypes, which are of higher and improved quality, as well as of increased resistance to abiotic and biotic factors, has been the main goal in the process of breeding. Apart from the taxonomically useful information, the characteristics of pericarp are very important in defining the fruit yield potential. General anatomy of the sunflower fruit is relatively well known, but not enough attention has been given to the research of the anatomic characteristics of the pericarp as potentially important parameters in the breeding programme. Therefore, we considered that it was important to make very detailed comparative analysis of pericarp anatomic characteristics of the 19 wild perennial Helianthus species. The plant material was cultivated in the experimental field. For anatomical observation mature achenes were randomly selected and cross sections were obtained from the middle part of the fruit, using cryotechnic procedure.

Komparativnom analizom morfo-anatomskih i mikromorfoloških karakteristika lista, stabla, rizoma, korena, ploda i receptakuluma, kao i biohemijskom analizom etarskih ulja podzemnih organa, obuhvaćeno je ukupno 16 vrsta iz 4 roda, Inula (I. aschersoniana, I. bifrons, I. britannica, I. conyza, I. ensifolia, I. germanica, I. helenium, I. oculus-christi, I. saslicina ssp. salicina, I. salicina ssp. aspera, I. spiraeifolia), Dittrichia (D. graveolens, D. viscosa), Limbarda (L. crithmoides) i Pulicaria (P. dysenterica, P. vulgaris) iz tribusa Inuleae, familije Compositae. Vrste iz različitih rodova analizirane u ovoj disertaciji ranijom klasifikacijom svrstavane su u okviru različitih sekcija roda Inula, a takođe i tipska vrsta ovog roda, I. helenium L., svrstavana je u okviru zasebne sekcije Corvisartia. Na osnovu najnovijih molekularnih filogenetskih analiza, baziranih na sekvencama plastidne i jedarne DNK, kao i na osnovu morfoloških i karioloških podataka, predloženo je da sekcija Corvisartia bude izdvojena u zaseban rod. Ciljevi ove disertacije definisani su u skladu sa činjenicom da su podaci o morfo-anatomskoj, mikromorfološkoj i biohemijskoj građi vegetativnih i reproduktivnih organa vrsta ovog tribusa malobrojni i nepotpuni, dok su analize vršene parcijalno i nezavisno kod pojedinih predstavnika, sa slabim akcentom na njihovu komparativnu analizu. Istraživanje je obuhvatilo veliki broj kvalitativnih i kvantitativnih karaktera koji su analizirani i mereni pomoću stereomikroskopa, svetlosnog, fluorescentnog i skening elektronskog mikroskopa. Dobijeni podaci statistički su obrađeni različitim metodama numeričke analize koje se inače koriste pri taksonomskim istraživanjima. Ovakav tip analize za vrste rodova Inula, Dittrichia, Limbarda i Pulicaria nije zabeležen u dosadašnjoj literaturi. Sprovedena analiza pokazala je da ni jedan, A comparative analysis of morpho-anatomical and micromorphological characteristics of leaf, stem, rhizome, root, fruit and receptacle, as well as biochemical analysis of essential oils of underground organs, was conducted over 16 species of 4 genera, Inula (I. aschersoniana, I. bifrons, I. britannica, I.conyza, I. ensifolia, I. germanica, I. helenium, I. oculus-christi, I. saslicina ssp. salicina, I. salicina ssp. aspera, I. spiraeifolia), Dittrichia (D. graveolens, D. viscosa), Limbarda (L. crithmoides) and Pulicaria (P. dysenterica, P. vulgaris) tribe Inuleae, Compositae. In addition to the fact that the species from different genera analysed in this paper were previously placed in different sections within Inula, I. helenium L., as the type species of the genus Inula, has also been placed in a separate section Corvisartia. According to the latest molecular phylogenetic analyses, based on plastid and nuclear DNA sequence data, as well as morphological and karyological data, it is suggested that section Corvisartia should be segregated from the remaining Inula species as a separate genus, thus achieving a greater morphological homogeneity of the genus Inula. The objectives of dissertation are defined in accordance with the fact that the data on the morpho-anatomical, micromorphological and biochemical structure of the vegetative and reproductive organs of species of examined tribe are sparse and incomplete, while the analyses were carried out on few species of Inula, Pulicaria, Dittrichia and Limbarda, but less emphasis was placed on comparative purpose. The research involved a large number of qualitative and quantitative characters that were analysed and measured using a stereomicroscope, light, fluorescent and scanning electron microscope. The obtained data were statistically processed by various numerical analysis

The aim of this research is to characterize wild annual sunflowers on the basis of achene micro-morphology. Plant material was grown up on an experimental field of the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops in Novi Sad during 2015. Achene samples were hand-collected at the time of physiological maturity. Morphological measurements of achenes were performed using stereoscopic microscope Leica MZ16 with Leica DFC 320 Camera. The micro-morphological diversity of achenes was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Obtained results indicated the presence of some quantitative and qualitative differences in achene characteristics among analyzed species, such as in their size, color, carpopodium and stylopodium shape, and distribution of trichomes on the achene surface. The carpopodium of examined species was asymmetrical at the maturity. Differences in the cuticle and wax ornamentation in different parts of the achenes, on the anticlinal walls of epidermal cells, were identified. The SEM analysis revealed the presence of non-glandular, multicellular bi-seriate trichomes (twin hairs) on the achene surface. This trichome type consisted of two elongated, parallel cells of different length. Considering the distribution of trichomes among the apical, median and basal regions of the fruit, most of the species demonstrated greater trichome density in the apical part., Cilj istraživanja u ovom radu je karakterizacija jednogodišnjih vrsta suncokreta na osnovu mikromorfoloških parametara ahenije. Biljni materijal uzgajan je na eksperimentalnom polju Instituta za ratarstvo i povrtarstvo u Novom Sadu. Uzorci ahenija sakupljani su ručno tokom 2015. godine, u vreme fiziološke zrelosti. Morfološka merenja izvršena su primenom stereoskopskog mikroskopa Leica MZ16 sa Leica DFC 320 kamerom. Mikromorfološke karakteristike analizirane su pomoću skening elektronskog mikroskopa (SEM). Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na prisustvo kvalitativnih i kvantitaivnih razlika između analiziranih vrsta, u parametrima kao što su veličina i boja ahenije, karakteristike karpopodijuma i stilopodijuma, kao i distribucija trihoma. Pronađena je razlika u ornamentici kutikule i voska antiklinih zidova epidermalnih ćelija na različitim delovima ahenije. SEM analiza ukazala je na prisustvo nežlezdanih, višećelijskih, biserijatnih trihoma (twin hairs). Navedeni tip trihoma sastoji se od dve izdužene, paralelne ćelije različite dužine. Imajući u vidu različitu raspodelu trihoma na apikalnom, medijalnom i bazalnom delu, većina vrsta se karakteriše najvećom gustinom trihoma u apikalnom delu ahenije.

The lamina, main vein and peduncle anatomical properties of Centaurea sadleriana Janka plants from two populations, were examined using light and scanning electron microscopy. The indumentum was comprised of glandular and non-glandular trichomes of two types. The leaves were amphistomatic, isolateral, with strongly developed palisade tissue. Secretory ducts were observed along the phloem or sclerenchyma of large vascular bundles. Collenchyma alternated with chlorenchyma in the main vein and peduncle. Large groups of strongly lignified sclerenchyma were present along the phloem of peduncle vascular bundles. These features, together with thickened walls of epidermal cells and cuticle, numerous trichomes and thick-walled parenchyma in the perimedullar zone, were perceived as a xeromorphic peduncle structural adaptation. Non-enzymatic antioxidant compounds of phenolic origin were detected in small amounts and their respective content was higher in leaves compared to inflorescences. Compounds of phenolic orgin showed positive correlation with total potenial of antioxidant activity indicated by the DPPH assay. Greater total quantity of polyphenols and tannins was detected in leaves of plants from Zobnatica locality, while leaves of plants from Rimski Sanac were characterized by higher content of total flavonoids and proantocyanidins. Phytochemical analysis showed that dominant secondary biomolecules in inflorescences were phenolic pigments including anthocyanins and leucoanthocyanins, and free quinones in leaves.