Search

Monetary capacity refers to a state’s capacity to circulate money that is accepted by the public, while fiscal capacity refers to its capacity to tax. We argue that monetary and fiscal capacity, and by extension, markets and states are complements. The long-run European evidence since antiquity shows money stocks and tax revenues moving in close synch. History also offers a natural experiment to estimate the causal effect of monetary capacity on fiscal capacity. The discovery of silver in the New World increased money stocks followed by tax revenues, a finding that is robust to controlling for economic growth.

BACKGROUND High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is an alternative to conventional normobaric oxygen therapy (NBO) for hypoxemic patients. Since nothing is known about its effect on carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, we hypothesized that HFNC might be a useful device in the treatment of CO poisoning victims. MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients who were admitted consecutively to the emergency department with CO intoxication. Patients were divided into 2 groups: patients treated with HFNC and patients treated with conventional face mask (CFM). Demographic data, pretreatment, and control (after 1 hour) arterial blood gas analyses values of the patients were evaluated. RESULTS Sixty-eight patients (mean age 35.8±18.7 years) were included in this study. NBO was given via HFNC to 38 patients (55.9%), and via CFM to 30 patients (44.1%). The demographic characteristics and pretreatment values of carboxy-hemoglobin (COHb) were similar in the 2 groups. The mean COHb value of the HFNC group at the first hour was found significantly lower than the CFM group: 9.5±4.7 and 12.0±5.1, respectively (P=0.041). Improvement of COHb level was significantly higher in the HFNC group compared to the CFM group: 12.5±4.5 versus 6.7±3.7, respectively (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS HFNC was superior than CFM in alleviating COHb levels in the victims of CO poisoning. We believe that using HFNC will increase patient comfort by shortening the duration of treatment in emergency department settings, especially in patients who have mild clinical findings of CO poisoning.

In 2009, the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey switched from a strict rule-based inflation targeting policy to a discretionary policy aiming for financial stability and growth. This paper investigates the consequences of this policy shift for monetary transmission, inflation rate and economic growth using the Synthetic Control Method. More specifically, the paper presents a counterfactual estimation of the inflation rate and the economic growth in Turkey after 2009. The estimation results suggest that the growth rate would have been similar afterwards, but the inflation rate would have been on average three percentage points lower had the CBRT stuck to the inflation targeting policy. This finding lends support to the argument that for developing countries inflation targeting works as a transparency and credibility tool and improves economic outcomes. TCMB 2009 yılında, kurala bağlı enflasyon hedefleme politikasından finansal istikrar ve büyümeyi de hedefleyen iradi bir politikaya geçmiştir. Bu makale, bu politika değişikliğinin parasal aktarım mekanizması, enflasyon ve büyüme üzerindeki etkilerini Sentetik Kontrol Metodu ile incelemektedir. Bu amaçla, 2009 sonrasında TCMB’nin fiyat istikrarını hedefleyen kurala bağlı politikasına devam ettiği varsayımı altında karşıolgusal enflasyon ve büyüme oranları tahmin edilmiştir. Tahmin sonuçları, kurala bağlı politika devam etseydi, büyümenin değişmemiş, enflasyonun ise ortalamada yüzde üç daha düşük olacağı sonucunu vermektedir. Bu sonuç, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde enflasyon hedeflemesinin bir şeffaflık ve kredibiliteye aracı olarak kullanılabileceği ve iktisadi performansı iyileştireceği görüşünü destekler.

The involution of the uterus is influenced by a number of factors such as advanced childbearing age, electrolyte disturbances, multiparity, repeated cesarean sections, and vaginal infections. The authors report the management of a clinical case of a 41-year-old female who presented with acute intestinal obstruction due to a non-involuted uterus after cesarean section.

Anaplastic meningiomas that resemble sarcomas often reveal clues to their meningothelial differentiation or develop in a plausible setting that confirms their meningothelial origin. Malignant mesenchymal neoplasms without obvious evidence of meningothelial differentiation or origin are more likely to be true primary or metastatic sarcomas. Because of their clinical and biological differences, it is important to distinguish anaplastic meningioma from a sarcoma. We present a 67-year-old woman with multiple meningiomas, who developed a high-grade spindle cell tumor 6 months after the resection of a World Health Organization grade I meningioma. It was not clear whether this tumor represented a malignant transformation of meningioma or a primary sarcoma. Malignant transformation of a meningioma is exceptional within this short period and a coexisting sarcoma and meningioma are equally uncommon. Even though these malignant neoplasms are rare in general, they appear to be more prevalent in patients with multiple meningiomas including those with neurofibromatosis type 2.

Objectives: To define the normal ranges of the thicknesses of the skin and subcutaneous tissues via ultrasonography, and determine whether the current syringe needle-lengths used for the subcutaneous injections were appropriate.

This article reviews the works in the New Institutional Economics Literature that investigate the impact of law and politics on long term economic development. The importance of this literature lies in its innovative use of mathematical modeling and empirical analysis to investigate social mechanisms that until recently mainstream economics had stayed away from. The review of the literature highlights the promise of this approach to provide a unified, comprehensive and flexible theoretical framework to study development and more generally the interactions between different social processes. The article also summarizes the debates in the literature regarding the roles of law and politics in the development process, Bu makale, Yeni Kurumsal İktisat literatürü kapsamında hukuk ve siyasetinuzun dönemli gelişmeye etkisini inceleyen çalışmaları ele alacaktır. Bu literatürünönemi, iktisatta yaygın olarak kullanılan matematiksel modelleme ve ampirik sınamayöntemlerini, iktisat biliminin uzun bir süre mesafeli durduğu gelişmenin temelindeyatan toplumsal kurumları anlama amacı için kullanmasıdır. Ele alınan çalışmalar,bu metodolojik yaklaşımın, gerek özel olarak gelişme konusunda, gerekse daha genelolarak sosyal süreçler arasındaki etkileşimleri modelleme açısından, ortak, kapsayıcıve esnek bir teorik çerçeve oluşturma potansiyeli taşıdığını gösterir. Makale ayrıcahukuk ve siyasetin iktisadi gelişmeyi belirlemedeki nispi önemleri ve gelişmeye etkilerini hangi mekanizmalar üzerinden gösterdiklerine dair literatürde devam edentartışmaları değerlendirecektir

PMID = 26031272

PubMed: 24351942 Objectives: In this study, systolic and diastolic function parameters were measured with conventional and tissue Doppler echocardiography in coronary slow flow phenomenon (CSFP) patients and compared to those of a control group. Study design: Sixty patients (49 male; mean age 52.4±12.1) in whom CSFP was detected during coronary angiography study and 30 volunteers with normal coronary arteries (21 males; mean age 50.2±12.1) were included in this study. CSFP was determined using the TIMI frame count (TFC) method. TIMI frame count was calculated in each coronary artery using the TFC method. Left ventricular systolic and diastolic function was assessed by conventional echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging. TFC correlation between diastolic function parameters was measured. Results: Baseline demographic and laboratory results did not differ significantly between the groups. TIMI frame counts were greater in the CSFP group compared to controls (p

Theoretical work on state formation and capacity has focused mostly on early modern Europe and on the experience of western European states during this period. While a number of European states monopolized domestic tax collection and achieved gains in state capacity during the early modern era, for others revenues stagnated or even declined, and these variations motivated alternative hypotheses for determinants of fiscal and state capacity. In this study we test the basic hypotheses in the existing literature making use of the large date set we have compiled for all of the leading states across the continent. We find strong empirical support for two prevailing threads in the literature, arguing respectively that interstate wars and changes in economic structure towards an urbanized economy had positive fiscal impact. Regarding the main point of contention in the theoretical literature, whether it was representative or authoritarian political regimes that facilitated the gains in fiscal capacity, we do not find conclusive evidence that one performed better than the other. Instead, the empirical evidence we have gathered lends supports to the hypothesis that when under pressure of war, the fiscal performance of representative regimes was better in the more urbanized-commercial economies and the fiscal performance of authoritarian regimes was better in rural-agrarian economies

Comparative follow-up study of unselected male population with congenital defective color vision from inland and Mediterranean areas of Croatia

Purpose. Mannitol is used as a treatment for ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury of various organs in humans, despite the fact that its effectiveness in vivo is still disputed. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of mannitol on acute lung injury (ALI) induced by infrarenal aortic occlusion. Methods. Male Wistar-albino rats were allocated into five groups: (i) sham-operated group, which received a laparotomy without IR injury (n = 12); (ii) IR group, which received 311 of ischemia followed by 2 h of reperfusion (n = 12); (iii) IR + inferior caval phlebotomy (ICP) group, which was identical to group 2 except for 1 ml of blood aspiration from the inferior caval vein (n = 12); (iv) IR + mannitol-treated group, for which rats were subjected to IR and received a bolus injection of mannitol (n = 12); and (v) IR + ICP + mannitol-treated group, which underwent the same procedures as described for the previous groups. Arterial blood gas parameters were studied and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed. Evans blue dye was injected into half of the rats. We biochemically assessed the degree of pulmonary tissue injury by investigating oxidative stress markers and enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant markers, and evaluated ALI by establishing pulmonary leukosequestration and ALI scoring, histopathologically. Pulmonary edema was estimated by using Evans blue dye extravasation and wet/dry weight ratios. Results. Hypertonic mannitol treatment significantly reduced oxidative stress markers, and significantly increased enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant markers in the lung tissues (P < 0.05). Arterial blood gas parameters were significantly ameliorated (P < 0.05), the BAL cytology was significantly better (P < 0.05), pulmonary leukosequestration and ALI scores were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and pulmonary edema was significantly alleviated (P < 0.05) by mannitol administration. Conclusion. This study clearly showed that mannitol treatment significantly attenuated the aortic IR-induced ALI. Further clinical studies are required to clarify whether mannitol has a useful role in ALI during surgeries in which IR-induced organ injury occurs.

PubMed ID: 17513211, Objective: Carotid artery stenting is a new approach alternative to surgical carotid endarterectomy. Cerebral protection devices improved the applicability of this technique. In this study, we evaluated applicability, safety and late clinical outcomes of percutaneous interventions for carotid artery stenosis. Methods: A prospective study included 26 patients (15 female, 11 male, mean age 70±16 years) undergoing percutaneous transluminal angioplasty and stenting with different sizes of balloons and stents for 28 internal carotid artery stenoses at Kadir Has University Department of Interventional Radiology between March 2002 and December 2004. Ten patients were asymptomatic, one had amaurosis fugax, four had transient ischemic attack within last four months, one had drop attacks, one had headache, seven had the findings of hemiparesis and three had hemiplegia. Results: Stenosis rates were calculated according to North America Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial. Median stenosis rate was 85% (range: 60%-95%). All of the 28 internal carotid artery stenoses were managed with balloon dilatation and stenting (technical success rate 100%). Median residual stenosis rate after procedure was 14% (range: 0%-30%). Asystole developed in five patients and bradycardia in eight patients. Ipsilateral middle cerebral artery infarction occurred in two patients. One patient had intracranial reperfusion bleeding four hours after the procedure. No procedural death was observed within one month of follow-up. One patient died of myocardial infarction four months after the procedure. Cranial computed tomography revealed multiple metastases in one patient complaining of intractable headache and primary source was found to be pulmonary carcinoma. No stent restenosis was defined at Doppler ultrasonographic examinations performed 6 and 12 months after procedures with normal flow patterns and velocities. Two patients underwent control angiography at 12th month and myointimal proliferations with insignificant obstruction (25% and 30%) were detected. Conclusion: Carotid artery stenting seems to be applicable and safe procedure but it is associated with infrequent major complications. Results of studies comparing surgery and angioplasty will be helpful in defining role of stenting in the treatment of carotid occlusive disease.