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The research was planned to evaluate the ability of an omental pedicle flap with platelets-rich fibrin (PRF) to augment bladder defects in dogs. Eighteen adult- male dogs were used. After general anesthesia, a partial cystectomy with a circular shape with a diameter of 3cm. was performed on the dorsal surface of the bladder. Then, the animals (N=9) were divided into two equal groups. In the first group, the bladder defect was closed with a double layer of omentum. In contrast, in the second group, the defect was also reconstructed by a double layer of omentum with topical application of platelets-rich fibrin between both layers. The results were evaluated by studying the gross, cystography, and histopathological changes on 7, 15, and 30 days postoperatively. Monitoring of clinical signs with statistical histopathological scoring analysis was also studied. The clinical signs during the first-week post-operation were represented by loss of appetite, straining during urination, and hematuria. These signs disappeared after the first week of surgical repair, and all animals ultimately returned to their normal body status. The complete closure of the bladder defect represented the gross changes. The histopathological results represented the formation of granulation tissue, angiogenesis, and infiltration of polymorphonuclear and mononuclear inflammatory cells in both groups. The proliferation and maturation of granulation tissue were more in the second group, in addition to lower degree of inflammatory cell infiltration. The results of cystography revealed no sign of urine leakage. In conclusion, adding PRF to omentum can improve the healing of bladder defects in dogs.

This study evaluated dimethylhydrazines' carcinogenic and toxic effect (DMH) in male rats; 30 albino rats were divided into three groups, randomly ten rates for each one. Group 1 control group was lifted for water only, group 2 was treated with DMH at a dose of 10 mg /kg bw in 0.9% sodium chloride subcutaneously once weekly for eight weeks, and group 3 was treated with DMH at a dose of 20 mg /kg bw in 0.9% NaCl subcutaneously once weekly for eight weeks. Liver grossly congested with pinpoint hemorrhage in a dose of 10 mg/kg of bw and enlarged in a dose of 20 mg/kg bw. Congestion of blood vessels in the heart with hypertrophy of myocardium in a dose of 20 mg/kg bw. Kidney grossly appears normal in both doses. Lesions of the liver treated with DMH in the dose 10 mg/kg BW show discontinuation of hepatocytes, infiltrations of inflammatory cells, and vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes with apoptotic bodies. Section of the liver treated with DMH in the dose 20 mg/kg BW shows acute hemorrhage and focal necrosis of hepatocytes with edema. Heart treated with DMH in a dose of 10 mg/kg BW shows discontinuation of myocardial muscle fibers and infiltrations of inflammatory cells. In contrast, lesions in the dose 20 mg/kg bw show foci of inflammatory cells with cardiomyopathies of myocardium and congestion of blood vessels. Kidney treated with DMH in a dose of 10 mg/kg BW shows degeneration of epithelial cells lining renal tubule, infiltrations of inflammatory cells, hyaline cast with atrophy of glomerular tuft, increased space of Bauman's, and cloudy swelling. The kidney section treated with DMH in a dose of 20 mg/kg bw shows hemorrhages between renal tubules, congestion of blood vessels, infiltrations of inflammatory cells, a renal cyst, and degeneration of glomeruli.

For detecting a possible relation between claws lesions and the lesions of carpo-digital joint capsule, the nearest joint to the claws, with an importance in diagnosing the exact cause of lameness in sheep resulting to be brought for casualty slaughter. For that goal 128 front limb were collected from slaughtered sheep at Mosul abattoir for period from 5-25/2/2013, the gross examination was made for observing the claws lesions and the synovial capsule were harvested, preserved and prepared for histopathologic examination, then examined microscopically with recording lesions. the correlation coefficient values were estimated between claws affection and joint capsular lesions at the same limb. Results demonstrated affection of 83 limbs with claws lesions as foot rot and erosions at incidence ratio 64.84%. The histopathological examination revealed a chronic type of changes including Fibroplasia in both synovium and tunica densa at incidences 8.59% and 6.25% respectively, Foci of hyperplastic synovial lining at 4.68% of samples, adipose tissue marbleizing synovium at 7.03% of the examined sections. Mild degree of chronic synovitis was observed within 10.93% of total samples, connective tissue metaplasia was evident at 3.9% of sections at tunica densa layer, the arteriolar musculature showed vacuolation at 18.75% of samples. The correlation coefficient value was significantly positive between occurrence of foot rot disease and the incidence of chronic synovitis in carpo-digital joint capsule which can be considered as the most important conclusion in the study.

This study was dedicated to detecting the effects of cadmium chloride and of cortisone on experimental infection with Toxoplasma gondii in rats through studying brain tissue. Twenty-four adult albino male rats were used, divided into four groups, comprising: untreated control as group 1, group 2: infected with intraperitoneal injection of Toxoplasma gondii 80 tissue cysts per animal, group 3: infected with Toxoplasma gondii and treated with intraperitoneal injection of cadmium chloride 1.5mg/kg once a week, group 4: infected with Toxoplasma gondii and treated with intramuscular injection of hydrocortisone in a dose 0.5 mg/kg once a week. After 30 days of treatment for all groups, the animals were sacrificed, and the gross and histopathological examinations were performed on the brains of the rats. The results revealed the presence of changes in the infected groups including appearance of toxoplasma tissue cysts in the grey matter, with mild to moderate perineuronal and periaxonal edema. There were further changes observed in infected groups which treated with cadmium chloride including perineuronal satelletosis, perineuronal edema and demyelination in neuronal axons, otherwise the infected groups treated with cortisone did not show any noticeable difference from the group of infection only. It is concluded that cadmium increase the intensity of occurrence of lesions induced by Toxoplasma gondii in the brain tissue of the rats, considering that all noticeable lesions ranged from mild to moderate in severity, and the differences between groups may be related to the nature of the pathogen used.

A three-year-old ewe was received as a terminal stage animal for necropsy in the Teaching Veterinary Hospital, College of Veterinary Medicine, the University of Mosul, on 18/12/2018. The animal was carried alive from the Al-Fthilya region in the eastern north of Mosul and expired before hospitalization. Statement of the owner prevailed sudden deaths of healthy animals or a concise course of illness followed by respiratory distress and nervous manifestations and death at 14 mature animals within mortality rate reached 15.5% in the herd. Necropsy findings and histopathological analysis showed that encephalitis included hyperemic cortical blood vessels, severe perineuronal edema, microglial proliferation. The lungs revealed severe pulmonary edema and signs of peracute pneumonia. Liver sections demonstrated congested portal and central veins and lobular sinusoids with centrilobular coagulative degeneration. At the kidneys, we detected both glomerular and interstitial nephritis with severe tubular cell necrosis. We concluded a state of bacterial septic shock, suggesting Pasteurellosis as a probable etiologic factor from the symptoms and pathological examination. The case was reported, and laboratory tests were requested.

Heavy metals contamination is a serious problem in the aquatic environment. Some of them are very important, having biological roles for aquatic organisms, and called essential heavy metals. In contrast, other heavy metals are considered harmful even at low concentrations. The toxic levels of heavy metals may be of agricultural, industrial and mining activities. This will cause water pollution and changes in the physicochemical characteristics of the aquatic environment. This pollution has deleterious toxic effects on fish and raises concerns over its potential impact on human health. The most common heavy metals are arsenic, chromium, lead and mercury, which affect human health and are considered systemic toxicants. These metals induce organ damage even at low levels of exposure and according to the US Environmental protection agency and international agency for research on cancer, they classified as carcinogens. For all the above reasons, this review was written to contribute to heavy metals' role in the environment, toxic mechanism and toxic effects on fish.

To evaluate (PUFA/pufa) index in assessing the prevalence and severity of oral conditions relat-ed to untreated caries in a group of primary school pupils in Mosul City. Materials and Methods: Dental examination was conducted on 756 school pupils aged 7–12 years old, divided into 3 groups according to age; 7–8, 9–10, and 11–12 years old. Caries was recorded in terms of decayed, missing and filled teeth for both primary teeth (dmft) and permanent teeth (DMFT). The PUFA/pufa index was also recorded for both dentitions regarding the presence of severely decayed teeth with visible pulpal involvement (P/p), ulceration caused by dislocated tooth fragments (U/u), fistula (F/f) and abscess (A/a). Results: Caries experience in the primary dentition was found to be 6.33, 4.75, 1.00, and 4.43 for the three age groups as well as the total sample, respectively. While for the permanent dentition, it was 0.59, 1.18, 3.67, and 1.58, respectively. The PUFA/pufa index recorded the following values for each age group as well as the total sample for permanent and primary teeth respectively; 0.03/2.35, 0/1.66, 0.42/0.58, and 0.12/1.66. The main component in this index for all age groups, and both denti-tions was found to be pulpal involvement. Conclusion: The PUFA index should be seen as a comple-mentary to the current caries assessment index (DMF), with relevant information for epidemiologists and health care planners.

Aims: To determine the trends of the two major dental diseases (dental caries and periodontal disease) in a group of 13-15 year old intermediate school and their treatment needs. Materials and Methods: A total of 516 intermediate school students were examined. Dental caries and treatment needs were assessed according to the WHO 1997 guidelines. The assessment of the gingival health and treatment needs of the students was performed using the CPITN index as recommended by the WHO 1987. Six index teeth were examined and the presence of gingival bleeding and calculus was recorded. Results: Dental caries in the sample has increased with a mean of 5.17. Dental caries increased with age with a statistically significant age difference. Females tended to have a higher DMFT of 5.5 compared to males 4.79 with significant difference, only 6.6% of the sample was caries free. The majority of the samples needed one surface fillings with a mean of 3.6/child. Other dental treatments were needed to a lesser extent. Regarding the periodontal status, the disease was present in 97.5% of the sample, there was no significant age difference regarding periodontal health. Females tended to have a healthier gingiva compared to males with significant difference. Regarding periodontal treatment needs, 97.5% of the sample required dental health education, while 65.9 % required professional scaling and polishing. Conclusions: To improve children’s oral health, community school-based oral health educational pro-grams should be established starting from primary and extending to intermediate schools, stressing on sugar restriction and oral hygiene measures, fluorides and fissure sealants can effectively be used too.

Aims: To evaluate the effect of length and weight of 5–13 years old children on eruption of permanent teeth in Mosul City. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 894 children and teenagers; 412 males and 482 females ranging in age from 5–13 years. A tooth was defined as erupted when any part of its crown pierced its gingiva. The sample was divided into 4 age groups: Group 1: 250 child and teenager aged 5–

Aims of the study: To evaluate the prevalence of dental caries among children aged 9-10 years in Mo-sul City Center and to compare between traditional index and significant caries index of these students. Materials and Methods: The study sample was obtained from third and fourth class students from eight randomly selected primary schools in Mosul City Center. Sample size was 363 students, 225 fe-males and 138 males. Students' ages were 9 and 10 years. All primary and permanent teeth were ex-amined for the presence of decay, missing or filling teeth/surfaces. Mean DMFT, DMFS, dmft and dmfs were calculated for the students together and separately for each sex. The mean Significant Caries Index (SiC) was also calculated as the mean DMFT and DMFS of the one third of the students with the highest caries scores. Results: The SiC index was significantly higher in all comparisons with tradi-tional DMF index (p < 0.000). A comparison between the two indices indicated that there is a large children subgroup presented with a high caries rate. Conclusions: The mean DMF values did not accu-rately reflect the skewed distribution of dental caries leading to incorrect conclusions that the caries rate of the statewide population is under control. It is better to use SiC index instead of the traditional index.

The aims of the present study is to determine dental caries experience, prevalence and severity in a group of 13–15 years old. Materials and Methods: A random sample of 516 intermediate school students were examined and dental caries was recorded by DMFT values. Also, the significant caries index, care and treatment need indices were used. Results: Mean DMFT values for the total sample was 5.17 with a statistically significant age difference, females tended to have more caries than males with significant gender difference. The significant caries index was 7.98, care index which shows the restorative care was 10.39. Discussion: There has been an increase in dental caries prevalence and severity in Mosul compared with a previous study that was undertaken during the United Nations’ sanctions on Iraq, due to the availability and relative cheapness of sugars and confectionaries after 2003. Conclusions: To improve children’s oral health, community school–based oral health educational programs should be established starting from primary and extending to intermediate schools, stressing on sugar restriction and oral hygiene measures, fissure sealants and fluorides can also be used effectively.

Aims: This study aims to determine dental caries prevalence and pattern in preschool children in Mosul City Center, and to evaluate caries according to d1–d3 criteria, which have not been widely adopted for caries diagnosis in the primary dentition. Materials and Methods: Examination was conducted on 762 preschool children aged 4–5 years old selected randomly from 20 kindergartens in Mosul City Center from different socioeconomic and education levels. Caries was recorded in terms of decayed, missing and filled teeth (dmft) index, and the d1–d3 scale. The criteria for caries diagnosis included non–cavitated (d1 and d2)lesions and cavitated (d3) lesions.Results: Dental caries was recorded to be high (mean dmft for the total sample= 6.82), with only 16.87% of children were caries free. Distribution of caries (dt component) was slightly higher in the upper arch and the left side, with the second molars were recorded to be the most affected and the canines to be the least. The d1–d3 criteria of caries for the total sample clearly showed that d2 lesions were the most common (47.24%), followed by d3 and d1 lesions (33.33% and 19.43% espectively). Conclusions: The high rate of dental caries recorded in this study for this young age has strongly emphasized the necessity of community–based preventive programs and professional care that should begin in the early childhood life. Also, the benefits of d1–d3 diagnostic criteria cannot be neglected

Aims: To determine the level of oral health knowledge, attitude and behavior among first year university students in Mosul city, to compare this level among different Colleges also between males and females. Then the obtained results were compared with those of other studies carried out on similar age groups in other countries, to see if there was any significant difference between them. Materials and Methods: Nine Colleges were randomly selected from Mosul University, from each College a fifty random sample was selected to complete the questionnaires in the classroom. The questionnaires’ language was in Arabic included a number of questions related to oral health knowledge, attitude and behavior. Incomplete questionnaires were neglected. The size of the sample was 425 students, 216 males and 209 females. Statistical analysis included calculation of frequency, percentage of answers, and chi-square test. Results: Most of the students (93.2%) brushed their teeth and the majority of them (54.8%) engaged in once daily brushing, less than half of them (48.7%) using other means of teeth cleansing aids. A large percent of them had no ideas about the causes of dental caries (75.5%), and how to avoid it (76%). Their knowledge was poor regarding the age at which the primary and permanent teeth erupted( 23.8%, 22.8%) and completed (18.6%, 27.3%). More than half of the students (54.6%) had gingival bleeding but they didn’t know the cause of the bleeding (75.1%) and how to avoid it (75.5%). Most of them like eating sweets (82.1%). Small percent (22.4%) knew what is fluoride and its benefit in reducing dental caries (17.9%). Regarding sex differences, females’ answers were in general better than those for males. Conclusion: College students seemed to have appropriate knowledge and behavior on some oral health topics but these were limited on the others. Health education needs to be done at universities for enhancing their knowledge attitude and behaviors

Aims: To determine the efficacy of acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel in reducing caries increment in a group of pre–school children in Mosul City, and to compare between the anti–caries effect of two different concentrations (full strength–1.23% and half strength–0.4%) after one year of bi–annual application of the gel. Materials and Methods: The sample consisted of 363 kindergarten children [192 (52.89%) males and 171 (47.11%) females] aged 4 years –at the initial examination– from 10 randomly selected kindergartens in Mosul City Center. The sample was divided into two experimental groups and one control group. Children in the first group received bi–annual application of full strength (1.23%) APF gel; those in the second group received bi–annual application of half strength (0.4%) APF gel, whereas those in the third group did not receive any fluoride treatment. Dental examinations were done according to WHO criteria using dmft and dmfs indices: One before fluoride application and the other after one year. Results: A significant reduction in dental caries increment of the two experimental groups compared with the control group regarding dmft and dmfs indices. The percentage of caries reduction regarding dmft and dmfs indices were 97.25% and 101.15% for the first group, and 95.94% and 85.33% for the second group, respectively. However, the differences between the two concentrations were statistically not significant, although children in the first group who received the full strength fluoride application revealed slightly better reduction in caries increment than those in the second group who received the half strength fluoride application. Therefore, to decrease the risk of ingesting a highly concentrated fluoride gel, the use of the lower concentration APF gel is recommended. Conclusion: The use of such a program involving professional APF gel application for pre–school children is advised especially for those with evidence of dental caries.

Abstract Aim: To estimate the importance of time in determining the difficulty of surgical removal of impacted third molars. Materials and Methods: Two hundred medically fit patients were selected with an age range between 18–25 years of both sexes. These patients had vertically impacted lower third molars and indicated for surgical extraction. The diagnosis of third molar impaction was based on clinical and standard intraoral periapical radiographs. A double–blind approach was adopted whereby two researchers carried out a classification of the operation based on expected time of surgery and the third researcher performed the surgery. The classification of the impaction was performed pre–operatively according to Pell–Gregory classification, then the operation was performed following the standard procedure for this type of surgery. Following extraction, surgical difficulty was rated according to Garcia et al. classification and operation time from the incision till suturing of the flap. Results: Comparison among the three classification systems was performed and the results indicated no significant difference among the three classifications regarding simple and moderate operations, but only a significant difference was recorded for the difficult operations. Conclusion: This study, however, revealed the importance of time in assessing the difficulty of such operations and this, in turn, will help surgeons in scheduling the treatment plan and taking the necessary precautions when dealing with difficult operations

This work involves an experimental study on the performance of automobile air-conditioning systems by adding AlO nanoparticles to oil compressors to investigate their impacts on the enhancement of the speed cooling of refrigeration systems and to compare it with the system operated using only oil. The AlO nanoparticles have been added to the oil compressor for different ranges of mass concentration (Ø = 0.1%, Ø = 0.15% and Ø = 0.2%). The stability of AlO nanoparticles has been tested by direct observation for different time periods. The results indicated that the air conditioning system that operated by using AlO-oil was better than the system that operated with pure oil. For Ø = 0.2%, the results indicated that the cooling speed and the efficiency of the system operated with AlO-oil are increased by 13% and 18%, respectively, as compared to the pure oil system. This study shows that the thermos-physical properties of refrigerant oil are enhanced by 15% when Ø is increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the fact that zinc is recognized to be less hazardous than other heavy metals, e.g., cadmium, lead, mercury, and arsenic, it may cause acute and chronic toxicities in cases of exposure to high doses. To investigate the biochemical and histopathological toxic effects of zinc acetate on rats kidneys. Twenty-five healthy male albino rats were divided into five equal groups: Normal saline solution was given to the control group; groups 2, 3, 4, and 5 received zinc acetate (4, 8, 12, and 24 mg/kg), respectively. All the treatments were given intraperitoneally once every other day for 3 consecutive weeks for serum biochemical evaluation and renal histopathological assessment. There was a significant increment in serum urea concentration in group 5 in comparison with other groups, but there was no significant difference in creatinine concentration between all of the groups (P ≤ 0.01). Histopathological examination of kidney sections of rats of different groups revealed different lesions that were more severe in the 4th and 5th groups. In conclusion, subacute zinc acetate toxicity produced dose-dependently significant effects on serum urea concentration in all the treated groups without any significant effects on creatinine concentration. This effect was reflected in renal histo-architecture, which was more severe in the 4th and 5th groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background We report a rare and unusual case of intravesical migration of an intrauterine device with stone formation. The intrauterine device (IUD) is the most common method of reversible contraception in women. However, its insertion is not without risk, it can cause early or late complications. IUD can perforate the uterus wall and migrate into adjacent structures. Case presentation A 35 year-old female 5 gravid, 4 para has been benefited from intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) 5 years ago, she was presented to gynecological consultation for chronic pelvic pain with urinary symptoms. There was history of a good IUD insertion 5 years ago, considered expelled after one month of its pose. Physical examination was normal, but a pelvic ultrasound and a plain abdominal radiography allowed the detection of an IUD outside the uterine cavity, but inside bladder. A diagnostic and therapeutic cystoscopy was performed, and the IUD with calculus was successfully removed. There were no postoperative complications. Conclusion This case is reported to highlight and to reiterate the need to think about one of the rare complication of IUD insertion, which every practitioner must know, it’s the transuterovesical migration, before concluding wrongly to its expulsion. It’s a consequence of, non-compliance with the rules for inserting an IUD and poor monitoring. The evolution towards calcification is a certain consequence; its screening involves rigorous clinical monitoring.

The issue of women's political participation in developing countries is a complex phenomenon and is related to the dynamics and development of political systems. The purpose of this research is to understand and analyze the situation of women's political participation, which was done with qualitative methodology and Grounded theory method. For this purpose, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted with seventeen women living in Tehran who were selected by purposeful sampling and a combination of snowball strategies and maximum changes. After data analysis, 85 primary codes, seven core categories, and one core category were extracted through the data coding system: Causal conditions (economic issues and challenges, egalitarian governance), background conditions (unequal political structure and patriarchal challenges), intervening conditions (personal-spiritual factors), strategies (merits and creating a platform for prosperity), and consequences (active political activism of women and rejection of passivity) political). Also, "women's political participation; Meaningful and multifaceted action" was counted as the core category and finally the paradigm model extracted from the data was established. The findings indicate that women are active actors and activists in political participation and take actions based on political issues; An action of the type of participation that identifies the obstacles and facilitating factors can open the way for their active political participation as effective citizens in the field of politics.