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Current environmental concerns on nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) emis-sions caused by diesel engines have led researchers to be interested in investigating vehicles with alternative power sources. Because of this reason, vehicle models with SI engine were adopted in the conducted study. Firstly, as an initial step, 1-D SI engine models were created with use of AVL Boost software. A four-cylinder engine model was created for conventional vehicle model, while a two-cylinder downsized engine was adopted as a subsystem of hybrid vehicle model. The models were based on experimental data obtained from a laboratory test setup with a single-cylinder engine. Subsequently, detailed engine maps on emissions and fuel consumption were generated with the developed ANN model. The fuel consumption and emission data, which were gathered from NEDC and WLTC simulations, were compared for conventional ICE, PEM FC and PEM FC + ICE powered vehicles with the help of the vehicle model which was developed by using Matlab Simulink software. Based on the results, it was concluded that there might be sufficient improvement in fuel consumption and significant improvement in emissions with the use of PEM FC that a hybrid driving system (PEM FC + ICE) can be utilized, and that emissions can be at 0 with the sole use of PEM FC. (C) 2020 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Compelling emission regulations and diesel engines damage on environment have led researchers to work on alternative fuels such as LPG and hydrogen in recent years. Diesel engine costs are also increasing, especially on the increased costs of after-treatment equipment used in diesel engines. It is also known that diesel engines release NOx and smoke emissions, which are highly harmful to the environment and to the living health. The effect of the emissions of LPG + H-2 (0%, 15%, 30% and 45%) with different energy contents at full load and same torque (70 Nm) at constant engine speed of 1200 rpm is investigated on CO, THC, NOx and Smoke emissions. From the results obtained, there was a slight increase in brake thermal efficiency, CO and THC emissions. However, significant improvement in NOx and smoke emissions has been achieved. The results show that using LPG + H-2 in diesel engines, older technology and lower cost after-treatment equipment can be used, and that NOx and smoke emissions of diesel engines can be reduced significantly. Also, using small amount of hydrogen (20% of total gas mixture) and LPG, an important improvement can be achieved, and the harmful effects of diesel engines can be suppressed thanks to unique properties of hydrogen fuel.

The use of gasoline fuel in passenger cars has become popular once again due to the pollutants (oxides of nitrogen and particulate matter) diesel engines emit. In addition, research and development have been going on regarding the use of alternative and environmental fuels, such as biogas and hydrogen fuel, in passenger cars. In this study, a numeric engine model that was empirically validated with the engine test was used. Then, the effects of biogas and biogas + hydrogen fuels on fuel consumption and emissions in the Worldwide Harmonized Light Duty Test Cycle and New European Driving Cycle were analysed. Based on the findings, it was concluded that positive results in terms of emissions and fuel consumption could be obtained with a low ratio of hydrogen (5% as molar) added to biogas fuel. With the addition of hydrogen, 16.3% increase in fuel consumption with the use of biogas alone decreased to 12.1% and the increase in CO emissions decreased from 21.6% to 11.7% during NEDC cycle. (C) 2019 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Although compression ignition engines have high torque output and thermal efficiency, they emit lots of NO and smoke emissions. Moreover, total number and percentage of compression ignition engine powered vehicles in road vehicles have been increasing recent years which is called as dieselisation in EEA term reports. Dieselisation is really hazardous for human life and environment. Therefore, some governments in Europe take action to forbid using diesel engine powered vehicles in city centers. Hydrogen and methane mixture which is named as hythane can be an alternative to restrict this negative situation. For this reason, 90% methane and 10% hydrogen gas mixture was used as additional fuel in diesel engine. According to obtained results, smoke emission was decreased 95.44% at the rate of 50% gaseous fuel at 2100 rpm engine speed. However, increase of THC, CO and NOx emissions with hythane addition weren't prevented. Using hythane in conventional diesel engines as dual operation mode will be solution to diminish dieselisation problem in near feature. (C) 2018 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.