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Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) is the second most-consumed non-alcoholic beverage in the world after water. The health-beneficial properties of tea, known to contain more than 4000 bioactive substances, of which about one-third consist of polyphenols, are increasingly well understood. The medicinal properties of the tea plant have been proven by laboratory and clinical studies to have an anti-cancer effect, benefits for dental health, protect against Alzheimer with anti-paralytic, anti-diabetic, and antiparkinson properties, and its use against skin diseases. However, it is known that the tea plant, which requires plenty of fertilizer, can cause excessive pollution of the groundwater when chemical fertilizers are washed away with precipitation in the areas where it is grown. In order to eliminate this negative situation, studies regarding organic and microbial fertilizers that are more environmentally friendly and do not harm the soil and human health that could be substituted for chemical fertilizers as much as possible or mitigate their use and enable to grow products of adequate amount and quality should be accelerated. The aim of this review is to bring together scientific information about the characteristics and health effects of tea and organic tea cultivation.

Triticale (xTriticosecale Wittmack) is a grain used in animal feed and is known for its high efficiency, high nutritional quality and resistance to stress factors. Triticale is an alternative plant used for the utilization of marginal areas due to these properties. This study was carried out at three different locations in Erzincan and Muş province and Pasinler districts of Erzurum province. Two candidate line and registered triticale varieties (Umranhanım) and 22 triticale lines in the advanced breeding stage were assessed comparatively in terms of efficiency yield and cold resistance parameters. According to the results of this study, Candidate-2 and Line (1, 6, 8, 11, 15, 17, and 18) genotypes were the prominent genotypes in terms of yield. In addition, low precipitation in May and June caused serious losses in yield. Because this period is the pollination period for grains in the Eastern Anatolia Region. Additional irrigation may be recommended in years when precipitation in this period is insufficient. In addition, it has been concluded that it is important to include cold test studies in breeding programs in regions where winter damage is experienced intensively as well as included in the selections.

Ülkemizde endemik olarak yetişen Origanum acutidens (Hand.-mazz.) ietswaart bitkisine ait genotipler 5 farklı il olmak üzere 70 farklı lokasyondan toplanmıştır. Ortalama taze herba verimi 220,4 gr, ortalama drog herba veriminin 63,12 gr ortalama drog yaprak verimi 41,31 gram, yaprak/ yaprak+sap oranı ortalaması % 54,47, ortalama yan dal sayısının 8, ortalama taç genişliği ise 43,11 cm, bitki boyu ortalaması 37,06 cm ve klorofil içeriği ortalaması ise 49,54 olarak belirlenmiştir. Kuzey Doğu Anadolu Bölgesinden toplamış olduğumuz Origanum acutidens genotiplerinin uçucu yağ oranı ortalama %0,68 olarak belirlenmiş olup maksimum uçucu yağ oranının ise %1,13 olduğu kaydedilmiştir. Yapmış olduğumuz çalışmada Origanum acutidens bitkisinde 35 farklı uçucu yağ bileşeni olduğu tespit edilmiş ve açıkça görülmüştür ki Origanum acutidens bitkisine ait en yüksek orandaki uçucu yağ bileşeni karvakroldur(% 8,22-90,77). Karvakrolden sonra temel bileşenler p-simen (%0,42-55,51) olduğu, bu bileşenleri borneol (%1,3-5,9), timol (%0,2-3,5), beta-karyofillen (%1,1-2,4), gama-terpinene (%0,3-3,4), linalool (%0,4-2,3) ve eugenal (%0,0-3,6%) bileşenlerinin izlediği belirlenmiştir. iPBS DNA analizleri kullanılarak 31 Origanum acutidens örneğinde Jaccard'a göre hesaplanan genetik mesafeler incelendiğinde birbirine en uzak genotipler %49 TERCAN-4 ve TERCAN-6 genotipleri olurken en yakın genotipler %19 ile İSP-1 ve AŞK-4 genotipleri olmuştur. Kümeleme ve dendogram analiz sonuçlarında ise genotiplerin 3 ana grupta toplandığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca Delta-k değeri 8 olarak belirlenmiş olup structure analizine göre genotiplerin sekiz gen havuzu içerinde olduğu saptanmıştır. Çalışmamızda PIC değerleri 0,28-0,42 arsında değişirken en yüksek PIC değeri iPBS-2378 nolu primerde ölçülmüştür. Çalışmada kullanılan 10 primer den toplam 284 bant ölçülmüş olup ortalama polimorfizim oranı % 98,36 olarak kaydedilmiştir. Bu çalışmadaki iPBS 2228, 2251 ve 2270 numaralı primerler haricindeki diğer primerin polimorfizm oranı %100 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın sonuçları, İPBS analizinin, Origanum acutidens genotipleri arasındaki genetik çeşitliliğin tahmini için kullanılabileceğini ve çeşitli bölgelerdeki Origanum acutidens genotiplerinin daha büyük bir koleksiyonundaki çeşitliliğin inceleneceği ileride yapılacak çalışmalara potansiyel olarak dâhil edilebileceğini göstermektedir. Origanum acutidens (Hand.-mazz.) ietswaart growing endemically in our country were collected from 70 different localities including 5 different cities. Average of fresh herb yields (220.4 gr), average of drog herbal yield( 63.12 gr), average of drog leaf yield (41.31 gr), average of leaf/leaf + scape ratio (%54.47), average number of side branch (8), average of plant crown width (43.11 cm), average of plant height (37.06 cm) and average of chlorophyll content (49.54) were determined as morphologically. The essential oil ratio of Origanum acutidens genotypes collected from The North East Anatolia Region was determined as 0.68% and the maximum essential oil ratio was recorded as 1.13%. It was found in the study that Origanum acutidens contain 35 different essential oil components and it is obvious that the highest essential oil component of the Origanum acutidens is Carvacrol (8.22-90.77 %). It was identified that after carvacrol, the main component is p-cymene (0.42-55.51%).and these components were followed by borneol (1.3-5.9%), thymol (0.2-3.5%), beta-caryophyllene (1.1-2.4%), gamma-terpinene (0.3-3.4%), linalool (0.4-2.3%) and eugenal (%0.0-3.6%). When calculated genetic distances according to Jaccard in 31 Origanum acutidens genotypes were examined by using iPBS DNA analyzes, farthest genotypes are TERCAN-4 and TERCAN-6 (49%) and nearest genotypes are İSP-1 and ASK-4 (19%). In clustering and dendogram analysis results, it was seen that genotypes were collected in 3 main groups. In addition, the delta-k value was determined as 8, and according to the structure analysis, the genotypes were found to be in the eight gene pools. The PIC values ranged from 0.28 to 0.42 and the highest PIC value was measured at the primer of 2378 and 284 primers were measured from 10 primers used in the study and the average of polymorphism rate was recorded as 98.36%. Except to primers 2228, 2251, and 2270, the polymorphism rate of the other primers were determined as 100%. The results of this study showed that the iPPS analysis could be used to estimate the genetic diversity among the Origanum acutidens genotypes and potentially could be involved in next studies to examine the diversity of a larger collection of Origanum acutidens genotypes in various regions. 105

Bu araştırmanın amacı, aminosiklopropan karboksilat (ACC) deaminaze içeren, azot fikseri ve fosfat çözücü bitki gelişimini teşvik edici bakterilerin şeker pancarı verim ve kalitesiyle, pentoz fosfat yolu ve antioksidan enzimleri üzerine aşırı su ve su kısıtı koşullarında etkisinin test edilmesidir. Saksı denemeleri beş sulama rejimi, on bir uygulama ve beş tekerrürlü olacak şekilde iki faktörlü tesadüf parselleri deneme desenine göre düzenlenmiştir. Her iki deneme setinde de toplam 11 uygulama; (1) Kontrol (bakteri aşılaması ve mineral gübre uygulanmamış, (2) NP gübrelemesi (55 mg N + 40 mg P/kg toprak), (3) Rhodococcus erythropolis T9, (4) Pseudomonas fluorescens T26, (5) Paenibacillus polymyxa R2/2, (6) Bacillus subtilis R3/3, (7) Variovorax paradoxus R2/1, (8) Pseudomonas putida B3/10, (9) Pseudomonas fluorescens PF8/6, (10) Bacillus subtilis BS6/3 ve (11) Bacillus megaterium A21/3 ve tarla kapasitesine göre belirlenen beş sulama rejimi (Tarla kapasitesinin %150, %100, %75, %50 ve %25) eşit miktarda toprakla doldurulmuş saksılara tesadüfi olarak dağıtılmıştır. İki saksı denemesi optimum sulama (tarla kapasitesinin %100 sulama), aşırı sulama (%150), orta şiddette sulama (%75 ve %50) ve şiddetli kuraklık stresi (%25) altında şeker pancarında yürütülmüştür. Şeker pancarı ekimini takiben tüm saksılara eşit oranda çıkış suyu uygulanmış, ekimden itibaren 3 hafta süresince bitkilerin yeterince yerleşmesi için tüm saksılar tarla kapasitesinin % 60-70'i oranında sulanmıştır. Araştırmanın sonunda bitkiler hasat edilerek, yaş ve kuru yaprak ağırlığı (yaprak ayası, yaprak sapı ve taç kısmı dahil), yanal ve depo kök ve toplam biomas ağırlıkları belirlenmiş, kuru ağırlık için bitki materyali 80 °C'de 48 saat kurutulmuştur. Makro (N, P, K, Ca ve Mg) ve mikro (Fe, Mn, Zn, Na ve Cu) element içeriği, klorofil içeriği ve dört enzim aktivitesi (glukoz 6-fosfat dehidrogenaz, 6-fosfoglukonat dehidrogenaz, glutatyon redüktaz ve Glutatyon S-transferaz) şeker pancarı yapraklarında belirlenmiştir. Özet olarak erken gelişme dönemlerinde geçici bir su stresi ortaya çıktığında şeker pancarı depo-kök ve şeker verimini önemli oranda azalttığı söylenebilir. Su noksanlığı durumunda klorofil içeriği ve fotosentez oranı azalmaktadır, ancak aşırı suyun da şeker pancarı üzerine zararlı etkileri bulunmaktadır. Sulama düzeylerine bağlı olarak değişmekle birlikte, genel olarak optimum, aşırı su ve kısıtlı su koşullarında; iki deneme sonuçlarına göre, özellikle azot fikseri, fosfat çözücü ve ACC deaminaze aktivitesine sahip P. putida B3/10, B. subtilis BS 6/3, B. subtilis R3/3, P. fluorescens T26, V. paradoxus R2/1 ve B. megaterium A21/3 izolatları aşılaması şeker pancarında enzim aktivitesi, yan kök, depo kök ve yaprak verimi dahil gelişmeyi teşvik etmiştir. ACC deaminaze içeren bakteri ile aşılama, su stresinin şeker pancarı gelişme, verim ve kalitesi üzerine etkilerini kısmen ortadan kaldırmıştır. Ayrıca PGPR aşılaması ile şeker pancarı yapraklarının makro ve mikro element içeriği artmış ve enzim aktivitesi değişmiştir. Araştırmada test edilen etkin bakterilerin bitki gelişmesi için kimyasal gübre gereksinimini ve su stresin olumsuz etkisini azaltabildiği, sürdürülebilir ve organik şeker pancarı üretiminde biyolojik gübre olarak kullanılabilecek potansiyele sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of 1-aminocyclopropane -1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase-containing, N2-fixing, and P-solubilizing plant growth promoting bacteria on the yield and quality of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.), and the activities of the antioxidant and pentose phosphate oxidative cycle enzymes under waterlogging and water deprivation, in the leaves of sugar beet. The pots experiments were arranged as a completely randomized two-factor design five water regimes, eleven treatments and five replications. A total of 11 applications at both the trial set; (1) control (without bacteria inoculation and mineral fertilizers), (2) NP-fertilizers (55 mg of N + 40 mg P/kg soil), (3) Rhodococcus erythropolis T9, (4) Pseudomonas fluorescens T26, (5) Paenibacillus polymyxa R2/2, (6) Bacillus subtilis R3/3, (7) Variovorax paradoxus R2/1, (8) Pseudomonas putida B3/10, (9) Pseudomonas fluorescens PF8/6, (10) Bacillus subtilis BS6/3 and (11) Bacillus megaterium A21/3, and five water regimes is determined by the field capacity (150%, 100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% of water-holding capacity), randomly distributed into pots filled with equal amounts of soil. Two pot experiments were conducted with on sugar beet well supplied with water (100% water-holding capacity), under waterlogging (150% of the maximum water-holding capacity), under continuous moderate (75% and 50%) and severe drought stress (25%). After sowing, the soil was irrigated with distilled water to keep 60-70% of the maximum water-holding capacity. At the end of the studies each plant was harvested, the fresh and dry weight of leaves (including leaf blades, petioles and crowns, the uppermost part of the taproot where leaves emerge), fibrous roots, storage roots, and total biomass were determined. For dry weight determination the plant material was oven-dried at 80°C for 48 h. The macronutrient (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) and micronutrient (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Na) contents, chlorophyll content, and the activities of four enzymes (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase) were determined in the leaves of sugar beet. In summary, it may be concluded that even a transient water stress, when it occurs in the early growth stages, may drastically reduce the tap root and sucrose yield in sugar beet. Chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rates may also be reduced in plants water deficiency. On the other hand, excess water can also have a detrimental effect on sugar beet. Varies depending on the level of irrigation in general, the optimum irrigation, waterlogging and water deficit conditions, two pot experiments results show that especially inoculation with N2-fixing, P-solobilizing, and ACCD-containing bacterial strain P. putida B3/10, B. subtilis BS 6/3, B. subtilis R3/3, P. fluorescens T26, V. paradoxus R2/1 and B. megaterium A21/3 stimulated overall plant growth, including enzyme activity, fibrous roots, storage roots development and leaf yield of sugar beet. The inoculation with ACC deaminase-containing bacteria partially eliminated the effects of water stress on growth, yield and quality of sugar beet. In addition, with PGPR inoculation, macro-and micro-nutrient concentrations of sugar beet leaves increased, enzyme activity also changed. The effective bacterial strain tested in this study improved for enhanced plant growth promotion will enable reductions in inputs of chemical fertiliser and negative effect of water stress, had a potential to be used as a bio-fertilizer in sustainable and organic sugar beet production. 204