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A great interest is placed on the influence of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic preparations on animals in accordance with the principle of One health. The small intestine mucosa represents a complex ecosystem ensuring the homeostasis of the animal organism. The effect of Lacto-Immuno-Vital synbiotic preparation on the quantity of mucin produced in the broiler chicken small intestine was studied. The chickens (7 days old Hybrid ROSS 308) were divided into 3 equal size (n = 16) groups, housed in separate halls: control group (CG), and two experimental groups that received syn-biotic preparation Lacto-Immuno-Vital, – one with continuous synbiotic administration (EGC), and another with pulsed synbiotic administration (EGP). The preparation was administered to EGC group from the experimental day 1 to day 7 continuously every day (500 g per 1000 l of drinking water.day−1), and to EGP group from experimental day 8 to day 22 in a pulsed manner (every third day) at a dose of 300 g per 1000 l of drinking water. The experiment lasted 22 days. A significant effect on mucus production quantity was found in the duodenum (P < 0.001), in EG after both types of synbiotic supplementation compared to CG. The comparison of continuous and pulsed supplementation was as follows: a significant effect (P < 0.001) was observed after continuous supplementation of the synbiotic preparation, compared to pulsed supplementation in EG.

In this case report, we described a rare complication—lung torsion after esophageal atresia repair in a newborn. Torsion of the lung is a critical condition in which either the entire lung or a lung lobe twists, leading to occlusion of blood vessels and airways. The patient's clinical condition was poor after the primary operation. An emergency thoracotomy showed 180° torsion of the right upper lobe (RUL) and right middle lobe (RML). After detorsion, perioperatively, the lung was gradually reperfused and had a normal appearance. After surgery, the patient was unstable, which culminated in a fatal end (bradycardia, reperfusion injury). Immediate intervention can preserve the affected lung or lung lobe. However, pulmonary torsion typically has a poor prognosis due to misdiagnosis and delayed treatment. Additionally, diagnosis in the neonatal period is even more challenging because the clinical symptoms are nonspecific. In any case, the question is whether detorsion is the right solution or whether a segmentectomy is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our previous studies, Lactobacillus reuteri B1/1, which was renamed Limosilactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri), was able to modulate the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and other components of the innate immune response in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Lactobacillus reuteri B1/1 in two concentrations (1 × 107 and 1 × 109 CFU) on the metabolic activity, adherence ability and relative gene expression of pro-inflammatory interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18), lumican and olfactomedin 4 produced by non-carcinogenic porcine-derived enterocytes (CLAB). CLAB cells were cultured in a 12-well cell culture plate at a concentration of 4 × 105 cells/well in DMEM medium in a controlled humidified atmosphere for 48 h. A 1 mL volume of each probiotic bacterial suspension was added to the CLAB cells. Plates were incubated for 2 h and 4 h. Our results revealed that L. reuteri B1/1 was able to adhere to CLAB cells in sufficient numbers in both concentrations. In particular, the concentration of 109 L. reuteri B1/1 allowed to modulate the gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as to increase the metabolic activity of the cells. In addition, administration of L. reuteri B1/1 in both concentrations significantly stimulated gene expression for both proteins in the CLAB cell line after 4 h of incubation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of inorganic zinc and Ascaridia galli infection was studied on MUC1, MUC2 (mucin), sIgA (secretory immunoglobulin A), and metallothionein in the intestines of broilers. Thirty-five-day-old chickens (n = 24), COBB 500 breed, were included in a 14-day experiment. Chickens were divided into 4 groups of 6 chickens each: control ©, Ascaridia galli (AG), Zinc group (Zn), and combined group (AG + Zn). Samples from the intestine for determination of MUC1, MUC2, sIgA, and metallothionein were taken at 7 and 14 days during necropsy. Samples from the jejunum for determination of MUC1, MUC2, sIgA, and metallothionein were taken at 7 and 14 days during necropsy. The results demonstrated that 12 days' administration of inorganic zinc increased production of MUC1 (p < 0.0001) and MUC2 (p < 0.001) in the Ascaridia galli-infected group (Ag + Zn) in comparison to control (C). The beneficial effect of zinc was also revealed in the production of sIgA (p < 0.0001) in the combined group (AG + Zn) at 7 days. The concentration of metallothionein increased mainly in the zinc group (p < 0.01) of first sampling and was upregulated in Zn and AG + Zn groups. The obtained data indicate the use of inorganic zinc as a suitable immunomodulator of intestinal immunity in Ascaridia galli-infected chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the interest in using probiotic bacteria in poultry production, this research was focused on evaluating the effects of Lactobacillus fermentum Biocenol CCM 7514 administration on body weight gain and cytokine gene expression in chickens challenged with Campylobacter jejuni. One-hundred and eight 1-day old COBB 500 broiler chickens were equally assigned to four experimental groups at random. In the control group (C) chicks were left untreated, whereas in groups LB and LBCj a suspension of L. fermentum was administered. A suspension of C. jejuni was subsequently applied to groups Cj and LBCj. Body weight was registered, and the individuals were later slaughtered; cecum samples were collected at 12, 36 and 48 h post-infection (hpi). The entire experiment lasted seven days. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to determine expression levels of IL-1β, IL-15, IL-17, and IL-18 at each time point. Pathogen-infected individuals were observed to weigh significantly less than those fed with the probiotic. Significant differences were also found in transcript abundance; expression of IL-15 was downregulated by the probiotic and upregulated by C. jejuni. The effects of bacterial treatments were time-dependent, as the expression profiles differed at later stages. The present outcomes demonstrate that L. fermentum both reduces the impact of C. jejuni infection on chicken body weight and regulates positively pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, which ultimately increase bird well-being and improves production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to monitor selected parameters of mucosal immunity in jejunum and ileum (immunoglobulin A [IgA], mucin 2 [MUC-2], and pro-inflammatory cytokines) in commercial broiler farm chicken after treatment with flubendazole (Flimabend®) and natural extract from chestnut wood (Farmatan®). A total of 24 forty-day-old Kalimero-Super Master hybrid chickens were divided into 4 groups (n = 6): the Fli group received Flimabend ® per os, 100 mg/g suspension in 1.43 mg of active substance/kg body weight during 7 d of experiment; the Far group received Farmatan ® per os at 0.2% concentration for 6 h/d during 5 d (experimental d 3 to 7); the Far + Fli group received a combination of doses administered in the same way as for the first two groups; and the C group represented control with no active substance administration. The concentrations of secretory IgA (sIgA) and MUC-2 and relative expression of selected immune parameters were evaluated. Our results show strong suppressive effect of the Farmatan® and Flimabend® combination on relative expression of IL-1β and IL-18 in selected parts of the intestine. On the other hand, administration of natural extract from selected chestnut wood (Farmatan®) increased expression of total IgA as well as concentration of sIgA in the studied parts of the chicken intestine. Moreover, expression and concentration of MUC-2 was positively affected by addition of Farmatan®. In contrast, 7-d administration of Flimabend® resulted in upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decrease in IgA and MUC-2 gene expression. In conclusion, for maintenance of mucosal immunity via activation of IgA and mucin production, the long-term preventive use of Farmatan® is a suitable choice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-15, IL-17, IL18, LITAF, iNOS, and LyTact chemokine at the caecum and spleen of experimentally infected chicks with S. enterica serovar Enteritidis SE147 preventively treated with Enterococcus faecium EF55. One-day-old ROSS 308 female chicks (100) were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=25). The chicks of the probiotic (EF) and Salmonella+ probiotic (EFSE) groups received per os E. faecium EF55 (109 CFU/day) from 1 to 7 days of the experiment. The birds of the Salmonella (SE) and EFSE groups were perorally infected with Salmonella Enteritidis SE147 in a single dose (108 CFU) on Day 4 of the experiment. The preventive administration of E. faecium EF55 showed higher, however no significant, mRNA levels of studied proinflammatory cytokines and LyTact chemokine except of iNOS in caecum of EFSE experimental group of chicks mainly at Day 1 after S. Enteritidis SE147 infection compared to other groups. In contrast, the dynamics of cytokine/chemokine gene specific responses in caecum are not correlated with responses in the spleen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the EU, campylobacteriosis is a frequently reported zoonotic disease in humans. Campylobacter species are especially associated with human gastrointestinal diseases. C. jejuni and c. coli occurring in chickens are responsible for them. The intestinal microbiota are maintained in a dynamic relationship with the host, involving a complex 'trialogue' between microorganism, epithelium and mucosal immune system. Noncommensal and probiotic bacteria are able to induce a gut mucosal immune response. The mechanisms by which probiotic bacteria affect the immune system are attributed to an increase in the innate or acquired immune response. We studied by flow cytometry in chickens the cecal intraepithelial and lamina propria CD3+, CD4+, CD8+ and IgA+ lymphocyte subpopulations in C. jejuni and C. coli infection after preventive administration of probiotic strains E. faecium AL41 and Lactobacillus fermentum CCM 7514. Two experiments with different probiotic strains and campylobacter bacteria were done in one-day-old broiler chickens of COOB 500 hybrid. Seven days preventive administration of Enterococcus faecium AL41 and C. jejuni (108 CFU/0.2 ml PBS) challenge on day 4 were used as first, Lactobacillus fermentum CCM 7514 and C. coli as second. Individual perorally administration of bacteria were used in campylobacter (CJ, Cc), probiotic (EF, LB) and combine groups (EFCJ, LBCc) compared to negative group without any bacteria in two samplings on days 4 and 7 post infection (dpi). Isolated cecal IEL and LPL, flow cytometry, direct immunofluorescence and double staining of lymphocytes by labelled mouse antichicken monoclonal antibodies were used. Enterococcus faecium AL41 showed in combined EFCJ group the increase of CD3+ IEL and LPL on 4 dpi. Cecal CD4+ LPL elevated on day 4 and IEL on day 7 pi. CD8+ showed only IEL improvement on 7 dpi. On the other hand, while IgA+ IEL not overnumbered CJ group, LPL raised on 4 and 7 dpi. Lactobacillus fermentum CCM 7514 presented in combined LBCc group later increase of IEL CD3+ and CD4+ (7 dpi), but earlier improvement of IEL and LPL CD8+ together with IgA+ (4 dpi). Both probiotic strains showed beneficial effect to campylobacters presented mainly by IgA+ increase, showing the contribution of humoral immune response. Acknowledgements: Thank you to the Grant Agency for Science of Slovak Republic VEGA 1/0562/16, 1/0112/18 and Slovak Research and Developmental Agency APVV-15-0165. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli are identified as major causes of food-borne disease in humans worldwide. Chicken TLRs are important in the recognition of PAMPs to induce the production of antimicrobial peptides and the expression of co-stimulatory molecules that may initiate adaptive immunity responses. Beta-defensins are antimicrobial peptides, which represent one family of host defence peptides that are modulated during campylobacter infection. On the other hand, it has been reported that campylobacter usually significantly downregulated their production. Promising therapy appears to be use of probiotic strains such as Lactobacillus spp. The aim of this study was to determine whether probiotic-feeding affected the expression of TLR4 and selected defensins (AvBD2, AvBD6) in response to C. coli challenge in the cecum of broilers. Forty one day-old broilers were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups (n= 10): control (C), L. fermentum CCM7514 (LB), C. coli (CJ), and combined L. fermentum CCM7514 + C. coli (LBCJ). L. fermentum was administered daily per os to LB and LBCJ groups from day 1 to day 7 of the experiment. C. coli was administered orally on day 4 of the experiment by a single dose to CJ and LBCJ groups. Samples from cecum were collected on day 4 and 7 post- Campylobacter infection (dpi). Samples were homogenized and total of RNA was isolated. Specific primers were used. Amplification and detection of specific products were performed using CFX 96 RT system with predefined program. Relative mRNA expression of defensins was upregulated in combined group compared to other groups (P<0.001) at 7 dpi. However, the increase relative expression of TLR4 was recorded in LB group compare to other groups (P < 0.05,P < 0.01,P<0.001) during both samplings. These results suggest that probioticsfeeding may stimulate the immunodefence system mediated by defensins and TLR4 against infection by C. coli in the cecum of broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The protective effect of polysaccharide glucan in chickens fed low doses of T-2 toxin was assessed. The binder effect of ß-D-glucan on jejunal mucosa in relation to the expression of Na+/K+-ATPase, proliferative activity of enterocytes and number of goblet cells was investigated. A total of 40 one-day-old chickens were allocated to four groups: control (C), ß-D-glucan (G), T-2 toxin (T) and combined ß-D-glucan+T-2 toxin (GT). The chickens were individually administrated per os 1.0 mg/bird/day of ß-D-glucan derived from Candida albicans on days 11, 12, and 21 of the experiment (totally 3 mg per bird). T-2 toxin at a concentration of 1.45 μg·kg-1 was added to the feed from day 14 to day 28 of the experiment. The a subunitspecific anti-Na+/K+-ATPase antibody was used to identify the protein by immunofluorescence in the cell membrane of jejunal enterocytes. Higher expression of Na+/K+-ATPase was found in the jejunal epithelial cells and lamina propria in the chickens fed T-2 toxin and administered glucan (P < 0.05) compared to control. The number of proliferated enterocytes was higher in group T compared to group G and control (P < 0.001), as well group GT (P < 0.01). Goblet cell density did not present significant differences between groups of chickens, but group G showed the highest values. These data suggest that administration of pure T-2 toxin at low doses affects primarily the protein synthesis of actively dividing cells. Higher distribution of Na+/K+-ATPase in enterocytes of chickens in GT group suggests positive influence of glucan and mycotoxin on the ion pump. A binding effect of this immunomodulator on the digestive tract mucosa in the applied setup was not observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to monitor selected parameters of mucosal immunity in jejunum and ileum (immunoglobulin A [IgA], mucin 2 [MUC-2], and pro-inflammatory cytokines) in commercial broiler farm chicken after treatment with flubendazole (Flimabend®) and natural extract from chestnut wood (Farmatan®). A total of 24 forty-day-old Kalimero-Super Master hybrid chickens were divided into 4 groups (n = 6): the Fli group received Flimabend® per os, 100 mg/g suspension in 1.43 mg of active substance/kg body weight during 7 d of experiment; the Far group received Farmatan®per os at 0.2% concentration for 6 h/d during 5 d (experimental d 3 to 7); the Far + Fli group received a combination of doses administered in the same way as for the first two groups; and the C group represented control with no active substance administration. The concentrations of secretory IgA (sIgA) and MUC-2 and relative expression of selected immune parameters were evaluated. Our results show strong suppressive effect of the Farmatan® and Flimabend® combination on relative expression of IL-1β and IL-18 in selected parts of the intestine. On the other hand, administration of natural extract from selected chestnut wood (Farmatan®) increased expression of total IgA as well as concentration of sIgA in the studied parts of the chicken intestine. Moreover, expression and concentration of MUC-2 was positively affected by addition of Farmatan®. In contrast, 7-d administration of Flimabend® resulted in upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines and decrease in IgA and MUC-2 gene expression. In conclusion, for maintenance of mucosal immunity via activation of IgA and mucin production, the long-term preventive use of Farmatan® is a suitable choice., (© 2018 Poultry Science Association Inc.)