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The donkey reproductive physiology is still partially known despite the increasing risk of extinction involving several breeds. Majority of breeders and even veterinarians treat jennets as mares, but there are both anatomical and cyclical differences seen in jennets compared to mares. For the horse, the average length of gestation is 335–345 days while in donkeys it is 360–375 days or more. Normal donkey foals have reportedly been born at 10½ months up to 14 months of gestation. The estrous cycle of jennets ranges from 23–30 days, whereas the mare has a slightly shorter cycle of 21–25 days. Additionally, jennets usually have a heat period that averages six to nine days. The present study was designed to describe the postpartum (PP) reproductive performance of a Croatian endangered breed: the Istrian donkey. To this aim, 64 pluriparous jennies, kept in two simmilar, neighboring herds were monitored to define the foal-heat (FH) and the first and second PP estrus episodes (1st PPe and 2nd PPe). The data indicate that jennies spontaneously returned cyclicity in approximately 14 days after delivery. Then heats repeated with a regular interval of approximately 22 days. Estrus length was 1 week in FH and the 2nd PPe and significantly shorter in the 1st PPe. Pregnancy rate (PR) was lower when natural mating occurred during the FH and 2nd PPe (approximately 54%) than during the 1st PPe (approximately 70% ; p < 0.01). Estrus-ovulation, and delivery-ovulation interval and follicle growth were similar in all animals observed. In addition, the higher PR (>80% ; p < 0.01) was recorded in jennies when the FH occurred after the first week PP and it dropped (

Oxidative stress has been reported as one of the most important factors contributing to poor quality semen. The main targets of radicals are the lipids contained in the cellular membrane. Reactive species cause membrane lipid peroxidation, which then modifies the membrane permeability and fluidity. This investigation was conducted to study the physical properties of the sperm membrane of boars, total antioxidative activity in relation to sperm motility. The study was performed on two boar breeds: German Landrace (N = 14) and Pietrain (N = 9). Samples of semen (sperm rich fraction) were taken using a single phantom. Semen volume, sperm concentration and total sperm count were determined and morphology (Papanicolaou and eosin-nigrosine staining method) were analyzed. The antioxidant capacity of semen was examined using galvinoxyl free radical and recorded by the electron spin resonance (ESR). The sperm membrane fluidity has been studied by ESR spin-trapping technique and order parameter, as a direct measure of motility, has been determined. Semen volume and total sperm count of Pietrain boars were significantly lower compared with that in German Landrace. Obtained result show that breed Pietren has statistically significant better motility and total antioxidative activity than German landras. These results demonstrate that decreased activity of antioxidants in the seminal plasma and in spermatozoa are correlated with reduction of sperm motility. It was also shown that ESR spectroscopy is useful technique for investigation of changes in membrane fluidity and total antioxidative activity.

The assessment of DNA damage in poultry spermatozoa after exposure to low doses of ionising radiation using comet assay (alkaline and neutral) was not previously reported. The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of different doses of gamma-radiation on tail length (TL), tail intensity (TI) and tail moment (TM) of cocks’ spermatozoa using comet assay. Semen samples of 5 cocks of heavy line (45 weeks old) were collected by dorso-abdominal massage method. All samples were diluted and irradiated in vitro with doses of 0.3, 0.5, 1 and 2 Gy. One-way ANOVA was used to compare differences in DNA damage. Results showed high sensitivity of the method even at low dose exposure from 0.3 Gy, with no dose related relationship, but with increase of apoptotic cells. Damage distribution was spread more after 0.5 Gy, 1 Gy and 2 Gy dose. TI and TM were lower than in fresh semen cock samples (other researchers), while TL was little bit higher. Lower damage for higher doses 0.3 Gy was strange result, and since semen samples do not have DNA repair mechanisms, further larger studies are needed to answer that question.

Težak porođaj ili distocija vrlo je često stanje u kuja, a ovisi o pasmini, veličini legla trajanju porođaja te se učestali porođaj dovršava carskim rezom koji može biti konzervativan i radikalan. Indikacije za carski rez mogu biti od strane majke i od strane plodova. Najčešći uzrok teškog porođaja je od strane majke i to zbog atonije maternice. Ovo istraživanje je provedeno na 42 kuje pacijentice Klinike za porodništvo i reprodukciju Veterinarskog fakulteta u Zagrebu. Najčešća indikacija za carski rez je bila atonija maternice koja je iznosila 78% dok su ostale indikacije bile: produljeni porođaj, torzija maternice, ruptura maternice, prerani porođaj i strikture vagine. Smrtnost kuja nakon carskog reza je iznosila 4, 76%.

In January 2012 final version of Operational Programme for the establishment of the domestic animals gene bank in the Republic of Croatia was done. It was provided by the National Programme for the protection of autochthonous – native and protected breeds of domestic animals in the Republic of Croatia which was adopted earlier, at the beginning of 2010 year. The Operational Programme for the development of the Gene Bank is a well-designed, systematic, coherent and focused set of procedures and measures aimed at collecting, processing and storing tissue specimens of genetic material of interesting specimens with the function of their preservation.

A crossbreed bitch, one year old, was brought to the Obstetrics and Reproduction Clinic at the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb for elective castration. From the history, the bitch had last been on heat three months before and did not mate. Clinical examination was performed before surgery, the health status and condition of the animal were good and at the owner’s request no preoperative diagnostic methods were performed. Laparoscopic ovariohisterectomy of the enlarged uterus was performed under general inhalated anesthesia. The pathohistological fifi nding was segmental endometrial hyperplasia of the uterus. According to this case report laparoscopic ovariohysterectomy is safe and effective in bitches with small to moderate enlargement of the uterus.

The aim of this research was to determine etiology and prevalence of udder infection in dairy cows before drying off on dairy farms in Croatia. A research was carried out on 6 dairy farms in Croatia. Milk samples were taken into sterile plastic tubes during the last milking prior to drying off. Bacteriology examination of milk samples had obtained 54 positive samples ; prevalence of intramammary infection (IMI) was 22.5%. The most common pathogens of IMI prior to drying off were Streptococcus spp. Lancefield group D (7.79%) and Staphylococcus aureus (6.56%). Other pathogens were coagulase-negative staphylococci (2.87%), Pseudomonas spp. (2.46%), Streptococcus agalactiae (2.05%), and other microorganisms (1.23%). In this research higher IMI prevalence in rear quarters (P= 0.03) in comparison to front quarters was observed. There were no significant differences in infection prevalence (P=0.07) comparing right to left quarters. Significantly higher prevalence of infection caused by Streptococcus spp. Lancefield group D (P=0.04) and environmental pathogens (P=0.02) were noted in rear quarters. These results have approved that environmental microorganisms were the most common pathogens of IMI prior to drying off in dairy cows in Croatia.

Ultrasound-guided ovum pick-up (OPU) followed by in vitro embryo production offers an alternative to produce offspring from genetically superior dams, pregnant cows and heifers, post-partum cows and even from prepubertal heifers and cows with reproductive disorders. Over the last decade basic and applied research projects have been conducted in the Laboratory for Assisted Reproduction of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine in Zagreb. A present standard protocol for IVP of bovine embryos is based on the use of BoviPure® for sperm preparation for in vitro fertilization (IVF) and synthetic oviductal fluid with amino acids and bovine serume albumine (SOFaaBSA) for in vitro culture (IVC). During the 10 years period more than 230 OPU sessions were carried out in 63 stimulated and/or cyclic heifers and cows, resulted with 578 transferable embryos. Different synchronization treatments for OPU/IVP donor heifers were investigated: prostaglandin F2 administration without or with dominant follicle removal (DFR) and norgestomet ear implant insertion with DFR. The OPU/IVF results were compared in PMSG and pFSH stimulated donors with or without DFR, as well in cyclic donors when OPU was performed twice a week during a month period. Follicular dynamics and in vitro embryo production after repeated superovulation with pFSH in Simmental heifers were monitored, as well the effect of the follicle size on developmental competence of bovine oocytes. The effect of the origin of the immature oocytes (slaughterhouse or OPU), a well the effect of donor breed (Charolais, Simmental and Holstein.Frieian) for OPU/IVP were compared. Transvaginal OPU/IVP was also performed in problem cows, suffering from cystic ovaries or post-partum anestria due to endometritis with satisfactory results. Using OPU/IVP good quality bovine blastocysts were produced in vitro suitable for embryo transfer or cryopreservation, comparable to other laboratories for IVP of bovine embryos.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of follicle size on developmental competence of oocytes collected by Ovum pick up (OPU). Immature cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) were obtained by aspirating follicles ≤ 5 mm or > 5 mm. Transvaginal ultrasound guided oocyte collection was performed in 4 Charolais donor cows. Cows were synchronized with PGF2 and stimulated with pFSH, twice a day during two days (Folltropin®, Bioniche). OPU was performed 24 hours after the last FSH injection. Total of 6 OPU sessions were performed on each cow. The number of aspirated follicles, retrieved oocytes and oocyte recovery rate (RR) were recorded. The recovered oocytes were morphologically classified into four (1-4) quality categories. Grade 1 and 2 oocytes were matured, fertilized and subsequently cultured in vitro for 9 days. In order to study the kinetics of early cleavage, the number of cleaved embryos was recorded at 24, 27, 30, 33, 36 and 48 hours post insemination (hpi). Embryo yield was recorded on day 5, 6, 7 and 9 of culture in vitro. Data were analyzed by t- test and Wilcoxon test. There was no difference in recovery rate or quality of oocytes collected from large or small follicles. Oocytes originate from follicles > 5 mm cleaved in significantly higher proportion 24 hpi (p 5 mm reached the morula stage compared to 13, 1% of morulas when oocytes originated from follicles ≤ 5 mm (p 5 mm (48, 1% vs. 40, 2%), although without statistical difference. Hatching rate on Day 9 was significantly higher when oocytes originate from follicles > 5 mm (29, 7% vs. 10, 7%, p

This article examined two superovulation protocols for goats: standard and „Day 0“ on 30 goats of Boer breed in each group during breeding season. The purpose of “Day 0” protocol is to minimize ovarian status influence on superovulation response by starting the administration of gonadotrophins after ovulation, concurrently with first follicular wave, without presence of dominant follicles (ø>6mm). The animals in standard protocol group were synchronised by 11 days progestagen sponges and superovulated with 6 decreasing doses of pFSH, during 3 days before withdrawing the pessary. The oestrous in Day 0 protocol was synchronized by pessaries (11d) and eCG (9.d), with GnRH induction of ovulation (13.d). The superovulation was performed 24h after ovulation has been confirmed (14.d) by 6 decreasing dosis of pFSH (15.-17.d). Concurrently with the 3rd day pFSH, the prostaglandin was applied to obtain luteolysis of corpus luteum (CL). The ultrasonic exam was performed to follow up ovaries. The females in standard protocol were mated 24h after pessary has been withdrawn. In „Day 0“ protocol goats were mated 24h after luteolysis have been induced. Seven days after, the uterus was flushed. It was established that “Day 0” protocol significantly diminished number of animals with dominant follicle before the superovulation procedure started, but however didn't improve the superovulatory success (the number of CLs and transferable embryos were significantly lower). However, similar percentage of 1st class embryos was noticed in both protocols. “Day 0” protocol didn’t improve superovulatory success partly because only 54 % of goats in standard protocol group had dominant follicle, which has negative influence on the number of transferable embryos, especially those of 1st class. The other reason for the lower response in „Day 0“ protocol is smaller number of ø3.5-5 mm follicles at the onset of superovulation which positively correlate with the number of transferable embryos.

Cilj je ovog rada prosudba učestalosti pojavljivanja pojedinih mikroorganizama, uzročnika mastitisa u sekretu vimena krava tijekom dvogodišnjeg razdoblja. Podatci o učestalosti pojedinih uzročnika mastitisa prikazani u radu dobiveni su na osnovi godišnjih izvješća o rezultatima bakterioloških pretraga provedenih u Hrvatskom veterinarskom institutu u Zagrebu i odnose se na razdoblje od 01.01.2008. godine do 31.12.2009. godine. Prema rezultatima bakterioloških pretraga najčešći uzročnik mastitisa krava je Staphylococcus aureus (16, 2% - 17, 5%), a u značajnij im postotcima još se pojavljuju Streptococcus serološke skupine D (9, 1-10, 1%) i Staphylococcus spp. (CNS) (2, 7- 5, 8%). Ostali uzročnici manje su zastupljeni i izdvojeni su iz manje od 5% pretraženih uzoraka. Uzroke česte pojave mastitisa na farmama mliječnih krava u Hrvatskoj treba tražiti u lošoj higijeni smještaja muznih krava, lošoj higijeni mužnje i osobnoj higijeni muzača.

Ovaj rad predstavlja kratki pregled metoda reproduktivnog managementa u stadima mliječnih koza. Primjena reproduktivnih i selekcijskih programa i genetskog unaprijeđenja stada predstavlja temelj visokoproduktivnog kozarstva. U ovom radu prikazane su metode upravljanja reprodukcijom stada koje putem pripusta, umjetnog osjemenjivanja ili produkcije i transfera zametaka omogućuju brzu difuziju poželjnih genetskih svojstava u sustavu selekcije. Sve gore navedene tehnike zahtijevaju prethodnu indukciju i sinkronizaciju estrusa putem hormonalnih ili sve popularnijih nehormonalnih metoda i protokola.

The aim of the study was to compare the effect of different synchronization protocols on oocyte retrieval and blastocyst production in vitro. Twelve Simmental heifers were randomly allocated to one of three synchronization groups. In the 1st group heifers were synchronized with two PGF2α injections in 11-days interval. In the 2nd group heifers were synchronized the same way and dominant follicles (DF) were removed 36 hours before pFSH stimulation. In the 3rd group a progestin ear implant was inserted for 10 days and DF were aspirated 36 hours before pFSH stimulation. The same stimulation protocol with pFSH, starting on Day 9/10 of cycle, was used in all treatment groups. Ovum pick-up (OPU) was performed 48 hours after the last pFSH injection. The number of aspirated follicles, number and quality of retrieved oocytes were recorded. Oocytes were matured, fertilized and cultured in vitro in SOFaaBSA until Day 9. The mean DF diameter and the mean number of expanded oocytes showed a tendency towards signififi cance (0.05 ≤ P ≤ 0.10) in the progestin treatment group. No signififi cant differences between treatment groups were observed in terms of cleavage rate on Day 2, morula/blastocyst rate on Day 7 and hatched blastocysts rate on Day 9. The results indicated that progestin treatment did not prevent the establishment of follicular dominance on the ovaries of heifers. Furthermore, the synchronization protocol did not affect the number of follicles and the recovered oocytes, or the number of in vitro produced embryos.

This article examined two different superovulation protocols for goats. The high variability of superovulatory response is a major limiting factor in goat embryo transfer programs. This variability is due to extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Two protocols were compared: standard and „Day 0“ protocol of superovulation on 30 goats of Boer breed in each group during the breeding season. The purpose of „Day 0“ protocol is to minimize the ovarian status influence on superovulation response by starting the administration of gonadotrophins after ovulation, concurrently with the first follicular wave, without presence of dominant follicles (ø>6mm). The animals in standard protocol group were synchronised by 11 days progestagen sponges and superovulated with 6 decreasing doses of pFSH, during 3 days before the pessary was withdrawn. The oestrous in Day 0 protocol was synchronized by vaginal pessaries (11d) and eCG (9.d), with GnRH induction of ovulation (13.d). The superovulation was performed 24h after ovulation has been confirmed (14.d) by 6 decreasing dosis of pFSH (15.-17.d). Concurrently with the 3rd day pFSH, the prostaglandin was applied in order to obtain luteolysis of corpus luteum (CL) created during oestrous synchronization. The ultrasonic exam of ovaries in both groups of animals was performed in order to follow up the status of ovaries before and during the superovulation procedures until ovulation. The females in standard protocol were mated 24h after vaginal pessary has been withdrawn. In „Day 0“ protocol goats were mated 24h after luteolysis have been induced. Seven days after being mated, the uterus in both groups was flushed. It was established that “Day 0” protocol significantly diminished number of animals with dominant follicle before the superovulation procedure started, but however didn't improve the superovulatory success (the number of CLs and transferable embryos were significantly lower). However, similar percentage of 1st class embryos was noticed in both protocols. The “Day 0” protocol didn’t improve superovulatory success partly because only 54 % of goats in the standard protocol group had dominant follicle, which has negative influence on the number of transferable embryos, especially those of 1st class. The other reason for the lower superovulatory response in „Day 0“ protocol is smaller number of follicles with ø3.5-5 mm at the onset of superovulation treatment which positively correlate with the number of the transferable embryos.

In dieser Falldarstellung haben wir die komplette Verwachsung der Scheide als Komplikation nach einer Fetotomie bearbeitet. Die Stute wurde in die Klinik aufgenommen mit der Diagnose: Distocia, Lateroflexio capitis dextra. Nach der Untersuchung und in Absprache mit dem Besitzer wurde eine partielle Fetotomie in 2 Schnitten durchgeführt und die Frucht und die Fruchtblase extrahiert. Eine Stunde nach dem Eingriff stand die Stute ohne fremde Hilfe auf und ging in den Stall. Sie hielt sich 7 Tage in der Klinik auf und erhielt eine postoperative Therapie mit Antibiotika, Oxitocin, Tetanusantitoxin, Ahistin, Infusionen mit 0, 9 % NaCl und Analgetika bei zeitweiliger Spülung der Gebärmutter. Die Stute wurde nach der Operation im normalen physiologischen Status mit Anweisungen an den Tierarzt und den Besitzer über die Fortsetzung der Therapie für die Wunden in der Scheide, entstanden als Folge der Distokie und späteren Manipulation in der Scheide während der Fetotomie, entlassen. Drei Monate später kam der Besitzer wegen erschwerten Urinierens mit der Stute wieder zur Untersuchung. Die Scheidenuntersuchung ergab eine komplette Verwachsung der Scheide wegen Nichteinhaltens der Anweisungen für die weitere Behandlung der Scheide nach Entlassung der Stute aus der Klinik. Sichtbar ist nur eine kleine Öffnung unterhalb der dorsalen Kommisur, durch die wir einen Kunststoffurinkatheter (Durchmesser 3 mm) eingeführt haben, um dem Tier das Urinieren zu erleichtern. Der Besitzer hat nicht in eine operative Rekonstruktion der Scheide eingewilligt und die Stute wurde zur ökonomischen Nutzung geschickt.

The aim of our research was determinated effects of air temperature and rainfall precipitation on some reproductive performance of Boer goats in the north-western part of Croatia. Ninty does, under intensive management, between 2-7 years old were used in our research throughout 3 consecutive years. Goats have been living on the hills of Bilogora with possibility of good pasture, in the northwest part of Croatia. After kidding, does were thogether with goat kids three to four months until weaning. Air temperature and rainfall records were obtained from the nearest meteorological recording stations within 10 km. Number of mating does, kidding rate and number of goat kids were significant different according to the season. The Boer goat is breed well known for fecunditiy. Data on 304 pregnancies and 535 newborn goat kids (dead or alive) shows per year 1.98 goat kids and per doe. Number of kidding was depended of season. The most of does were given a birth in the winter (46 %) and spring (27%), only 15 % in the summer and 12 % in the autumn (throughout 3 years). Conception rate was 92.12 %( 89.47 % in the year 2003, 94.17 % 2004 and 2005 92.73 %) and prolificacy (from 2003 to 2005) 178 %. In the year 2003, with extremly warm spring, extremly warm and dry summer, conception rate is significant lower (88.33 %) then in year 2004 (91.15 %) and 2005 (91.76 %). Despite annual higher temerature and lower rainfall percipitation in year 2003, the best prolificacy was recorded (187 %), then in 2004 (177 %) and 171 % in 2005 year. There was not correlation between air temperature and rainfall percipitation and reproductive performance of Boer goats in northwestern part of Croatia.

The aim of the study was to compare two different treatment of retained fetal membrane and their effect on the insemination index and days open. Research was conducted on 225 cows of Holstein breed aged between 2 to 6 years, selected from ten dairy cow farms in northwestern Croatia. The cows were divided into 3 groups, with 75 cows per group. In group A placenta was manualy extracted following intrauterine application of antibiotic 12-24 hours after calving (Geomycin F®, Veterina, Croatia) and supportive therapy, if necessary. In group B the fetal membrane wasn’t extracted. The treatment consisted of intrauterine soluble oblet application 2-3 times every 48 hours, starting 12-24 hours after calving (Geomycin F®, Veterina, Croatia). The Group C (control) consisted of cows with physiological puerperium, without retained placenta. In our study the length of days open and insemination index differ significantly (P

Five years old Holstein-Friesian cow gave birth to triplets at 278 days of gestation. Two delivered fetuses were fully developed, a male calf was born alive and female dead ; the third delivered structure was an anomalous rounded monster foetus, covered with thick skin - diagnosed as Amorphus globosus. Male calf was, at the age of 3 months, sent to slaughterhouse, at weight of 145 kg. Hydrothorax, ascites and freemartinism (enlarged clitoris, marked vaginal, uterine and ovarian hypoplasia) were discovered at necropsy of female calf. A case of freemartinism and Amorphus globosus in a set of Holstein-Friesian triplets is rarely reported.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the efficiency of ovum pick-up (OPU) and subsequent embryo development of oocytes collected from two cattle breeds. OPU was performed in 17 nonlactating donor cows (9 Charolais and 8 Holstein-Friesian). Cows were synchronized with PGF2 and stimulated with pFSH, twice a day during two days (Folltropin®, Bioniche, a total dose: 200 mg NIH-FSH-P1). OPU was performed 24 hours after the last FSH injection and procedure was repeated every second week for eight consecutive weeks. The number of aspirated follicles, the number of retrieved oocytes and oocyte recovery rate were recorded. The recovered oocytes were morphologically classified into four (1-4) quality categories. Grade 1 and 2 oocytes were matured, fertilized and subsequently cultured in vitro for 9 days. In order to study the kinetics of early cleavage, the number of cleaved embryos was recorded at 24, 27, 30, 33, 36 and 48 hpi. Embryo yield was recorded on day 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 of IVC. Data were analyzed by Chi-square test. Charolais donor cows showed significantly better results in number of follicles punctured, total number of oocytes and number of grade 1 and 2 oocytes recovered by OPU. The percentage of cleaved embryos at 24 hpi was significantly higher in Charolais donor cows (41, 1% vs. 29, 4%), but overall cleavage rate assesed 48 hpi showed no differences between two breeds. In terms of blastocyst rate at day 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 of IVC, no statistical differences was observed between breeds. These results show that a higher number of oocytes can be retrieved by OPU from Charolais donor cows compared to Holstein-Friesian. However, there was no differences in developmental competence of retreived oocytes between breeds.

The aim of this research was to compare the developmental competence of oocytes recovered from slaughterhouse ovaries (SO) and those recovered in vivo by ovum pick up (OPU). OPU was performed in 6 donor heifers synchronized with PGF2 and stimulated with pFSH, twice a day during two days. OPU was repeated once a week for six consecutive weeks. The control group consisted of slaughterhouse-derived oocytes. The number of aspirated follicles, retrieved oocytes and oocyte recovery rate were recorded. Oocytes of grade 1 and 2 were matured, fertilized and cultured in vitro in SOFaaBSA until Day 9. The cleavage rates on Day 2, the total number of morulas and blastocysts on Day 7 and the numbers of hatched blastocysts on Day 9 were recorded. Differential staining of the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm cells (TE) were performed on randome sample of Day 7 blastocysts (n=24). Significantly more follicles were aspirated from SO (19.3 versus 11.5, P

In dieser Arbeit wird die minimal-invasive chirurgische Laparoskopietechnik dargestellt, mittels derer die Ovariektomie beim Hund durchgeführt wird. Es werden die Geräte und die Ausrüstung, die zur Durchführung einer laparoskopischen Operation nötig sind, das präoperative Vorgehen und die Anästhesie, die Technik und die Durchführung der laparoskopischen Ovariektomie sowie der postoperative Verlauf und die Heilung beschrieben. Wo immer es die Bedingungen in den Tierkliniken erlauben (Vorhandensein der Ausstattung und der fachkundigen Veterinärchirurgen, die zu laparoskopischen Eingriffen befähigt sind), ist es empfehlenswert, diese durchzuführen, da die Verletzungen des Tieres geringer sind und die Erholung des Tieres nach einem solchen Eingriff schneller erfolgt als im Vergleich zur klassischen laparotomischen Methode.

U mliječnom stadu stafilokok je jedan od najčešćih uzročnika mastitisa. U posljednje vrijeme uglavnom se osvrće na Staphylococcus aureus dok koagulaza negativni stafilokoki (CNS) ostaju neprimjećeni kao uzročnici mastitisa jer se smatraju slabije patogenim ili nepatogenim za vime. U nekim europskim zemljama postali su najučestaliji uzročnik subkliničkog mastitisa. Ovi mikroorganizmi često su većinski uzročnik infekcija na mliječnim farmama koje su uspješno provele program kontrolnih mjera protiv zaraznih uzročnika mastitisa. Infekcije se češće javljaju kod junica u doba prvog poroda nego kod starijih krava. U sustavima intenzivne proizvodnje prevalencija kod junica može iznositi i preko 50%, dok u sustavima ekstenzivog držanja imamo nešto nižu prevalenciju (16%). CNS se mogu izolirati sa kože sise i sisnog kanala, a njihova prisutnost u mlijeku za bakteriološku pretragu, može ali i ne mora, ukazivati na infekciju unatar vimena. Infekcije se češće javljaju kod junica u vrijeme prvog poroda, a u slijedećim laktacijama odmah poslije poroda kao posljedica infekcije u suhostaju. Uzrokuju blage kliničke i subkliničke oblike mastitisa sa umjereno povišenim brojem somatskih stanica i prolaze ubrzo nakon teljenja. Broj mastitisa uzrokovan CNS opada u sredini laktacije, ali prema kraju njihova pojavnost ponovno raste sve dok se ne provede antibiotsko liječenje u suhostaju. Iako je spontana eliminacija CNS infekcije nakon poroda i tijekom prvog mjeseca laktacije relativno visoka, infekcija ponekad potraje duže od 200 dana. Terapija mliječne žlijezde u laktaciji provodi se u slučaju kliničkog oblika mastitisa dok u protivnom terapija nije preporučena. Broj somatskih stanica u mlijeku inficiranih krava varira, ali je najčešće u rasponu od 250.000 – 400.000. Kontrolne mjere protiv CNS su dezinfekcija sisa nakon mužnje i terapija u suhostaju.

The aim of research was to establish the importance and accuracy of the ultrasonic examination of donor and recipient goats submitted to assisted reproduction procedures. For this reason, 17 donor goats were systematically examined by ultrasound to count the preovulatory follicles (≥ 5 mm) at observed oestrus onset and to confirm occurred ovulation(s). The accuracy of ultrasound exams was measured comparing previous findings with number of corpora lutea (CLs) present when flushing was performed. On the other hand, 14 recipient goat ovaries were monitored by ultrasound to assess: the number of dominant follicles (≥ 5 mm) present during oestrus, occurred ovulation as well as echogenic quality of CLs before semylaparoscopic embryotransfer was carried out. The total relative undervalue of ultrasound prediction of ovulation was found to be 38.37 %. The response of 9 out of 14 (64 %) recipient goats, after standard hormonal protocol was applied, was adequate, what means that at most two dominant follicles, timely occurred ovulation and good echogenic quality of respective CLs was found. The ultrasonic examination of donor and recipient goats is appreciable tool to follow up follicular dynamics, success of superovulation procedures and to confirm the ovulation and echogenic CLs quality, as well as to predict the ovulatory rate.

Poznato je da je kvaliteta jajne stanice jedan od ključnih čimbenika koji utječe na postotak zametaka uzgojenih in vitro, odnosno postotak koncepcije nakon transfera. Svrha ovog istraživanja bila je usporediti razvojnu sposobnost jajnih stanica podrijetlom iz folikula različitih veličina dobivenih iz klaoničkih jajnika ili aspiriranih in vivo postupkom transvaginalne ultrazvučne aspiracije krava davateljica. Isto tako, istraživan je utjecaj pasmine (charolais i holstein-frizijske) na razvojnu sposobnost jajnih stanica. Ovum pick-up (OPU) izveden je na 17 krava davateljica (9 pasmine charolais i 8 holstein-frizijske pasmine). Krave su sinkronizirane s PGF2 i stimulirane s FSH, dva puta dnevno tijekom dva dana (Folltropin&reg ; , Bioniche, ukupna doza: 200 mg NIH-FSH-P1). OPU je izveden 24 sata nakon zadnje FSH injekcije, a postupak je ponavljan svaka dva tjedna tijekom dvomjesečnog razdoblja. Paralelno su punktirani folikuli jajnika krava nepoznate reprodukcijske anamneze, sakupljenih na liniji klanja. Bilježen je broj aspiriranih folikula, broj aspiriranih jajnih stanica i uspjeh aspiracije. Aspirirane jajne stanice morfološki su ocjenjene te je praćena njihova sposobnost dozrijevanja, oplodnje i uzgoja in vitro. Ocjena razvoja goveđih zametaka provedena je na osnovi kinetike ranog brazdanja i kinetike razvoja morula i blastocista. Značajno veći (p

The aim of this research was to establish the importance and accuracy of the ultrasonic examination of donor and recipient goats submitted to superovulation procedures. For this reason, 17 donor goats were systematically examined by ultrasound: 1) to count the preovulatory follicles (≥ 5mm) at oestrus onset ; 2) to confirm the ovulation(s) and 3) the accuracy of the ultrasound examination was measured comparing previously findings with number of corpora lutea (CL) present when uterine flushing was performed. On the other hand, 14 recipient goat ovaries were monitored by ultrasound to assess: 1) the number of dominant follicles (≥ 5mm) present during oestrus ; 2) the ovulation and 3) the echogenic quality of CL before embryotransfer. To perform the ultrasound examination the animals were placed in dorsal recumbence and 7, 5MHz ultrasound probe was applied rectally. To predict the ovulation rate the number of large follicles (≥ 5mm) was counted by ultrasound on donor goat ovaries at the beginning of oestrus. Unovulated follicles (48h after oestrus start) were omitted. The ultrasound accuracy, measured comparing the number of ovulated follicles with number of corpora lutea counted when laparotomic flushing was performed, was 47, 5%. The ovulatory rate prediction is more accurately (72.1%) when donor goat responded with lower total number of follicles (10 or less). The response of 9 out of 14 (64%) recipient goats, after standard hormonal protocol was applied, were adequate, what means maximum 2 dominant follicles, timely occurred ovulation and good echogenic quality of respective CL. The ultrasonic examination of donor and recipient goats is appreciable tool to follow up follicular dynamics, success of superovulation procedures, confirmation of ovulation and echogenic CL quality, as well as to predict the ovulatory rate. In this way the ultrasound examinations of the ovaries could save the time and the money due to elimination of animals who did not respond to the treatment before the collection or transfer of embryos start.

Im Zeitraum von Januar bis April 2002 wurden an der Klinik für Geburtshilfe und Reproduktion der veterinärmedizinischen Fakultät der Universität Zagreb 10 Hündinnen behandelt. Die Tiere waren 3 bis 8 Jahre alt. Bei allen Hündinnen kam es zur ungewollten Bedeckung. Die Tierbesitzer wandten sich, da sie bei ihren Hündinnen den ungewollten Deckackt beobachtet konnten, mit der Bitte um Nidationsverhütung an die Klinik. Zwei Tage nach der Bedeckung konnten bei 7 Hündinnen mittels Vaginalabstrich Spermien nachgewiesen werden. Bei allen 10 Hündinnen wurden über 80% superficiale Zellen, die auf einen Östrus hinweisen, gefunden. Alle 10 Hündinnen wurden 15 Tage nach der Bedeckung erneut einer gynäkologischen Untersuchung unterzogen. Am gleichen Tag wurde Antiprogestin ; Aglepristone (Alizine® ) in einer Dosis von 10 mg/kg (0, 33 ml/kg) appliziert. Die gleiche Dosis wurde nach 24 Stunden erneut verabreicht. Bei allen 10 Hündinnen konnte 20 Tage nach der Behandlung mittels Ultraschall keine Gravidität diagnostiziert werden.

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of follicle size on oocyte recovery and developmental competence of oocytes recovered from slaughterhouse ovaries (SO) and those recovered in vivo by Ovum Pick Up (OPU). Immature cumulus-oocyte-complexes (COCs) were obtained by aspirating follicles ≤ 5 mm or > 5 mm from the ovaries of cows, either at slaughter or using OPU. OPU (Pie Medical, the Netherlands) was performed in 17 donor cows synchronized with PGF2 and stimulated with pFSH, twice a day during two days (Folltropin®, Bioniche). Total of 4 OPU sessions were performed on each cow. The number of aspirated follicles, retrieved oocytes and oocyte recovery rate were recorded. Recovered oocytes were morphologically classified into four quality categories. COCs of grade 1 and 2 were matured in TCM199 with FCS, FSH/LH and cysteamine, fertilized with frozen/thawed semen prepared on gradient of BoviPure™ and subsequently cultured for 9 days in SOFaaBSA. The number of cleaved embryos was recorded at 24, 27, 30, 33, 36 and 48 hpi. Embryo yield was recorded on day 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9. Data were analized by Chi-square test. In donor cows significantly more oocytes were retreived from follicles > 5 mm, with higher recovery rate comparing to follicles ≤ 5 mm. On contrary, more oocytes were obtained from follicles ≤ 5 mm of slaughtered cows (Table 1). There were no significant differences between oocyte quality, with highest proportion of grade 1 and 2 oocytes in both SO and OPU, regardless to follicle size. Kinetics of early cleavage shown that significantly more oocytes from follicles > 5 mm, either from SO or OPU, cleaved in significantly higher proportion 30 hpi (74.03% SO ; 83.80% OPU) compared to follicles ≤ 5 mm (61.22% SO ; 74.26% OPU). Overall cleavage rate 48 hpi and embryo yield on day 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 was also significantly higher when oocytes originate from follicles > 5 mm (Table 1). Table 1. Effect of follicle size and oocyte origin on oocyte recovery and embryo production Oocyte origin Follicle size (mm) Aspirated follicles Retreived oocytes Recovery rate (%) Cleaved (%) Day 5 (M) Day 6 (MBL) Day 7/8 (MBL) Day 9 (HBL) OPU (n=17) ≤5 (n=216) 4.21 ± 0.53a 2.42 ± 0.31a 54.0a 82, 2a 15.8 a 30.7a 41.6a 12.9a >5 (n=319) 6.27 ± 0.60b 3.59 ± 0.48b 58.3b 89, 4b 28.9b 42.9b 47.9b 26.1b SO (n=173) ≤5 (n=1692) 19.37 ± 1.59c 12.87 ± 1.06c 69.8c 78, 3c 11.2c 16.1c 20.2c 7.5c >5 (n=501) 5.74±0.71d 3.87±0.47d 69.8c 86, 1d 19.9d 31.8d 36.1d 15.9d Values with different superscript within columns are significantly different, P

Ultrazvučni pregled jajnika omogućuje vizualizaciju i mjerenje jajničkih struktura (folikuli, žuta tijela). U zemljama razvijenog kozarstva rutinski se koristi transabdominalni ultrazvučni pregled (5 MHz), dok je transrektalni ultrazvučni pregled (7, 5 MHz) koza ograničen samo na znanstvena istraživanja. Detaljni ultrazvučni prikaz preovulatornih i ovulatornih folikula u koza je napravljen u novije vrijeme. Ultrazvukom se može pratiti rast folikula već od veličine 2 mm (mali antralni folikuli) koji se vizualiziraju u vidu anehogenih okruglih struktura tanke stijenke. U vrijeme ovulacije promjera su 6 do 8 mm. Ovulacija se potvrđuje ako na mjestu folikula nema više prisutne antralne šupljine, već je prisutna samo povećana heterogena ehogenost (žuto tijelo). Jedno istraživanje je utvrdilo da je broj ultrazvučno utvrđenih folikula ≥ 5 mm u vrijeme estrusa u korelaciji s brojem žutih tijela utvrđenih prilikom laparoskopije. Takav odnos bi mogao biti koristan za predviđanje uspjeha ovulacije u superovulacijskim protokolima. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ustanoviti ultrazvučnu preciznost u predviđanju stope ovulacije superovuliranih koza. U tu svrhu korišteno je 17 koza burske pasmine podvrgnutih standardnom superovulacijskom protokolu. Kozama su ultrazvučno pregledavani jajnici u vrijeme estrusa kako bi se izbrojali preovulatorni folikuli te nakon ovulacije (48 h kasnije) kako bi se izbrojali neovulirani folikuli. Preciznost ultrazvučnih pregleda je određena tako da se broj žutih tijela usporedio s brojem preovulatornih folikula kojima je oduzet broj neovuliranih folikula. Pri tome je utvrđeno relativno odstupanje ultrazvučnog predviđanja stope ovulacije od 38.37 %. Zbog manjeg broja životinja korištenih u pokusu odnos žutih tijela i preovulatornih folikula nije signifikantan, unatoč prisutnoj tendenciji koju bi trebalo provjeriti na većem broju životinja ili ultrazvučnih pregleda s više različitih ordinarijusa. Dobiveni rezultati se podudaraju s ranijim istraživanjima koja su pokazala da ultrazvučni pregled jajnika superovuliranih koza omogućuje utvrđivanje samo približnog broja folikula. Najveći razlog za nemogućnost određivanja točnog broja folikula je superpozicija folikula odnosno prikrivanje jednog folikula s drugim ako ih je veći broj. U prilog tome govore i bolji rezultati ako su brojani jajnici s manje od 10 folikula. Ultrazvučni pregledi jajnika superovuliranih koza daju korisne informacije o folikularnoj dinamici, potvrdi i postotku ovulacije te samom uspjehu superovulacije, a ujedno štedi vrijeme jer se iz protokola mogu izbaciti životinje u kojih se na jajnicima pojave ciste ili pak ne dođe do ovulacije.

Vaginalna endoskopija je pregled vagine koristeći rigidni endoskop s optičkim vlaknom. Vaginoskopiju izvodimo i direktnom vizualizacijom humanim pedijatarskim proktoskopom. Prije izvođenja zahvata kuje nije potrebno sedirati. Vaginoskopski pregled bazira se na promatranju veličine i izgleda nabora sluznice, boji sluznice i prisutnosti iscjetka. Intrauterino osjemenjivanje kuja osnova je uspješne uporabe smrznutog psećeg sjemena. Postojalo je mišljenje da je transcervikalno osjemenjivanje kod kuja nemoguće pa je sve do nedavno većina veterinara kirurškim zahvatom aplicirala sjeme u maternicu. Endoskopsko transcervikalno osjemenjivanje osigurava vizualizaciju cerviksa koristeći rigidni endoskop i prolaz plastičnog katetera kroz cervikani kanal. Endoskopska tehnika omogućava da veterinar i vlasnik promatraju i mogu potvrditi intrauterinu aplikaciju sjemena.

Ultrasound guided transvaginal oocyte recovery, also known as ovum pick up (OPU), and in vitro embryo production (IVP) provides an alternative mean to increase the number of offspring from genetically valuable cows. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of two different cattle breeds on oocyte recovery rate, quality and subsequent embryo development after transvaginal ovum pick up. Transvaginal ultrasound guided (Pie Medical, Netherlands) oocyte collection was performed in 8 nonlactating donor cows (4 Holstein-Frisian and 4 Charolais). Cows were synchronized with PGF2 and stimulated with pFSH, twice a day during two days (Folltropin® ; , Bioniche, a total dose: 200 mg NIH-FSH-P1). OPU was performed 24 hours after the last FSH injection and procedure was repeated every second week for eight consecutive weeks. The number of aspirated follicles, the number of retrieved oocytes and oocyte recovery rate were recorded. The collected oocytes were morphologicaly evaluated and subsequently submitted to in vitro embryo production. The cleavage rates on Day 2, the total number of morulas (M) and blastocysts (Bl) on Day 7 and the numbers of hatched blastocysts (hBl) on Day 9 were recorded. Significantly more follicles were aspirated from Charolais cows (p

Istraživanjem smo željeli odrediti metabolički profil tijekom puerperija burskih koza. U tu svrhu smo koristili 14 koza burske pasmine i 8 koza križanih u tipu njemačke srnaste koze (kontrolna skupina) u dobi 2-4 godine. Uzorci krvi su uzimani svaka tri dana počevši od trećeg pa sve do 40. dana nakon poroda. Određivali smo sljedeće pokazatelje: aspartat aminotransferazu, gama-glutamiltransferazu, alkalnu fosfatazu, kreatin kinazu, glukozu, ukupne bjelančevine, albumine, trigliceride, kolesterol, ureju, kreatinin, bilirubin i ß-hidroksibutirat, te Ca, P, Na, K, Cl i Mg. Ustanovili smo značajno višu (P0, 05). Međutim, vrijednosti svih pokazatelja bile su u normalnim fiziološkim granicama za obje skupine koza. Provedenim istraživanjem smo ustanovili da skupina burskih koza nije imala metaboličke poremećaje neovisno o povišenoj razini nekih jetrenih enzima. Budući je burska koza poliestrična pasmina koza, glede dobivenih rezultata možemo zaključiti da će u njih osovina hipotalamus-hipofiza-jajnici biti uspostavljena tijekom fiziološkog razdoblja puerperija.

Istraživanje je provedeno u svrhu određivanja etiologije i prevalencije intramamarnih infekcija mliječnih koza u sjevernoj regiji Hrvatske. Uzeti su uzorci mlijeka (n=606) od 303 životinje iz nasumično odabranih stada (n=5). Stada su se kretala od 40 do 114 mliječnih koza francuske alpske pasmine u laktaciji. Koze su držane intenzivno, stajski, bez ispusta. Mužnja se obavlja u izmuzištu, strojno, u kantu. Bakteriološkom pretragom 600 uzoraka mlijeka dobili smo 122 bakteriološki pozitivnih uzoraka. Prevalencija intramamarnih infekcija bila je 20, 1% (n=122) od svi pregledanih uzoraka polovina vimena. Najučestaliji uzročnik mastitisa bio je Stapylococcus aureus 72, 1% (n=88 uzoraka polovina vimena). Bacillus spp. izoliran je iz 13% uzoraka (n=16), koagulaza negativni Staphylococci (CNS) kod 9, 8% (n=12), Streptococcus skupine D 4, 1% (n=5). Salmonella spp. I Listeria monocytogenes nisu izdvojene. Prevalencija intramamarnih infekcija između lijeve i desne polovine vimena nije bila značajna.

The aim of this research was to establish the importance and accuracy of the ultrasonic examination of donor goats submitted to superovulation procedures. For this reason 9 goats were systematically examined by ultrasound: 1) to monitor development of the follicles on the ovaries after hormonal treatement started ; 2) to confirm the ovulation(s) and 3) to assess the quality of the corpus/ora luteum/ea (CL) on the respective ovaries. To perform the ultrasonic examination the animals were placed in dorsal recumbency and 7, 5MHz ultrasound probe was placed into the rectum. The accuracy of the ultrasound exams was measured by comparing the number of follicles counted on ovaries with number of corpora lutea presented after laparatomy was done to accomplish the lavage of uterus and collection of the 7 days old embryos. The absence of follicle(s) on ovaries after ovulation was expected and does mated was considered as a sign of occured ovulation. The rate of follicles found on the ovaries by ultrasound / number of corpora lutea counted when the uterus was rinsed was 57, 86%. If there were less then 10 follicles per ovary the results were even better. The ultrasonic exams of donor goats is appreciable tool by which follicular dynamics can be followed and the success of superovulation procedure predicted and measured.

Mliječne krave tijekom svog života prolaze brojne tranzicije te se laktacija i suhostaj biološki gledaju kao izmjenjivi periodi iznimno teškog rada i nužnog odmora. Trajanje suhostaja trebalo bi biti oko 55 dana a može se kretati od 42 do 60 dana. Kraće trajanje suhostaja od navedenog, mliječnoj žlijezdi neće dopustiti da se regenerira a utjecat će na slabiju produkciju mlijeka u slijedećoj laktaciji. Produkcija mlijeka bit će slabija i u slučaju kada je trajanje suhostaja duže od 70 dana. Glavni zadatak tijekom suhostaja je imati krave sa zdravim vimenima. Kako bi se postigao ovaj cilj potrebno je riješiti postojeće intramamarne infekcije te spriječiti nove infekcije tijekom suhostaja. Ugodan okoliš i pravilan smještaj životinja, osobito prije teljenja, osnova je za kontrolu mastitisa.

In vorliegender Untersuchung wurde der Einfluss der Milchproduktion auf die Fruchtbarkeitsstörungen bei Kühen im Puerperium erforscht Für die Untersuchung wurden insgesamt 90 Simmentaler-Kühe im Puerperium herangezogen. Sie wurden entsprechend ihrer Milchleistung in drei Gruppen eingeteilt. Die erste Gruppe umfasste 30 Kühe mit einer Milchleistung bis 3.500 L, die zweite Gruppe 30 Kühe mit einer Milchleistung bis 4.500 L, während in der dritten Gruppe 30 Kühe mit einer Milchleistung über 5.500 L waren. Nach der Erhebung einer detaillierten Anamnese wurden während der ganzen Untersuchungsdauer klinische Daten über den Gesundheitszustand der Muttertiere verzeichnet. Dabei wurde eine besondere Aufmerksamkeit verschiedenen pathologischen Zuständen im Puerperium, wie Puerperalendometritis, Retentio secundinarum, gestörte Funktion der Ovarien und chronische Endometritis geschenkt. Für die Untersuchung wurden nur Kühe in der 3. und 4. Laktation herangezogen. Die Dauer der Serviceperiode stellte die Grundlage für die Beurteilung der Reproduktionsfähigkeit der Kühe dar. Die Untersuchung ergab, dass bei Kühen der Gruppe mit einer Milchleistung von über 5.500 L signifikant längere Serviceperiode, signifikant häufigeres Auftreten von Fruchtbarkeitsstörungen und signifikant höherer Besamungsindexes (P

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of three cattle breeds on number of aspirated follicles, retrieved oocytes, oocyte recovery rate, oocyte quality and subsequent embryo development after transvaginal Ovum Pick-Up. Transvaginal ultrasound guided (Pie Medical, the Netherlands) oocyte collection was performed in 12 nonlactating donor cows (4 Simmental, 4 Charolais and 4 Holstein-Friesian). Cows were synchronized with PGF2 and stimulated with pFSH, twice a day during two days (Folltropin® ; , Bioniche, a total dose: 200 mg NIH-FSH-P1). OPU was performed 24 hours after the last FSH injection and procedure was repeated every second week for eight consecutive weeks. The number of aspirated follicles, the number of retrieved oocytes and oocyte recovery rate were recorded. The recovered oocytes were morphologically classified into four (1-4) quality categories. Grade 1 and 2 oocytes were matured, fertilized and cultured in vitro. The culture medium was composed of synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) medium with aminoacids and 8 mg/mL BSA, and the embryos were cultured for 9 days at 38.5°C in 5% CO2, 5% O2, 90% N2 atmosphere with maximum humidity. The cleavage rates on Day 2, the total number of morulas (M) and blastocysts (Bl) on Day 7 and the numbers of hatched blastocysts (hBl) on Day 9 were recorded. All results were analyzed with ANOVA (StatSoft, Statistic, version 7.1.) and with Tukey’ s tests post-hoc analysis. The OPU results are presented in Table 1. Table 1. Number of aspirated follicles, oocytes recovered and oocyte morphology in Simmental, Charolais and Holstein-Friesian cows (mean ± ; S.E.M.) Animal breed Number of follicles punctuired per animal Number of recovered oocytes per animal Oocyte recovery rate per animal Number of grade 1-2 oocytes per animal Number of grade 3-4 oocytes per animal Simmental 14.1± ; 1.1a 9.7± ; 1.1a 68.8± ; 0.08 6.2± ; 0.8 a 1.4± ; 0.3 Charolais 13.1± ; 1.4a 9.1± ; 1.4 a 69.4± ; 0.05 6. 9± ; 1.2 a 1.6± ; 0.2 Holstein-Friesian 8.6± ; 0.5b 4.9± ; 0.5 b 56.9± ; 0.09 3.5± ; 0.5 b 1.2± ; 0.2 abValues with different superscripts differ between columns ((P

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden, bei einem Patientengut von 105 Stuten, die Ursachen für Dystokien untersucht. Gleichzeitig wurde auch die Sterblichkeitsrate nach der Behandlung der erwähnten Dystokien verfolgt. Unter den häufigsten Ursachen für Dystokien sind fehlerhafte Kopfhaltungen (35, 2%), fehlerhafte Stellungen (22, 8%) wie auch fehlerhafte Lagen der Frucht (11, 3%) zu finden. Fehlerhafte Haltungen der Vordergliedmaßen verursachten in 6, 6% der Fälle eine Schwergeburt. Fehlerhafte Haltungen der Hinterextremitäten in 4, 7% der Fälle, Pathologie der Früchte in 3, 8%, Missbildungen in 2, 8%, Torsio uteri in 2, 8% und Rupturen der Gebärmutter waren in 1, 9% der Fälle Ursache für Schwergeburten. Relativ häufig (5, 7%) trat eine Zweihörnerträchtigkeit auf. Haupthilfsmethode bei der Behandlung der Dystokien war die Fetotomie (Teilfetotomie 66, 6% sowie Totalfetotomie 31, 4%). Die Überlebensrate der Stuten lag bei 87, 7%. Da die Mortalitätsrate über 10% liegt kann man schließen, dass es sich bei Dystokien um lebensbedrohliche Situationen handelt.

The efficiency of ovum pick-up (OPU) and in vitro embryo production (IVP) considerably depends on the number and the quality of retreived oocytes per session.

Cilj našeg istraživanja bio je istražiti utjecaj faze spolnog ciklusa i promjera folikula na razvojnu sposobnost polučenih jajnih stanica u postupku dozrijevanja oplodnje in vitro. Iz 70 jajnika zaklanih krava simentaske pasmine aspirirali smo ukupno 1.682 folikula promjera do 8 mm tijekom ljetnog razdoblja (lipanj i srpanj). Na osnovi morfološke ocjene, parove jajnika smo razvrstali u 3 različite faze spolnog ciklusa, a folikule u dvije kategorije (> od 3 mm i < od 3 mm). Pregledom aspirirane tekućine pronašli smo 737 jajnih stanica, od kojih 475 u kategoriji manjih od 3 mm, a 262 u kategoriji većih od 3 mm. Uspjeh aspiracije iznosio je 43, 8%. Dobivene nezrele jajne stanice morfološki smo ocjenili i svrstali u 3 kategorije, od kojih su u postupak dozrijevanja ušle samo jajne stanice I i II kategorije („ dobre“ jajne stanice). Odabrane jajne stanice stavili smo u medij za dozrijevanje te ih nakon inkubacije od 24 sata oplodili duboko smrznutom spermom bika pripremljenoj na gradijentu Percoll® ; . Drugog dana nakon oplodnje utvrdili smo postotak brazdanja od 50, 6%. Dobivene zametke smo uzgajali u definiranom mediju SOFaaBSA do stadija morula i blastocista. Nakon 7. dana uzgoja dobili smo 59 (15, 8%) morula i blastocista, a 11. dana 37 (9, 9%) blastocista i 22 (5, 9%) izlijeganih blastocista koje smo klasificirali po IETS standardima. Nismo ustanovili značajnu razliku u sposobnosti uspjeha dozrijevanja, oplodnje i uzgoja jajnih stanica među različitim fazama spolnog ciklusa niti među kategorijama folikula. Budući da su Makek i sur. (2000.) u proljetnom razdoblju, uz iste uvjete uzgoja te po istom protokolu rada u istom laboratoriju, dobili veći broj trasferbilinih zametaka, možemo pretpostaviti da je na dobivene rezultate utjecala sezona (ljeto) u kojoj su provedena istraživanja.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate weather the addition of cysteamine during in vitro culture (IVC) of bovine embryos enhances embryo development. Cumulus-oocytes complexes collected from ovaries of slaughtered donors were matured in vitro in TCM 199 supplemented with 10% FCS, FSH/LH (Pergonal, 75/75 IU, Serono), 1 µ ; g/ml estradiol-17ß and 100 µ ; M cysteamine for 24 hours. After IVM the oocytes were fertilized (Day 0). Following fertilization embryos were cultured in SOFaaBSA without glucose for 48 h. Day 3 embryos were transfered to SOFaaBSA with 1, 5 mM glucose (SOF g) supplemented with 0 or 100 µ ; M cysteamine and cultured for 48 h. After this, embryos were transferred in SOF g without cysteamine and cultured until Day 9. Total of 474 oocytes were used in five repetitions. The endpoints for evaluation were: Day 2 cleavage rate ; Day 7 blastocyst rate and Day 9 hatching rate. The percentage of embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage on Day 7 was significantly higher (p

The success of ovum pick-up (OPU) and in vitro embryo production considerably depends on the number and the quality of retrieved oocytes per session and also on the culture conditions. The aim of the study was to compare the effect of different synchronization protocols on oocyte retrieval and blastocyst production in vitro in FSH stimulated Simmental heifers. Twenty-eight normal cyclic Simmental heifers, aged between 14 and 20 months were selected based on transrectal palpation for oocyte donors. They were randomly allocated to one of three synchronization groups. In the 1st (PGFx2) group heifers (n=10) were synchronized with two prostaglandin F2 injections at 11-day interval. In the 2nd (PGF + DFR) group heifers (n=8) were synchronized with two prostaglandin F2 treatments at 11-day interval and dominant follicles (>8 mm) were aspirated (DFR: dominant follicle removal) 36 hours before FSH stimulation. In the 3rd (Crestar + DFR) group (n=10) a norgestomet ear implant without the prescribed oestrogen injection (Crestar® ; , Intervet, Begium) was inserted for 10 days. The implants were removed and dominant follicles were aspirated 36 hours before FSH stimulation. The stimulation with pFSH (Folltropin® ; -V, Vetrepharm Inc., London, Canada) was the same fir all three groups and it was administered twice a day, during two days beginning on the day 9 or 10 of the estrous cycle. The total amount of pFSH administered was 200 mg NIH-FSH-P1 in 4 equivalent doses. OPU was performed 48 hours after the last FSH injection. Only good quality oocytes were matured, fertilized and cultured in vitro in SOFaaBSA till the Day 9. Cultured embryos were evaluated morphologically according to IETS standards. The cleavage rates on Day 2, the total number of morulas (M) and blastocysts (Bl) on Day 7 and the number of hatched blastocysts (hBl) on Day 9 were recorded. The results were statistically analyzed with ANOVA (StatSoft, Statistic, version 7.1.) and with Tukey, s tests post-hoc analysis.The results are presented in the table. Table: Effect of different synchronization protocols on oocyte retrieval and IVF/IVC results in FSH stimulated Simmental heifers (mean± ; SD) Synchronization protocol Follicles aspirated Oocytes retrieved Oocytes in IVP Cleavage (%) M/Bl (%) hBL (%) PGFx2 group (n=10) 14.5 (± ; 3.9)a 10.3 (± ; 5.2)b 9.5 (± ; 5.6)a 86.8 (± ; 1.8)a 41.1 (± ; 2, 2) a 22.4 (± ; 1.8) a PGF + DFR group (n=8) 13.3 (± ; 3.9) a 7.6 (± ; 4.0) a 6.9 (± ; 4.5) ab 91.0 (± ; 1.3) a 28.9 (± ; 2.2) b 12.4 (± ; 1.4) b Crestar + DFR group (n=10) 13.1 (± ; 4.1) a 9.1 (± ; 4.1) ab 5.9 (± ; 3.6) b 94.7 (± ; 0.8) a 43.6 (± ; 2.0)a 23.2 (± ; 1.5) a Values with different superscripts within the same columns differ significantly (P

Am 29. 06. 2005 wurde in die Klinik fur Geburtshilfe und Reproduktion eine zehnjarige Quarter-Horse stute mit Verdacht auf einen Ovartumor eingelifert. Die Stute wurde sechs wochenzuvor gepaart, da die Routineuntersuchung eine Overgrose von 4x6 cm ergeben hatte. Vier Wochen nach der Deckung konnte der ortliche Tierartz jedoch keine Trachtigkeit diagnostizieren, sondern lediglich eine Vergroserung des rechten Ovars auf 8x10 cm, wobei am linken Ovar keine Veranderungen festzustellen waren. Zur gleichen zeit berichtete der Tierhalter uber Verhaltensstorungen der Stute, die immer mehr dem Verhalten eines hangstes ahnelten. Unmittelbar nach der Aufnahme in der Klinik wurde die Stute einer rektalen Ultraschaluntersuchung unterzogen. Dabei konte ein multilokulares, 9x13 cm grosses, Tumorgeschehen diagnostiziert werden. Der Stute wurde Blut zur Bestimmung einiger haematologisher und biochemisher Parameter entnommen. Vor der Operation wurde ihr Sulfamethoxypyridazin 50 mg/kg i.v., Penizillin 10000 iU/kg i.m., Dihidrostreptomycinsulfat 10 mg/kg i.m. sowie Tetanus Antitoxin 300, 15 IU/kg i.v. verabreicht. Es wurde am stehenden Pferd in der rechten Fossa paralumbalis in Lokalanestesie operiert, uber eine Infiltrationanesthesie in inverser L-Form (1% Lidocain). Fur die Sedierung wurden Acepromasin und Methadon verwendet und wahrend der Operation Xylazin. Auf das Eierstocksband wurden Auto Suture TA90 Titanklammern gesetz. Die Stute wurde nach einem funftagigen Klinikaufenthalt in guter Verfassung entlassen. Der erste Oestrus trat am 20. 07. 2005, nur drei Wochen nach dem operativen Eingriff auf.

In the present research the influence of metabolic parameters on return of ovarian cyclicity in puerperium of Holstein-frisian cows was investigated. We determined following metabolic parameters: glucose, total proteins, urea, enzymes AST, ALT and enzyme creatine kinase in total of 30 cows, during the 45 days of puerperium. Cows between 2 and 4 years old were examined gynecological and with ultrasound. Cows were divided in two groups based on their lactation. In the first group, lactation was 30 L. Blood samples were taken from v. coccigea twice a week starting from day 4 till day 45 of puerperium. Samples were centrifuged and stored frozen on -20°C till further biochemical tests. We determined significant difference (P30 L had significantly increased AST and ALT levels, in relation to the group of cows with milk production

Numerous researches suggest that the intrinsic quality of the oocyte is the critical factor determining the proportion of the oocytes developing to the blastocyst stage, although culture conditions also affect developmental potential of the embryo. The aim of this research was to compare the embryo developmental competence of immature oocytes recovered from slaughterhouse ovaries (SO) and those recovered in vivo by ovum pick up (OPU). Transvaginal ultrasoung guided (Pie Medical, Netherlands) oocyte collection was performed in 6 Simmental donor heifers. Heifers were synchronized with PGF2 and stimulated with pFSH, twice a day during two days (Folltropin® ; ; -V, Vetrepharm Inc., London, Canada, a total dose: 200 mg NIH-FSH-P1). OPU was performed 48 hours after the last FSH injection and procedure was repeated once a week for six consecutive weeks. Oocytes were matured, fertilized and cultured in vitro in SOFaaBSA until Day 9. The cleavage rates on Day 2, the total number of morulas (M) and blastocysts (Bl) on Day 7 and the numbers of hatched blastocysts (hBl) on Day 9 were recorded. Differential staining of the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm cells were performed on random samples on Day 7 blastocysts (n=24). The results were analyzed with ANOVA (StatSoft, Statistic, version 7.1.) and with Tukey’ s tests post-hoc analysis. The results are presented in the table. Table: Effect of bovine oocyte origin on in vitro development of embryos (mean± ; ; SD) Oocyte origin N Cleavage (%) M/Bl (%) HBL (%) Slaughterhouse oocytes 398 76.83 (± ; ; 2.31)a 29.96 (± ; ; 2.08) a 16.78 (± ; ; 0.78) a OPU-derived oocytes 212 81.29 (± ; ; 8.83) a 44.71 (± ; ; 7.20)b 35.57 (± ; ; 5.87) b Values with different superscripts within the same columns differ significantly (P

U radu smo obuhvatili 43 kobile na kojima je rađena 21 totalna i 22 parcijalne fetotomije. Zahvat su preživjele 32 kobile. Glavni pokazatelj reprodukcijske sposobnosti nakon zahvata bila je pojava spolnog ciklusa (tjeranje). Od 32 preživjele kobile tjeralo se njih 25 od kojih je 15 pripušteno. Njih 9 normalno se oždrijebilo u terminu što iznosi 60%. Što su životinje prilikom zahvata bile starije, što je bio veći broj fetotomskih rezova te što je porod duže trajao to je rizik za uginuće životinje bio veći.

Inder vorliegenden Arbeit wurden, bei einem Patientengut von 105 Stuten, die Ursachenfür Dystokien untersucht. Gleichzeitig wurde auch die Sterblichkeitsrate nach derBehandlung der erwähnten Dystokien verfolgt. Unter den häufigsten Ursachen fürDystokien sind fehlerhafte Kopfhaltungen (35, 2%), fehlerhafte Stellungen (22, 8%)wie auch fehlerhafte Lagen der Frucht (11, 3%) zu finden. Fehlerhafte Haltungender Vordergliedmaßen verursachten in 6, 6% der Fälle eine Schwergeburt. FehlerhafteHaltungen der Hinterextremitäten in 4, 7% der Fälle, Pathologie der Früchte in3, 8%, Missbildungen in 2, 8%, Torsio uteri in 2, 8% und Rupturen der Gebärmutter warenin 1, 9% der Fälle Ursache für Schwergeburten. Relativ häufig (5, 7%) trat eine Zweihörnerträchtigkeitauf. Haupthilfsmethode bei der Behandlung der Dystokien war die Fetotomie(Teilfetotomie 66, 6% sowie Totalfetotomie 31, 4%). Die Überlebensrate der Stutenlag bei 87, 7%. Da die Mortalitätsrate über 10% liegt kann man schließen, dasses sich bei Dystokien um lebensbedrohliche Situationen handelt.

An die Klinik für Geburtshilfe und Reproduktion der Veterinärmedizinischen Fakultät in Zagreb wurde eine Grüne Iguana (Iguana iguana) gebracht. Das Weibchen befand sich in einem schlechten Allgemeinzustand und hatte zudem auch kaum Appetit. Auf dem Röntgenbild waren im Abdomen mehrere calcifizierte Eier zu erkennen. In Absprache mit der Tierbesitzerin wurde eine medikamentöse Therapie der Eiretention mit Calciumglukonat und Oxytocin eingeleitet. Eine Stunde nach intramuskulärer Injektion von 100 mg Calcium, wurden 10 I.E. Oxytocin intramuskulär verabreicht. Obwohl dies nur ein Drittel von dem in der Literatur empfohlenen Dosis ist, begann das Grüne Leguan Weibchen eine Stunde nach der Oxytocin Injektion mit der Eiablage. Während der nächsten 9 Stunden legte das Iguana Weibchen 53 Eier.

The aim of our research was to examine the ability of density gradient separation BoviPure® and swim up method on bull sperm separation and in vitro embryo production (IVP). Frozen/thawed semen from six Simmental bulls was pooled and treated using both methods. The sperm motility, concentration, membrane activity, membrane integrity and acrosomal status were evaluated and compared before and after sperm processing using BoviPure® and swim up methods. A total of 641 oocytes were matured and fertilized in vitro and cultured in SOFaaBSA. The cleavage rates on Day 2, the total number of morulas (M) and blastocysts (Bl) on Day 7 and the numbers of hatched blastocysts (hBl) on Day 9 were recorded. Differential staining of the inner cell mass (ICM) and trophectoderm cells were performed on Day 7 blastocysts. The percentage of cleavage and the percentage of hatched embryos were similar for both methods, 77.25 ± 2.02% ; 14.88 ± 2.38% for BoviPure® and 72.63 ± 3.98% ; 12.11 ± 0.69% for swim up. However, embryo production rate at Day 7 was significantly higher using BoviPure® method (P