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Purpose: To evaluate the effect of strabismus surgery on dynamic balance by using computerized dynamic posturography in children with strabismus. Methods: This study was designed as a prospective observational study. Hearing tests and complete ophthalmological examinations were performed for all subjects. Patients with moderate and severe amblyopia, hearing loss at any level, and/or any suspicion of balance impairment were excluded from the study. Postural stability evaluation was performed by computerized dynamic posturography including sensory organization test, adaptation test, and rhythmic weight shift test. All tests were applied preoperatively and in the postoperative 1st and 3rd months, respectively. Results: Fifteen female and twelve male pre-adolescents aged between 7 and 12 (9.67 ± 1.62 years) were included in the current study. In the sensory organization test, the preoperative visual ratio percentages (73.19 ± 14.95%) improved statistically significantly at the postoperative 1st and 3rd months (78.59 ± 16.21% and 81.44 ± 14.18; p =.026, p =.021, respectively). The preoperative toes up (110.66 ± 33,48) and toes down (81.46 ± 28.36) adaptation tests improved statistically significantly in the postoperative 3rd month (88.74 ± 20.94 and 63.36 ± 16.03; p <.001, p =.001, respectively). In the Rhythmic Weight Shift test, the postoperative 3rd-month directional control (forward-backward) value (74.25 ± 11.51%) was statistically significantly higher compared to the preoperative directional control (forward-backward) value (67.76 ± 11.38%) (p =.011). The postoperative 3rd-month directional control (forward-backward) value (74.25 ± 11.51%) was statistically significantly higher compared to the postoperative 1st-month directional control (forward-backward) value (68.43 ± 14.00%) (p =.028). Conclusion: Surgical treatment resulted in an improvement in the maintenance of dynamic balance in children with strabismus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether ABO and Rhesus (Rh) blood type systems are associated with distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) and transient otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) amplitudes, with the hypothesis that blood types affect hearing thresholds. Methods: Seventy participants with normal hearing, aged 18-26 years, with normal tympanometry and otoscopic examination findings, were included in the study. TEOAE and DPOAE tests were conducted on all participants. Results: The Rh factor did not significantly affect the OAE results. It was found that the TEOAE amplitudes of blood type B at 1.4 kHz in the left ear were higher than those of blood types A and AB. The amplitude of AB blood was lower than that of O, A, and B blood types at 2 kHz. Conclusion: Our study results did not indicate a consistent pattern for a specific blood type, in contrast to previous findings. Additional research is required to investigate the potential correlation between hearing function and ABO and Rh blood types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Since the physiological background of motion sickness is not entirely clear, it was aimed to examine the physiological differences in groups consisting of individuals susceptible and non-susceptible to motion sickness. METHODS: Sixty subjects [motion sickness (MS) group: 33 female, 3 male; 28.8 ± 8.1 years; control group: 19 female, 5 male; 24.5 ± 4.3 years] were included in the study. Near visual acuity test on the treadmill in the presence of visual stimulation, pattern visual-evoked potentials, oculomotor tests, and computerized dynamic posturography were applied. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to determine the parameter that provides the excellent discrimination between the groups. RESULTS: The most effective parameter in differentiating the study groups was determined as dynamic visual acuity with 77.8% sensitivity and 95.8% specificity. Significant differences were found in the vestibular (mean ± standard deviation: 0.63 ± 0.17), visual (0.77 ± 0.18), and composite scores (73.11 ± 11.89) of the patients (P = .000) in posturographic evaluation. In the visual-evoked potential examination, a significant decrease was found in the amplitude values between the P100-N145 waves in the binocular (5.0 ± 2.8, P = .002), right eye (7.6 ± 3.2, P = .009) and left eye (7.9 ± 2.9, P = .016) in the symptomatic patients. In binocular oculomotor evaluation, directional asymmetric findings were obtained. CONCLUSION: It has been shown that the most effective test parameter that distinguishes the MS susceptible and non-susceptible individuals is the dynamic visual acuity value. Based on the results of neuro-physiological tests, it was suggested that a possible visual-vestibular integration disorder in individuals susceptible to motion sickness may affect visual and vestibular performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Digital noise reduction (DNR) minimizes the effect of noise on speech signals by continuously monitoring frequency bands in the presence of noise. In the present study, we explored the effect of DNR technology on speech intelligibility in individuals using hearing aids (HAs) and investigated implications for daily use. Methods and material: Eighteen participants with bilateral moderate sensorineural hearing loss (aged 16-45 years) were included. Bilateral receiver-in-the-ear HAs were fitted in the participants. The adaptive and nonadaptive (with a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of +5 and -5 dB, respectively) Turkish matrix sentence test (TURMatrix) in noise and freefield hearing assessments, including hearing thresholds with hearing aids, speech recognition thresholds (SRT), and speech discrimination scores, were conducted in two different conditions: HA in the DNR-on and DNR-off conditions. Results: No significant difference was observed between free-field hearing assessments with the HA in the DNR-off and DNR-on conditions (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the adaptive and nonadaptive TURMatrix revealed significant differences between the scores under the DNR-on and DNR-off conditions (P < 0.05). Nevertheless, under the DNR-on condition, there was no correlation between free-field hearing assessments with HA and TURMatrix results (P > 0.05). However, a significant correlation was observed between SRT scores with HA and TURMatrix scores (adaptive and nonadaptive, +5 and -5 dB SNR, respectively) under the DNR-off condition (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Our study findings suggest that DNR can improve speech intelligibility in noisy environments. Therefore, DNR can enhance an individual's auditory comfort by improving their capacity to grasp speech in background noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There are substantial differences in speech recognition performance of adult cochlear implant (CI) recipients. This study investigated the effects of cognitive function on speech recognition in CI recipients. Methods: The verbal working memory of 36 adults with unilateral CIs was tested using digit span tests. Attention and inhibition abilities were assessed by using the Stroop test (both congruent and incongruent tasks). Speech recognition in noise was measured using the Turkish matrix test. Results: A moderate negative correlation was observed between the critical signal-to-noise ratio obtained via speech recognition in noise test and the digit span test scores (backward and digit span total scores). There was no correlation between Stroop test scores and speech recognition in noise in CI recipients. Conclusion: The findings indicated that verbal working memory correlated well with speech recognition outcomes in adult CI recipients and that higher working memory capacity led to better speech recognition performance in noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In this study, we investigated the maternal severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection's effect on newborn hearing loss. Methods: Thirty-nine newborns whose mother's SARS-CoV-2 real time-polymerase chain reaction test was positive at the time of parturition were included in this study. Another 39 newborns who were born from healthy pregnancies were selected as the control group. Neonates with risk factors for hearing loss determined by the American Academy of Pediatrics Joint Committee on Infant Hearing 2007 and those with ear pathology were excluded. The newborn hearing screening was done with auditory brainstem response (ABR) test. Second ABR test (ABR-2) was performed on newborns who failed the 1st test (ABR-1). The third ABR test (ABR-3) was performed on newborns who failed the second ABR test (ABR-2). The screening results were analyzed statistically. Results: In the control group, a total of 6 (15.4%) newborns failed ABR-1, five newborns in one ear (3 right, 2 left), and one newborn in both ears. In the study group, a total of 14 (35.9%) newborns failed ABR-1, 11 newborns from both ears and 3 (2 right, 1 left) newborns from one ear. ABR-1 results were significantly worse in the study group's neonates (p=0.038). In addition, the rate of involvement of both ears was higher in the study group (p=0.018; p<0.05). 1 (16.7%) newborn in the control group and 2 (14.3%) newborns in the study group failed the ABR-2 in both ears. There was no statistically significant difference according to the ABR-2 test (p=0.681; p>0.05). All babies passed the ABR-3. Conclusion: There was a significant relationship between neonatal hearing loss and maternal SARS-CoV-2 infection. This hearing loss is usually bilateral and temporary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the functions of cochlear structures and the distal part of auditory nerve as well as dead regions within the cochlea in individuals with normal hearing with or without tinnitus by using electrophysiological tests. MATERIALS and METHODS: Nine individuals (ages: 21-59 years) with normal hearing with tinnitus were included in the study group. Thirteen individuals (ages: 25-60 years) with normal hearing without tinnitus were included in the control group. Immitancemetric examination, pure-tone audiometry (125Hz-16kHz), speech audiometry in quiet and noise environments, transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs), distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs), threshold equalizing noise (TEN test (500Hz-4kHz), and ECochG tests, Beck Depression Questionnaire, Tinnitus Handicap Questionnaire, and Visual Analog Scale were performed. RESULTS: In the study group, three patients were found to have a minimal depression and six were found to have a mild depression. In pure-tone audiometry, the threshold (6-16 kHz) in the study group was significantly higher than that of the control group at all frequencies. In the study group, lower performance scores were obtained in speech discrimination in noise in both ears. In the control group, no dead region was detected in the TEN test whereas 75% of subjects in the study group had dead regions. DPOAE and TEOAE responses between study and control group subjects were not different. In the ECochG test, subjects in the study group showed an increase in the summating potential/action potential (SP/AP) ratio in both ears. CONCLUSION: Determination of the SP/AP ratio in patients with tinnitus may be useful in diagnosing hidden hearing loss. Detection of dead regions in 75% of patients in the TEN test may indicate that inner hair cells may be responsible for tinnitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: Middle ear resonant frequency provides maximum vibration with minimum energy in the system of tympanic membrane and ossicles. At the same time, transmission of sound from the middle ear to the cochlea is maximum at resonant frequency. [1] There are two factors which affects resonant frequency. These are; mass and stiffness. Acording to newborns maturation steps, external ear, middle ear and cochlea vary significantly in their acoustic response properties. In that period, the external auditory meatus increases in size, the orientation of the tympanic membrane changes, and the middle ear mass decreases, among other changes. Newborns resonant frequency under influence of mass factor mostly. Nonetheless, this factor is known that which affects the test results. The resonant frequency is known that in the range of 800 to 1200 Hz in normal adults.[3] In general, it's average is about 900. Resonant frequency is used to assess the pathology of the adult middle ear system, especially fixation and luxation of the ossicular chain. The aim of this study is, to create fast and simple screening method to detect ossicular chain pathologies (fixation -- luxation, anathomic problems...) in newborns for maturation steps with resonant frequency normalization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was made in Istanbul University Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty, in the Department of Hearing and Speech Disorders between April 2013 and March 2015. Subjects have normal oyologic evidance and normal hearing. Risk factors, sex, birth weight, TEOAE and AABR results were considered. Subject who failed in TEOAE and AABR were excluded. GSI TympStar V2 Multi Frequency tympanometer was used to evaluate newborns resonant frequency. (250 Hz- 2000 Hz range) The reason of choosing multi frequency tympanometer is to allow to evaluate acoustic immitance's mass and stiffness elements separately. For OAE and screening ABR tests, MADSEN Accuscreen -- Newborn Hearing Screening equipment was used. 35 newborn (10 women, 25 men), total 70 ear were testted. To obtain the most reliable results; subjects was testted while sleeping in room free from environmental noise. Subjects have separeted into two groups; 0 - 33 day and 34 - 120 day. FINDINGS: The study shows that there are no significant difference between both ears resonant frequency. Resonant frequency average, in range of 0 - 33 day subject group was found ; Right: 280 Hz, Left: 270 Hz. Resonant frequency average, in range of 34 - 120 day subject group was found ; Right: 386,67 Hz, Left: 380 Hz. This shows that when the middle ear cavity grows, ossicle's mass effect increases, the resonance frequency increases. Between subject's maturation (growth) and the middle ear resonance frequency observed positive correlation. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In this study, 226 Hz probe tone immitancemetric evaluation on newborns's results whose middle ear resonance frequency is 250 Hz is double peaked curve. The reason for this is 226 Hz probe tone is very closed to resonant frequency (250 Hz). Therefore, it was observed that 226 Hz probe tone is not very suitable for evaluating newborns middle ear pathologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Normal hearing in early infancy is essential for speech, language, and social and emotional development of human beings. The usual age at diagnosis of hearing loss is at least 18-30 months (or even later in cases of less severe hearing loss) when there are no screening programs in use. The advent of technologic improvements in assessing the hearing of newborn infants has made possible the implementation of national newborn hearing screening. As a direct result of hearing screening programs, both the age of identification of hearing loss and ageat entrance into intervention programs are dropping from anaverage two-year age level to within the first few months of life. Previous studies showed that risk of low birth weight, low gestational age, preterm birth, perinatal morbidity and hospital admission is higher for fertilization in vitro infants than naturaly fertilization babies. Regard to these findings, we think that fertilization in vitro is risk factor for hearing loss. Our goal is to investigate whether the fertilization in vitro carries a risk in terms of hearing babies. MATERIALS and METHODS: This study is conducted at Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Audiology, University of Istanbul between the dates of January 2014 to March 2015. The study is included, 3395 naturaly fertilization infant and 33 fertilization in vitro infant. All of them are screened at Hearing Screening Unit of Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Audiology. Infants who failed the screening test were followed up diagnostically. RESULTS: 3352 of naturaly fertilization infants were passed the hearing screening test, 43 of them who failed the screening test were started use hearing aids. 27 of fertilization in vitro infants were passes the hearing screening test, 4 of them failed the screening test so the were followed up diagnostically. And 1 infant baby was diagnosed with hearing loss. He has a profound hearing loss. Now he use cochlear implant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports a case of bilateral cochlear implantation in a 4 year-old girl who was diagnosed to have bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss during newborn hearing screening program. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of late term bilateral sequential cochlear implantation. MATERIALS and METHODS: This study was conducted between March 2014 and March 2015 at the Istanbul University, Departments of Otorhinolaryngology and Audiology and Istanbul Training and Research Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology. A four year-old girl was diagnosed to have bilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss during newborn hearing screening program. Following appropriate work-up, right-sided cochlear implantation was performed in 10th November 2011. Due to thinning and hyperemia of the skin overlying the internal magnet noted in June 2012, topical treatment was tried but no regression was seen. At follow-up examinations, displacement of the internal part was noted and reposition of the internal part was carried out under general anesthesia in 21st January 2013. Skin defect was repaired and reconstructed by local flap administration in 15th May 2013. In 6th June 2013 right-sided cochlear explantation and left-sided implantation were performed. Although the patient demonstrated a rapid progress in language development following first (right-sided) cochlear implantation, language acquisition and development arrested and even regressed after the second (left sided) cochlear implantation. The patient was reimplanted on the right side in 6th January 2015. The patient was evaluated periodically with language development tests, audiologic assessments and auditory-cortical tests. EARS test battery was utilized to evaluate auditory development. Free field audiometric tests were conducted with GSI61 clinical audiometer and auditory-cortical responses were evaluated with FRYE HearLab ACA. RESULTS: The patient's auditory perception and language-speech assessment results before bilateral cochlear implantation are listed: She distinguishes familiar (to be familiar with) monosyllabic, two-syllable and three-syllable words only auditory stimuli without visual stimuli (MTP12: 22/24, repeats the rhythm of drum (when made with only drum and bell), repeats familiar two words when evaluating the auditory memory and distinguishes sister's and her own name. She makes sentences consists of 2 - 3 word. Lack of clarity of speech intelligibility was observed. The patient's auditory perception and language-speech assessment results after bilateral cochlear implantation are listed: MTP12: 24/24, BIS12: 24/24. She repeats familiar three words when evaluating the auditory memory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: Procuring language development of the patient with hearing impairment has vital importance to acquire the same speech and language development level with their peers who has normal hearing. Supporting the social, psychologic and motor skills is essential to have normal development as well as auditory-verbal support. Neuropathies can damage auditory and the other developmental areas during the newborn and early childhood process so it can be said neuropathies are serious obstructions for development. Although we often come across with auditory neuropathy in clinical practice, polyneuropaties, which affect different systems, are rare situations. The education of these children needs to be different from classical training methods. The purpose of the education system for the children with polyneuropathy is enhancing the performance by supporting all of the developmental areas composed of especially auditory and motor skills. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is investigating the effects of supporting the all of the developmental areas of polyneuropaty patients with hearing impairment which accompany the intense audiotory -- verbal education and cortical development. MATERIALS and METHODS: This study was conducted during the dates of April 2013 - March 2015 at Audiology department of ear,nose and throat department, Istanbul University. One girl patient with cochlear implant was recruited for this study. She had got bilateral severe sensorineural hearing loss and audiotory neuropaty and beside these she had polyneuropaty diagnosis from pediatric neurology department. The CI usage period is 24 months, the chronologic age is 6 years old. The patient participate the special education program in our departmant' education unit and special education center. She gets training of auditory-verbal education and sensory integration support. The patient was evaluated periodically with language development tests, audiologic assessments and auditory-cortical tests. EARS test battery was made use of testing auditory development. Free field audiometric tests was conducted with GSI61 clinical audiometer and auditory-cortical responses were evaluated with FRYE HearLab ACA . RESULTS: It was found that intense auditory- verbal education ( five day per week) and parent education significantly make a contribution to language and cortical development of the cochlear implant user patient's who has polyneuropaty diagnose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Video Head Impulse Test is recording the eye movements of a patient, whose eyes are fixed to a specific target while the clinician applies some small angled head movements with unpredictable direction and velocity, via a video camera. Semicircular canals and vestibular nerve branch which is inerves semicircular canals, evaluates with Video Head Impulse Test at every plane. The goal of this study is evaluating patients who have vestibular dysfunctions by using head impulse test and composing classification criteria according to pathologies. This study was conducted in Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Audiology, University of Istanbul between December 2014 and March 2015. The patients groups which have unilateral/bilateral vestibular dysfunction were tested. The results of the patients were compared to the results of normal individuals. The results of similarities and differences between normal and vestibular dysfunction patients has been discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SPL(Sound Presssure Level) as a function of frequency, at a specified measurement point in the ear canal, for a specified sound field, with the ear canal unoccluaded.The term real-ear measurement (REM) is used by audiologist to cover a range different measurements of the real acoustical characteristics of hearing aids. In clinical Audiology, the purpose of real-ear measurement is to compare and verify the real-ear acoustical characteristics of a hearing aid with a prescription target. This document also provides some guidance on the use of prescription targets. The aim of this study is to measure the sensitivity and determine normalization at REUR for 0-2 ages. This study has been conducted in Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Audiology, University of Istanbul between 2014 September and 2015 March and it is conducted with 50 participants with normal ear canal. Subjects have normal otologic evidence. Risk factors, sex, birth weight, week of birth were considered. FONIX FP35 Hearing Aid Analyzer and Otometrics AURICAL were used to evaluate the REUR for 0-2 ages. It was observed that the external ear canal resonance has shifted to low frequencies with maturation. All the results were discussed as a parameter of maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the physiological background of motion sickness is not entirely clear, it was aimed to examine the physiological differences in groups consisting of individuals susceptible and non-susceptible to motion sickness. Sixty subjects [motion sickness (MS) group: 33 female, 3 male; 28.8 ± 8.1 years; control group: 19 female, 5 male; 24.5 ± 4.3 years] were included in the study. Near visual acuity test on the treadmill in the presence of visual stimulation, pattern visual-evoked potentials, oculomotor tests, and computerized dynamic posturography were applied. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to determine the parameter that provides the excellent discrimination between the groups. The most effective parameter in differentiating the study groups was determined as dynamic visual acuity with 77.8% sensitivity and 95.8% specificity. Significant differences were found in the vestibular (mean ± standard deviation: 0.63 ± 0.17), visual (0.77 ± 0.18), and composite scores (73.11 ± 11.89) of the patients (P=.000) in posturographic evaluation. In the visual-evoked potential examination, a significant decrease was found in the amplitude values between the P100-N145 waves in the binocular (5.0 ± 2.8, P=.002), right eye (7.6 ± 3.2, P=.009) and left eye (7.9 ± 2.9, P=.016) in the symptomatic patients. In binocular oculomotor evaluation, directional asymmetric findings were obtained. It has been shown that the most effective test parameter that distinguishes the MS susceptible and non-susceptible individuals is the dynamic visual acuity value. Based on the results of neuro-physiological tests, it was suggested that a possible visual-vestibular integration disorder in individuals susceptible to motion sickness may affect visual and vestibular performance.

Background: Based on previous studies reporting language disorders associated with maternal overload and changes in parenting practices, this study aimed to investigate maternal gatekeeping and overprotectiveness in developmental language disorder (DLD)., Methods: Forty-five children with DLD and 46 children with typical language development (TLD) children were included in this study. To assess the level of maternal gatekeeping and overprotectiveness, we employed Maternal Gatekeeping Scale (MGS) and Parent Attitude Scale (PAS). Additionally, participant's language abilities were evaluated using Test of Early Language Development-3 (TELD-3), and their overall developmental status was assessed using Denver Development Screening Test-2 (DDST-II). Immitance-metric assessment and auto-acoustic emission testing were also used to assess hearing functions., Results: Mean PAS-overprotection (34.1 ± 8.4, 24.3 ± 5.9, P < .001) and MGS total scores (141.7 ± 24.1, 115.7 ± 20.5, P < .001) in children with DLD were significantly higher than those of the TLD. Factors affecting MGS scores were investigated using Multiple linear regression analysis. DLD diagnosis (β = 14.195, P  = .029), PAS-overprotection (β = 1.158, P  = .001) and family income level (β = 9.643, P  = .045) were found as significantly associated with MGS scores. In addition, PAS-overprotective obtained to have a partial mediating role in the relationship between DLD diagnosis and MGS scores (β = .391, P < .001)., Conclusion: Present study reveals that maternal gatekeeping is associated with DLD and overprotection. These findings underscore the importance of evaluating motherhood practices and fostering independency supportive attitudes in the care for children with DLD., Competing Interests: Declaration of Interests: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare., (2024 authors.)

Background: Proximal femoral nailing (PFN) and hip arthroplasty (HA) are the two most often utilized surgical procedures for treating hip fractures in older patients. The post-operative postural balance and functional outcomes of patients may be significantly influenced by the technical distinctions between PFN and HA. This will influence the surgeon's preferred course of therapy. To examine the functional outcomes of patients treated with PFN and HA following a hip fracture, this study used computerized dynamic posturography (CDP). The aim of that study was to evaluate how the two treatment modalities affected patients' post-operative balance, postural stability, and functional rehabilitation., Methods: A total of 26 patients who underwent proximal femoral surgery (15 patients PFN [58%] and 11 patients HA [42%]) due to hip fractures were evaluated at least 12 months postoperatively. They were tested by direct radiographs, hip joint examinations, Harris hip score (HHS), and CDP., Results: Twelve (46%) of 26 patients were male and 14 (54%) were female. The mean age of the participants in the study was 67.9±14.2 years. The mean follow-up period was 24 (12-44) months. The average Harris score of PFN group was 79.3 (46.8-100) points and HA group was 83.7 (61.9-99.9) points. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of Harris Score (P=0.54). The average of the mixed value of the balance results obtained with CDP (the Composite score) for PFN group was 70.5 (56-79) points, and for HA group was 71.9 (56-83) points. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of the Composite Score (P=0.47). Accordingly, 12 (80%) of the patients who underwent PFN had good results and 3 (20%) of them had bad results. Eight (72.7%) of those who underwent HA had good results and 3 (27.3%) had bad results. There was no statistically significant difference (P=0.66)., Conclusion: Comparing the composite score for balance results and HHS results for rehabilitation with the data of the patients who underwent PFN and HA, there was no statistically significant difference between these two techniques in terms of postural stabil-ity and balance as a result of CDP examination.