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Impulse Response testing is a widespread geophysical technique of monolithic plate-like structures (foundation slabs, tunnel lining, and supports for vertical, inclined and horizontal mine shafts, retaining walls) contact state and grouting quality evaluation. Novel approach to data processing based on normalized response attributes analysis is presented. It is proposed to use the energy of the normalized signal calculated in the time domain and the normalized spectrum area and the average-weighted frequency calculated in the frequency domain as informative parameters of the signal. The proposed technique allows users a rapid and robust evaluation of underground structure’s grouting or contact state quality. The advantage of this approach is the possibility of using geophysical equipment designed for low strain impact testing of piles length and integrity to collect data. Experimental study has been carried out on the application of the technique in examining a tunnel lining physical model with a known position of the loose contact area. As examples of the application of the methodology, the results of the several monolitic structures of operating municipal and transport infrastructure underground structures survey are presented. The applicability of the technique for examining the grouting of the tunnel lining and the control of injection under the foundation slabs is confirmed. For data interpretation the modified three-sigma criteria and the joint analysis of the attribute’s behavior were successfully used. The features of the field work methodology, data collection and analysis are discussed in detail. Approaches to the techniques' development and its application in the framework of underground constructions monitoring are outlined. The issues arising during acoustic examination of reinforced concrete plate-like structures are outlined.

This article argues that Fyodor Dostoevsky was a literary genius, capable of portraying the inner lives of his characters not only through verbal techniques — such as monologue, dialogue, and free indirect speech — but also through non-verbal means, vividly expressing his unique emotional style. The focus is primarily on the poetics and semantics of the gaze. In Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment, the gaze plays a pivotal role both in depicting characters’ emotions and in creating the novel’s intensely charged atmosphere. The article highlights the significance of the gaze in the novel and its rarity in world literature. Particular attention is given to the semantics of narrowed gaze. The visual behaviors of the characters are also examined as crucial elements of what Vladimir Toporov termed “fiction economy.” These behaviors contribute to the generation of symbolic imagery, such as the recurring image of the wall. The symbolic nature of the wall is analyzed in detail toward the end of the article. The observations presented demonstrate Dostoevsky’s exceptional artistry, challenging the widely held view of his artistic weaknesses — a perspective shared by Bunin, Nabokov, and other notable Russian writers.

Introduction. To increase the competitiveness of domestic NPP projects, it is necessary to reduce the construction time to 36 months. One of the ways to solve this problem is industrialization of the construction process, which uses prefabricated elements in the form of volumetric units with sheet steel cladding. The paper reviews open sources of information on the experience of erecting nuclear power plants using modular reinforced concrete structures with external sheet reinforcement. The following projects were considered: AR-1000 by Westinghouse (USA) and ATS-1000 (SNERDI).Materials and methods. On the basis of analysis, generalization and systematization of information obtained from open sources, the authors reviewed the practical experience of application of structures with external sheet reinforcement in the construction of NPP (under the AP-1000 and CAP-1000 projects) at the following facilities: Sanmen, Haiyang, Xudabao and Lianjiang (China), V.C. Summer and Vogle (USA).Results. The main method of erection in the implementation of NPP projects using modular reinforced concrete structures with external sheet reinforcement was the erection of extra-large units using the open-top technology. The use of such technology imposes higher requirements to the design documentation, manufacturing of unit modules requires strict control of logistic risks. Lack of quality control methods for compaction of monolithic concrete placed in the structure increases the requirements to the quality of concrete mixtures and technology of their placement.Conclusions. In general, the technology of modular construction using reinforced concrete structures with external sheet reinforcement allows to significantly reduce labor costs of erecting structures directly on the construction site. However, based on the results of analyzing the experience of implementation of AR-1000 and SAR-1000 design solutions, it was found that additional logistical risks and risks of ensuring the quality of monolithic concrete placement arise when implementing this technology.

Background. In an earlier article (Kapustin, 2024a), as a result of the analysis of E. Fromm’s works, three basic theoretical provisions were formulated that constitute the basis of the proposed integrative approach to understanding the personal prerequisites of the clients’ problems in psychotherapy and its purpose, which allows for considering the diferent perspectives on these issues contained in the well-known theories of psychotherapy by S. Freud, A. Adler, K. Jung, C. Rogers and V. Frankl from a unifed common position. Te frst of them characterizes the objective property of human life inherent in its very nature, the second one concerns the typical personal prerequisites for the clients’ problems in psychotherapy, and the third one identifes the purpose of psychotherapy itself. Te subsequent publications (Kapustin, 2024b, 2024c), based on the analysis of the theories of S. Freud, A. Adler and V. Frankl, have demonstrated the declared possibilities of the integrative approach. Objective. To analyze theoretical ideas on the typical personal prerequisites of the clients’ problems in psychotherapy and its purpose contained in the works of K. Jung and C. Rogers from the position of an integrative approach, demonstrating its capabilities on the basis of these theories. Results. It is shown that theoretical ideas of the named authors on the typical personal prerequisites of the clients’ problems in psychotherapy and its purpose can be considered as a particular case of the more general basic provisions of the integrative approach. Conclusions. Ideas of K. Jung and C. Rogers about the typical personal prerequisites for the clients’ problems in psychotherapy and its purpose, despite obvious theoretical diferences, nevertheless allow for considering them from a unifed, common positionset by the three basic provisions of the integrative approach. Tus, on the basis of thesetwo psychotherapeutic theories, the proposed integrative approach obtains a certaintheoretical justifcation for its capabilities.

Long-term operation of the supporting surfaces of large-sized parts, in particular tubular units of thermal power plants, leads to the destruction of the contact surfaces. Moisture penetrates into the formed discontinuities, and the vibrations present in the equipment in use rapidly increase the gap, reaching values of 10–15 mm. The authors of this article proposed the application of a composite layer of multimetal 1018 material without performing additional preparatory operations, ensuring the mandatory penetration of the material into the body of the supporting surface. This depth provides additional stability by maintaining boundary conditions. To determine the rational thickness of the composite layer, mathematical modeling of static loading of samples with different thicknesses in a wide range of values (from 2 mm to 12 mm) was performed. It was determined that the effective implementation of the developed technology was possible due to an increase in the load-bearing capacity of the composite material by creating additional grooves, or artificially creating grooves by welding, in the body of the part with a depth of 2.5–3 mm. The optimal excess of the composite was 1.0–1.5 mm. The proposed technology increases the stability of the composite layer up to three times and allows restoration without the use of mechanical treatment. The increase in the maximum stress values was 770 MPa, compared to the standard technology of 205 MPa.

Antigen (AG)-specific T cell activity was compared in two groups of patients: those who underwent COVID-19 in 2021 during the circulation of the SARS-CoV-2 delta virus strain (43 individuals); and those who underwent COVID-19 in 2022 (Omicron strain, 23 individuals). The diagnosis was confirmed by PCR analysis of nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs. The 23 individuals following COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 (omicron) were part of a cohort of 41 volunteers who were examined multiple times during 2021–2023: during vaccination, after vaccination, before revaccination, and subsequently after illness (6–8 times in total). Due to this, it was possible to compare the indices of specific humoral and cellular immunity in the same patients 1–2 months before and after breakthrough infection. Detection of AG-specific T cells and assessment of their activity by AG-stimulated IFNγ production was carried out by our own previously developed method (Patent RU № 2780369 C1). For stimulation of memory T effectors in vitro, the same antigens were used to determine the concentration of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 by ELISA method. A total of about 300 blood samples from healthy subjects and patients after COVID-19 were analyzed. Each sample was tested against 3 SARS-CoV-2 antigens and in 2 stimulation modes. A qualitative assessment algorithm for AG-specific T cell activity has been proposed that can be used to monitor the state of cellular immunity in a population in which SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to circulate and to create insights into what level of T cell activation is sufficient to prevent or reduce the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Unvaccinated COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2, Delta) survivors lacked AG-specific T cells to RBD SARS-CoV-2, but T cell specificity to full-length S glycoprotein at the same level, qualitatively assessed as low in 52% of the group, persisted for up to six months. In previously unvaccinated COVID-19 vaccinees, this duration of persistence of AG-specific T cells in circulating blood was achieved only after revaccination. Hybrid immunity, which we traced as a result of vaccination after COVID-19 (Delta strain) or as a breakthrough infection (SARS-CoV-2, Omicron), is characterized by the highest indices of memory T cell activity (43–46% of the group — normal activity of AG-specific cells, 30–43% — high activity) to all used antigens and the longest duration of preservation of indices at this level. Further investigation of the level of antiviral immunity after COVID-19 may be important for predicting the outcome of new waves of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Background. A number of well-known and leading theories of psychotherapy developed in the works of S. Freud, A. Adler, K. Jung, E. Fromm, K. Rogers, and V. Frankl unites a common theoretical provision that the most important prerequisites for many problems of psychotherapy clients who seek for help from a psychologist are the characteristics of their personality. However, all these authors lack a common understanding of what these personal prerequisites are, as well as they lack a common understanding of the purpose of psychotherapy. Objectives. In this first of the four articles planned for publication, based on the works of E. Fromm, we are going to formulate the basic theoretical provisions that constitute the basis for integrative approach to understanding the personal prerequisites of the problems of clients of psychotherapy and its purpose. This would allow us to consider the different points of view on these issues of all these authors from a unified, common position. Results. The analysis of the theory of humanistic psychoanalysis by E. Fromm made it possible to identify its main provisions characterizing human nature, productive and unproductive personality. Conclusions. Based on these results, we have formulated three basic theoretical positions that form the basis of an integrative approach to understanding the personal prerequisites of the problems in psychotherapy and its purpose. The first of them characterizes the objective property of human life inherent in its very nature; the second refers to the typical personal prerequisites for the problems of clients of psychotherapy; the third describes the purpose of psychotherapy. In the next three publications, it will be shown that different ideas about the personal prerequisites of the problems of clients in psychotherapy and its purpose contained in the psychotherapeutic theories of Z. Freud, A. Adler, K. Jung, K. Rogers, and V. Frankl allow for considering them from a unified, common position set by these three basic provisions.

Background. Currently, there are many different theories of psychotherapy, which are united by the general position that the most important prerequisites for the problems of psychotherapy clients are their personality traits, from which the main goal of psychotherapeutic practice follows, which is to help clients eliminate these preconditions. However, they lack a single, common understanding of what these premises and the goal of psychotherapy are. In an earlier article (Kapustin, 2014a), as a result of the analysis of E. Fromm's works, three basic theoretical provisions were formulated that constitute the basis proposed by ourselves integrative approach to understanding the personal prerequisites of the problems of clients in psychotherapy and its purpose. This allows us to consider the different points of view on these issues contained in world-famous theories of psychotherapy by S. Freud, A. Adler, C. Jung, C. Rogers and V. Frankl from a unified, common position. The first of them characterizes the objective property of human life inherent in its very nature, the second is the typical personal prerequisites for the problems of clients of psychotherapy, the third is the purpose of psychotherapy. However, this article did not provide any justification for the stated capabilities of the integrative approach. Objectives. The goal is to analyze the theoretical ideas of the typical personal prerequisites of the problems of clients in psychotherapy and its purpose contained in the works of S. Freud and A. Adler from the position of an integrative approach, demonstrating its stated capabilities on the basis of these two different theories. Results. It is shown that the theoretical ideas of these authors about the typical personal prerequisites of the problems of clients in psychotherapy and its purpose can be considered as a special variant of three more general basic provisions of the integrative approach. Conclusions. Ideas of S. Freud and A. Adler about the typical personal prerequisites for the problems of clients of psychotherapy and its purpose, despite obvious theoretical differences, nevertheless allow for the possibility of considering them from a unified, common position set by the three basic provisions of the integrative approach. Thus, an integrative approach on the basis of these two psychotherapeutic theories gets a certain theoretical justification for its stated capabilities.

A clinical research requires a systematic approach with diligent planning, execution and sampling in order to obtain reliable and validated results, as well as an understanding of each research methodology is essential for researchers. Indeed, selecting an inappropriate study type, an error that cannot be corrected after the beginning of a study, results in flawed methodology. The results of clinical research studies enhance the repertoire of knowledge regarding a disease pathogenicity, an existing or newly discovered medication, surgical or diagnostic procedure or medical device. Medical research can be divided into primary and secondary research, where primary research involves conducting studies and collecting raw data, which is then analysed and evaluated in secondary research. The successful deployment of clinical research methodology depends upon several factors. These include the type of study, the objectives, the population, study design, methodology/techniques and the sampling and statistical procedures used. Among the different types of clinical studies, we can recognize descriptive or analytical studies, which can be further categorized in observational and experimental. Finally, also pre-clinical studies are of outmost importance, representing the steppingstone of clinical trials. It is therefore important to understand the types of method for clinical research. Thus, this review focused on various aspects of the methodology and describes the crucial steps of the conceptual and executive stages.

Animal experimentation is widely used around the world for the identification of the root causes of various diseases in humans and animals and for exploring treatment options. Among the several animal species, rats, mice and purpose-bred birds comprise almost 90% of the animals that are used for research purpose. However, growing awareness of the sentience of animals and their experience of pain and suffering has led to strong opposition to animal research among many scientists and the general public. In addition, the usefulness of extrapolating animal data to humans has been questioned. This has led to Ethical Committees' adoption of the 'four Rs' principles (Reduction, Refinement, Replacement and Responsibility) as a guide when making decisions regarding animal experimentation. Some of the essential considerations for humane animal experimentation are presented in this review along with the requirement for investigator training. Due to the ethical issues surrounding the use of animals in experimentation, their use is declining in those research areas where alternative in vitro or in silico methods are available. However, so far it has not been possible to dispense with experimental animals completely and further research is needed to provide a road map to robust alternatives before their use can be fully discontinued.