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Copyright of Turkish Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology is the property of Galenos Yayinevi Tic. LTD. STI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Significance: The photoacoustic (PA) technique, a noninvasive pump-probe technique, has found interesting applications in biomedical tissue diagnosis over the last decade. To take it a step further to clinical applications, the PA technique needs to be designed as an instrument focusing on a compact design, reducing the cost, and quickly providing a quantitative diagnosis. Aim: This work presents a design and characterization of a cost-effective, compact PA sensing instrument for biomedical tissue diagnosis. Approach: A compact laser diode case design is developed to house several laser diodes for PA excitation, and a pulsed current supply unit is also developed in-house to power the laser diodes to generate a 25 ns current pulse at a frequency of 20 kHz. After PA experimental data acquisition, the signal's frequency spectra were calculated to characterize the tissue quantitatively and correlated with their mechanobiological properties. Results: The corresponding dominant frequency peak in the PA spectral response (PASR) study was low in the fibrofatty normal breast tissue 0.26 x 0.03 MHz, compared to the dominant frequency peak of 1.60 x 0.016 MHz in the fibrocystic disease tissue, which had increased glandular and stromal elements, thereby increased tissue density. The histopathological findings correlated with the PASR results, and the fibrocystic breast disease tissue exhibited a higher dominant frequency peak and energy compared to the normal breast tissue. Conclusions: We experimented with an in vitro PASR study of fibrocystic human breast tissues and successfully differentiated different tissue types using quantitative spectral parameters peak frequency, mean frequency, and spectral energy. This gives the potential to take this technique further for cost-effective and quick clinical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a widely accepted investigative tool for the diagnosis of pulmonary lesions. This study was done to find out the usefulness of BAL in diagnosis of pulmonary lesions from central Indian patient population. Methods: A cross-sectional prospective study was performed over a period of three years. All the BAL specimens of patients presenting to Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Tuberculosis during a period of January 2017 to December 2019 were included in the study. Cyto-histopathologic correlation was done, wherever available. Results: Of total 277 cases, there were 178 (64.5%) males and 99 (35.5%) females. The age of patients ranged from 4 years to 82 years. In 92 (33%) cases, specific infective etiology could be identified on BAL cytology, the most common being tuberculosis (26%) followed by fungal infections (2%). Rarely, infections like nocardia, actinomycosis, and hydatidosis were also identified. Eight cases (3%) of malignancy were identified which included two cases of adenocarcinoma, one case of small cell carcinoma, three cases of poorly differentiated carcinoma, and two cases suspicious for malignancy. Some rare diagnoses like diffuse alveolar damage, pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis could be identified on BAL. Conclusion: BAL is useful in primary diagnosis of infections and malignancies of lower respiratory tract. BAL may aid in diagnostic workup of diffuse lung diseases. A combination of clinical information, high-resolution computed tomography, and BAL analysis may furnish an assured diagnosis to the clinician and obviate need for invasive procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fine needle aspiration cytology is a simple, safe, and effective technique that can be used in the diagnosis of cutaneous diseases. Here, we present a case of Hansen's disease with an erythematous dermal nodule mimicking xanthogranuloma clinically. In our scenario, since leprosy is considered eliminated in India, the presentation of patients with classical signs and symptoms is becoming rare. Atypical manifestation of leprosy is increasing day by day, so it is necessary to have a high suspicion of leprosy in every case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aim: The natural history of cervical cancer is unique that it is preceded by a precancerous condition for a long time. Morphometry as a tool can be used in early and accurate diagnosis of these precancerous and cancerous lesions. The present study aims at assessing the utility of cellular and nuclear morphometry in differentiating squamous cell abnormality from benign conditions and also differentiating the categories of squamous cell abnormalities. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight diagnosed cases of squamous epithelial cell abnormality, that is, 10 cases each of atypical squamous cell of undetermined significance (ASC-US), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), high-grade SIL (HSIL), and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and eight cases of ASC-H (ASC cannot exclude HSIL), were made the sample population and compared with a control population of 10 cases of negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignancy (NILM). Parameters like nuclear area (NA), nuclear perimeter (NP), nuclear diameter (ND), nuclear compactness (NC), cellular area (CA), cellular diameter (CD), cellular perimeter (CP), and nucleocytoplasmic (N/C) ratio were used. Results: There was a significant difference in the six groups of squamous cell abnormality based on NA, NP, ND, CA, CP, and CD (P < 0.05) using one-way analysis of variance. Nuclear morphometry parameters like NA, NP, and ND were found to be the maximum for HSIL, followed by LSIL, ASC-H, ASC-US, SCC, and NILM groups in decreasing order. The mean CA, CP, and CD were found to be the maximum for NILM, followed by LSIL, ASC-US, HSIL, ASC-H, and SCC in decreasing order. On post hoc analysis, the lesions can be divided into three groups: NILM/normal; ASC-US and LSIL; and ASC-H, HSIL, and SCC, based on N/C ratio. Conclusion: In cervical lesions, holistic parameter of cytonucleomorphometry should be taken rather than taking nuclear morphometry only. N/C ratio is a highly statistically significant parameter that can differentiate between low-grade lesions and high-grade lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Absolute NBT-positive neutrophil count was calculated by multiplying the NBT percentage with absolute neutrophil count obtained from cell counter to obtain the absolute NBT-positive neutrophil count. Absolute NBT-positive neutrophil count ranged from 585 to 4,261/µL with a mean of 1,509/µL. At places there were conglomerate of neutrophils whereby cytoplasmic boundary of neutrophils could not be much appreciated and there was nuclear decondensation and nuclear streaking. Viral illnesses are supposed to be having low NBT percentage, [11][12][13] and the presence of higher NBT percentage may be because of intercurrent bacterial or fungal infections or more likely due to neutrophil mediated oxidative stress due to COVID-19 itself. [Extracted from the article]