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The present study was conducted to localize the immunoexpression of VEGF‐A (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) in corpora lutea of healthy buffaloes (24) collected from local slaughterhouses. CL collected were categorized into early (stage I, 1–5 days, n = 6), mid (stage II, 6–11 days, n = 6), late luteal phase (stage III, 12 to 16 days, n = 6) and regressing phase (stage IV, 17 to 20 days, n = 6). The percent positive immunostaining for VEGF‐A was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in mid‐luteal phase than the other three stages of CL. However, it was higher in early luteal phase as well indicated intense angiogenesis in both early and mid‐luteal phases. The number of capillary endothelium expressing vWF was significantly (p < 0.05) highest in mid‐luteal phase among all the phases. However, in late luteal phase, the percent area positive for VEGF‐A immunostaining was reduced but it was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than corpus albicans phase. Thus, in regressing phase or corpus albicans, it was lowest and reduced considerably. However, in late luteal phase, the number of capillaries with vWF immunoexpression reduced significantly (p < 0.05) but it was lowest in corpus albicans phase. Therefore, the immunotaining pattern for VEGF‐A and vWF concluded that there was a spositive linear correlation between the two, that is, as the VEGF‐A expression was increased, the number of vWF positive capillaries also increased and vice versa. The VEGF‐A expressed by the luteal parenchyma in different stages of development and regression of corpus luteum was thus observed to be involved in promoting the angiogenesis and luteal cell proliferation as supported by vWF expressed by endothelium of proliferating capillaries in buffalo corpus luteum throughout the estrous cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted on prenatal and postnatal development of lymphoglandular complexes (LGCs) in ileocaecal region of buffalo fetuses (n = 15) ranging from 11.5 cm curved crown rump length (CVRL) (80 days) to 100 cm CVRL (299 days) and neonatal buffalo calves (n = 10). The fetuses were categorized into three groups based on their CVRL. LGC formation was not evident in ileocaecal junction up to 32 cm CVRL (145 days). At 35 cm CVRL (152 days), diffuse lymphocytes were scattered around the base of glands that encircled them. At 54 cm CVRL (195 days), lymphoid aggregates were present in submucosa around deep submucosal glands and formed primordia of LGCs in ileocaeccal orifice region. At 100 cm CVRL (299 days), these complexes were completely visible grossly. The distinguished lymphoid nodules in submucosa were invaded by submucosal extensions of overlying mucosal glands to form a large clear complex of glands and lymphoid nodules called as "Lymphoglandular complex" at this stage. It is the first report of prenatal development of LGCs in large intestine of buffaloes. Abundant CD3+ T cells were observed towards periphery of LGC. In neonates, these complexes were uniform, few with demarcation into dark and light zones that is, germinal center formation. Lymphocytes interspersed in lamina propria were mainly CD3+ T lymphocytes. In conclusion, the development of LGCs in ileocaecal region started prenatally in terms of all its cellular components into completely developed and immunocompetent to generate mucosal immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was performed on six healthy early neonatal buffalo calves. The age of buffalo calves was estimated by their dentition. In early neonates, the lymphoid tissue was observed to be present as diffuse lymphoid tissue mostly below tunica mucosa. Later, with increasing age, solitary lymphoid nodules were observed at some places along with diffuse lymphoid tissue at anti-mesenteric circumference. However, the diffuse lymphoid tissue was also found to invade the epithelium forming dome like structure. With subsequent advancement of age (in four weeks old neonates), the mucosal glands were clearly observed to enter the submucosal region surrounded by the diffuse lymphoid tissue, forming lymphoglandular complexes (LGCs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted on 15 buffalo foetuses, from 11.5 cm curved crown rump length (CVRL) to 100 cm CVRL (full term) and were divided into three groups based on their CVRL.On 80 days, villous epithelium was devoid of acidic mucopolysaccharides. However, at 148 days, connective tissue framework around developing accumulations of few lymphocytes was moderately alcianophillic. At 231 days, lymphoid follicles and capsule were moderately positive for neutral mucopolysaccharides and glandular epithelium showed increased activity for presence of both acidic and neutral mucopolysaccharides. At 299 days, the Follicle associated epithelium (FAE) over dome of lymphoid follicle was devoid of goblet cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]