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The role and place of NIKIET, as one of the leading design organizations in the nuclear industry, in the joint implementation of the large-scale international thermonuclear reactor project ITER – unparalleled in world practice – are reflected in this article. The issues involved in the establishment of a quality management system at NIKIET in line with international specifications and a production complex for testing the manufacturing technology for deliverables as part of the ITER project are discussed. The experience of assimilating innovative methods of designing elements of the ITER blanket is portrayed. R&D results are presented to substantiate the design and technological solutions for ITER deliverables.

The work performed on the creation of the BREST innovative reactor technology based on a lead-cooled fast reactor, mixed uranium-plutonium nitride fuel, operating in a closed nuclear fuel cycle is reviewed. It is shown that a safe and competitive large-scale nuclear energy with practically unlimited fuel resources can be developed based on the BREST reactor technology. The choice of mixed nitride fuel for the BREST reactor as compared with other types of nuclear fuel (oxide, metal, and carbide) is substantiated. The main technical solutions implemented in the BREST-OD-300 project are considered. The results of tests of nitride fuel, computational and experimental substantiation of the core, reactor vessel, operability and safety of the steam generator, development of automated monitoring and control systems, a study of the properties of the coolant and structural materials are presented. The results obtained made it possible to commence designing a commercial high-power BREST-type reactor for large-scale nuclear energy.

The operational features determining innovative approaches to the design of space nuclear energy installations are analyzed. It is shown that there is no alternative to space nuclear energy for solving potential problems and the main directions of its use are determined. The main results obtained at NIKIET on the development of a nuclear rocket motor and space nuclear energy installations with turbomachine energy conversion are presented. A comparative analysis with the results obtained in the US space program is given.

The main directions of development of small-scale energy generation are shown and a list of developed small-scale energy projects (SNPP) is given. The main results of work performed in 2019–2020 on the conceptual design of SNPP based on a developed reactor installation are presented. The key directions of modernization of a prototype reactor installation are indicated, and a plant concept and individual design solutions are described. The planning and architectural solutions for the main building and the site of the nuclear power plant as a whole are presented. A preliminary assessment of the technical and economic metrics of the object being created has been made. The possibility and feasibility of modernizing the SHELF installation in order to increase the commercial attractiveness of the project are shown.

Two successive stages of the control of a beyond-design basis accident with de-energization of an RBMK reactor together with multiple equipment failures are analyzed: depressurization of the circulation loop and restoration of reactor cooldown with cold water as the reactor subsequently warms up. The factors affecting the pressure surge in the circulation loop on restoration of reactor cooling as the reactor heats up are examined. It is shown that the sequence of control actions and the employed equipment are effective from the standpoint of the possibility of overpressurization of the channel tubes and the reactor space. The state of the channel tubes and the reactor space in the presence of arising deformation loads was analyzed using an experimentally determined criterion for the acceptability (integrity) of a channel tube.

Purpose: The purpose of the work is to research the dynamics of DC motor of series excitation with pulse speed control and determine the possibility of the drive circuit simplification. Research methods: With the help of simulation and analytical methods of calculation techniques developed a simulation model, identified the advantages of using a modernized impulse control scheme. The obtained results: The modernized scheme of series excitation DC current motor pulse control is designed. For the proposed and existing pulse regulation schemes the models are developed; they help to investigate the electromechanical processes of electric drive in these schemes and to perform the comparative analysis. The results of the modernized DC motor speed impulse control scheme investigation in the acceleration mode, overrun and electro-dynamic braking are given. Scientific novelty: Developed advanced pulse regulating sequential excitation DC motor scheme. For existing and proposed schemes impulse regulation developed models that allow study of electromechanical processes in electric drive for existing and proposed impulse control schemes. The practical significance: It is shown that the addition of a shunt field winding diode to pulsed regulator scheme reducing the rate of current decay in the winding. It is determined that the proposed upgrade allows to use electro-dynamic braking mode at the motor self-excitation. The proposed scheme design avoids the use of additional independent power sources and simplify the technical implementation and reduce costs.

The aggregate model of the evolutionary equation for fatigue damage accumulation in the structural materials of reactor vessels suffering from low- and high-cycle fatigue is presented. The reliability of the model is substantiated by comparing numerical results and experimental data.

Purpose: The purpose of the work is to research the dynamics of DC motor of series excitation with pulse speed control and determine the possibility of the drive circuit simplification.Research methods: With the help of simulation and analytical methods of calculation techniques developed a simulation model, identified the advantages of using a modernized impulse control scheme.The obtained results: The modernized scheme of series excitation DC current motor pulse control is designed. For the proposed and existing pulse regulation schemes the models are developed; they help to investigate the electromechanical processes of electric drive in these schemes and to perform the comparative analysis. The results of the modernized DC motor speed impulse control scheme investigation in the acceleration mode, overrun and electro-dynamic braking are given.Scientific novelty: Developed advanced pulse regulating sequential excitation DC motor scheme. For existing and proposed schemes impulse regulation developed models that allow study of electromechanical processes in electric drive for existing and proposed impulse control schemes.The practical significance: It is shown that the addition of a shunt field winding diode to pulsed regulator scheme reducing the rate of current decay in the winding. It is determined that the proposed upgrade allows to use electro-dynamic braking mode at the motor self-excitation. The proposed scheme design avoids the use of additional independent power sources and simplify the technical implementation and reduce costs., Цель: Целью работы является исследование динамики двигателя постоянного тока последовательного возбуждения с импульсным регулированием частоты вращения и определениее возможности упрощения схемы электропривода.Методика: Методы имитационного моделирования и аналитические методы расчета и исследований электромеханических процессов в сериесном двигателе постоянного тока при различных схемах импульсного управления.Результаты: Разработана усовершенствованная схема импульсного регулирования двигателя постоянного тока последовательного возбуждения. Для предложенной и существующей схем импульсного регулирования разработаны модели, с помощью которых исследованы электромеханические процессы тягового электропривода в этих схемах и выполнен их сравнительный анализ. Приведены результаты исследования модернизированной импульсной схемы регулирования частоты вращения двигателя постоянного тока в режимах разгона, выбега и электродинамического торможения. Проведен анализ величины пульсаций тока якоря и влияние на нее частоты коммутации при использовании модернизированной схемы импульсного регулирования.Научная новизна: Разработаны новые имитационные модели, которые позволяют проводить исследования электромеханических процессов тягового электропривода в различных схемах импульсного регулирования.Практическая значимость Разработана усовершенствованная схема импульсного регулирования двигателя постоянного тока последовательного возбуждения. Проведено усовершенствование схемы импульсного регулирования двигателя постоянного тока последовательного возбуждения за счет введения в схему импульсного регулятора диода, шунтирующего обмотку возбуждения, что позволяет снизить скорость затухания тока в обмотке возбуждения и использовать режим электродинамического торможения при самовозбуждении электродвигателя. Предложенное схемное решение позволяет избежать применения дополнительных независимых источников тока, упростить техническую реализацию и уменьшить расходы., Мета: Метою роботи є дослідження динаміки двигуна постійного струму послідовного збудження з імпульсним регулюванням частоти обертання і визначення можливості спрощення схеми електропривода.Методика: Методи імітаційного моделювання й аналітичні методи розрахунку та дослідження електромеханічних процесів в серієсному двигуні постійного струму при різних схемах імпульсного керування.Результати: Розроблено вдосконалену схему імпульсного регулювання двигуна постійного струму послідовного збудження. Для запропонованої і існуючої схем імпульсного регулювання розроблені моделі, за допомогою яких досліджені електромеханічні процеси тягового електроприводу в цих схемах і виконано їх порівняльний аналіз. Наведено результати дослідження модернізованої імпульсної схеми регулювання частоти обертання двигуна постійного струму в режимах розгону, вибігу і електродинамічного гальмування. Проведено аналіз величини пульсацій струму якоря та вплив на неї частоти комутації при використанні модернізованої схеми імпульсного регулювання.Наукова новизна: Розроблено нові імітаційні моделі, які дозволяють виконувати дослідження електромеханічних процесів тягового електроприводу при різних схемах імпульсного регулювання.Практична значимість: Розроблено вдосконалену схему імпульсного регулювання двигуна постійного струму послідовного збудження. Вдосконалено схему імпульсного регулювання двигуна постійного струму послідовного збудження за рахунок введення в схему імпульсного регулятора діода, який шунтує обмотку збудження, що дозволяє знизити швидкість загасання струму в обмотці збудження та використовувати режим електродинамічного гальмування при самозбудженні електродвигуна. Запропоноване схемне рішення дозволяє уникнути застосування додаткових незалежних джерел струму та спростити технічну реалізацію і зменшити витрати.

We consider problems, methodology and technique of solving, based on the damaged medium mechanics, one of the basic problems for the state-of-the-art engineering – validating the strength and lifetime of structural elements in reactor plant equipment and systems.

The influence of the replacement of hydrogen with deuterium in molecules of water of crystallization in the structure of the (CuSO4)(en) · 2H2O and (CuSO4)(en)·2D2O organometallic compound molecules on exchange interaction between copper ions was studied. The X-ray structural data and the data on angular anisotropy of the effective g-factor of Cu2+ ions in both compounds show that distortions of the initial structure caused by deuteration are minimum. A comparative analysis of the width of the exchange coupled EPR lines of the two compounds is indicative of a decrease in the exchange parameter in the deuterated sample, which substantiates the participation of H-bonds in exchange interactions in the systems studied.

The results of theoretical calculations and experimental data for the effective magnetic anisotropy Keff (obtained from ferromagnetic resonance measurements) of [Co(8A)∕Cu(dCu)]20 (dCu=7–22A) superlattices with a coherent interaction of the Co and Cu layers prepared by magnetron sputtering are presented. The experimental values of Keff are an oscillatory function of the thickness dCu interlayers. The computed and experimentally measured dependences Keff(dCu) are qualitatively similar; stable growth of the parameter Keff with increasing thickness of the nonmagnetic layers is observed (against the background of oscillations of the experimental curve), which is a direct consequence of the growth of axial distortions of the initial cubic structure of cobalt under the conditions of pseudomorphism. The reasons for the appearance of oscillations of Keff are discussed; the main one is the oscillatory behavior of the roughness of the interfaces of the layers with increasing dCu, resulting in synchronous oscillatio...

The energy spectrum and resonance transitions in the EPR spectrum for a four-site cluster with an exchange interaction between nearest neighbors and diagonal coupling are calculated. The cases of isotropic and anisotropic exchange couplings are analyzed. The Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction is taken into account in the second case. Using the computational results, it is possible to describe the shape of the EPR absorption band of a powdered sample of the metal organic compound CENI, which undergoes appreciable changes with a change in temperature. It is shown that these changes occur because of the appearance of additional interlevel resonance transitions, whose intensity increases as temperature decreases.

The paper presents the main statements of a mathematical model of fatigue damage accumulation in structural materials of reactor plant equipment and systems, which was developed on the basis of methods of damaged medium mechanics, and the results of its verification.

Magnetic resonance was studied in magnetic fields parallel or perpendicular to the film plane in magnetron-sputtered [Co(8 A)/Cu(dCu)(111)]20 multilayers. Oscillations of the magnetic anisotropy KA and the width ΔHres of the resonance line as a function of the thickness of the copper interlayers were found in the interval dCu=7–19 A. Extrema of KA and ΔHres were observed at dCu=nd(111), where n is an integer or half-integer, and d(111)=2.087 A—the distance between the (111) planes in Cu. In addition, the distances between the neighboring maxima or minima were 1, 1.5, and 2d(111). The KA and ΔHres oscillations occurred synchronously with oscillations of the resistivity at saturation (in the field H=15 kOe) and oscillations of the magnetoresistance. An interlayer antiferromagnetic exhange interaction was found in the ranges dCu=8–11 A and dCu⩾18 A. The effects observed were due to nonmonotonic variation of the interlayer interface roughness with increasing dCu.

The spectrum of powder sample of metal-organic complex Cu(bpy)(H2O)2SO4 has been investigated in the temperature range 2 - 30 K. It is established that the Kramers doublet |x2-y2〉 is the ground orbital state of ion Cu2+ for this compound. Temperature dependences of effective g-factor components and resonance linewidth ΔH of individual powder particle are determined. The low-temperature broadening of the resonance line which is connected with short-range magnetic order was discovered. The estimation of the exchange interaction value in magnetic subsystem was made.

In this work the EPR spectrum of copper orotate single crystals Cu(C5H2N2O4)(H2O)2 was investigated. At room temperature the EPR spectrum of copper orotate has a single line with rhombic anisotropy. The extremal values of effective g-factor were obtained. The low-temperature broadening of resonance line which connected with short-range magnetic order was established.

The EPR spectra of powder samples of a number of metalorganic compounds containing Cu2+ ions are investigated. These compounds are characterized by the presence of identical chains of octahedra forming the local environment of Cu2+, but they differ strongly in their interchain ligand structure. The resonance absorption bands permit determination of the components of the effective g factor and linewidth of individual powder particles and also their temperature dependence. It is found that the orbital singlet |x2−y2〉 is the ground state of the copper ion in all the compounds, and the exchange interaction parameters in them are estimated. The maximum exchange is observed in the system with the simplest geometry of the interchain structure in the series of compounds studied.

The temperature dependence of the resonance spectrum of [Cu(en)2H2O]SO4 single crystals is investigated in the temperature range 2.3–60 K at a frequency of ∼73 GHz. At a temperature T>15 K the angular dependence of the spectrum is described by a spin Hamiltonian of axial symmetry. At T

Предложена и исследована эффективная антибоксовочная система для подвижного состава железных дорог с тяговыми электродвигателями постоянного тока. В статье разработана модель для исследования переходных режимов работы электродвигателей постоянного тока последовательного возбуждения при их последовательном соединении. Приведены результа ты моделирования электромеханических процессов, происходящих при боксовании колесных пар подвижного состава железных дорог., The effective anti-skidding system for rolling stock of railways with the traction direct-current motors isoffered and investigated. In the article the model for the investigation of the transient state of the directcurrent motor of series excitation for the series connected motors is presented. The results ofelectromechanical processes modeling happened at skidding of wheel pairs of railway rolling stock aregiven., Запропонована та досліджена ефективна протибоксовочна система для рухомого складу залізних доріг з тяговими електродвигунами постійного струму. В статті розроблено модель длядослідження перехідних режимів роботи електродвигунів постійного струму послідовного збудження при їх послідовному з’єднанні. Наведено результати моделювання електромеханічних процесів, які виникають в режимі боксування колесних пар рухомого складу залізних доріг.

The model of direct current traction substation, with the subsequent carrying out on this model the research of electromagnetic processes on the substation in a mode of recuperation with energy absorption devices for inclusion of which contactless switches are used is developed. The modeling has allowed to estimate character of electromagnetic processes occurring on the traction substation at work of the absorbing device with contactless switches and to optimize the processes., Разработана модель ТП постоянного тока, с последующим проведением на этой модели исследования электромагнитных процессов на подстанции в режиме рекуперации с устройствами поглощения энергии, для включения которых используются бесконтактные выключатели. Моделирование позволило оценить характер электромагнитных процессов, происходящих на ТП при работе поглощающего устройства с бесконтактными выключателями, и провести оптимизацию процессов., Розроблена модель ТП постійного струму, з подальшим проведенням на цій моделі дослідження електромагнітних процесів на підстанції в режимі рекуперації з пристроями поглинання енергії, для включення яких використовуються безконтактні вимикачі. Моделювання дозволило оцінити характер електромагнітних процесів, які відбуваються на ТП при роботі поглинаючого пристрою з безконтактними вимикачами, і провести оптимізацію процесів.

The angular dependences of FMR spectra for the multilayer system [Co (8 Å)/Cu (dcu) (111)]₂₀ are studied. The values of internal effective field are measured, and the parameters of spatial nonuniformities of the system as a function of copper nonmagnetic layer thickness are calculated. The parameters values are found to increase with a number of Cu layers. The dependences are treated qualitatively in terms of the model taking account of interface roughness. The degree of roughness is increasing with grown nonmagnetic layer thickness. Досліджено кутові залежності спектрів ФМР у багатошаровій системі [Co (8 Å)/Cu (dcu) (111)]₂₀. Виміряно значення внутрішнього ефективного поля та розраховано залежності параметрів просторових неоднорідностей системи від товщини немагнітного шару міді. Виявлено, що значення цих параметрів зростають зі збільшенням кількості шарів Cu. Якісний опис цих залежностей виконано у рамках моделі, що враховує шорсткість інтерфейсів, ступінь якої збільшується при збільшенні товщини немагнітних шарів. Исследованы угловые зависимости спектров ФМР в многослойной системе [Co (8 Å)/Cu (dcu) (111)]₂₀. Измерены значения внутреннего эффективного поля и рассчитаны зависимости параметров пространственных неоднородностей системы от толщины немагнитного слоя Cu. Обнаружено, что значения этих параметров возрастают по мере увеличения количества слоев меди. Качественное описание этих зависимостей выполнено в рамках модели, учитывающей шероховатость интерфейсов, степень которой увеличивается при увеличении толщины немагнитных слоев.

The improved scheme of impulsive regulation of series excitation direct current motor was developed. Theimpulsive regulation models for offered and existent schemes were developed, the electro-mechanicalprocesses of electric drive were probed and comparative analysis was presented., Розроблена вдосконалена схема імпульсного регулювання двигуна постійного струму послідовногозбудження. Для запропонованої і існуючої схем імпульсного регулювання розроблені моделі, за допомогою яких досліджені електромеханічні процеси тягового електроприводу в цих схемах і виконаноїх порівняльний аналіз., Разработана усовершенствованная схема импульсного регулирования двигателя постоянноготока последовательного возбуждения. Для предложенной и существующей схем импульсного регулирования разработаны имитационные модели, с помощью которых исследованы электромеханические процессы тягового электропривода и выполнен их сравнительный анализ.

The EPR spectra of powder samples for series of metal-organic compounds of Cu2+ion have been investigated. These compounds are characterized by presence of identical chains of octahedrons of local surrounding for Cu2+ but ligand structures between chains are very different. Resonance absorption bands allow the determination of components of effective g-factor and linewidth of individual powder particles and their temperature dependence. It is established that the orbital singlet |x2−y2 τ is the ground state of copper ion for all compounds. The parameters of exchange interaction had been also determined for these compounds. System with the simplest geometry of structure between chains in investigated series show the highest energy of exchange interactions.