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Additional file 1. CONSORT 2010 Checklist.

Additional file 2. Numerical rating scale.

Additional file 3. VAS 2nd appointment, Patient’s questionnaire.

Additional file 2. VAS 1st appointment, Patient’s questionnaire.

Additional file 1. CONSORT 2010 Checklist.

Background and Aim: The aim of the present study was to examine the accuracy of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scanning in identifying apical periodontitis (AP) and common iatrogenic errors on individual roots of endodontically treated teeth that were not detected by periapical radiography (PR) according to tooth type. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of endodontically treated teeth in which AP and iatrogenic errors were coincidentally detected in the area of interest of CBCT images taken for endodontic reasons. All the teeth had previously been assessed by PR. To avoid sampling bias, the target teeth were excluded in the CBCT analysis. Two endodontists assessed both the PR and CBCT scans for AP, overfilling, underfilling and untreated root canals. Results: AP was detected in 85 (58.2%) roots when evaluated with PR and 130 (89%) roots when evaluated with CBCT, with a statistically significant difference (p< 0.05). According to PR, 9.6% of the roots were overfilled, whereas 21.9% of the roots were overfilled according to CBCT (p< 0.05). Four of 64 underfillings (6.25%) detected by PR seemed to be flush fillings on the CBCT scans. Untreated root canals were detected by PR and CBCT in 6.2% and 10.3% of the roots, respectively (p< 0.05). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that many significant radiographic indicators obtained using CBCT imaging are not always detectable in PR. It also showed that CBCT imaging can be used to manage diagnostic and endodontic failures accurately., Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, periapikal radyografi (PR) ve konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi (KIBT) görüntüleri bulunan endodontik tedavili dişlerin köklerindeki apikal periodontitis (AP) ve sıkça yapılan iyatrojenik hataların tespit edilmesi ve bu iki görüntüleme sisteminin etkinliklerinin karşılaştırılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu retrospektif çalışmada, endodontik nedenlerle alınmış KIBT görüntülerinin alanında tesadüfen tespit edilmiş, apikal periodontitis ve iyatrojenik hataların mevcut olduğu endodontik tedavili dişler incelenmiştir. Tüm dişlerin daha önceden çekilmiş olan PR’leri de mevcuttur. Önyargıları önlemek adına, hedef dişler KIBT analizlerine dahil edilmemiştir. İki endodontist, hem PR hem KIBT görüntülerini AP, taşkın dolum, geride dolum ve tespit edilememiş kök kanalları açısından değerlendirmişlerdir. Bulgular: PR ile incelenmiş 85 (%58.2) kökte, KIBT ile incelenmiş 130 (%89) kökte AP tespit edilmiştir ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur (p

Aim: This study aimed to analyze dental undergraduates’ perceptions about the difficulties they are facing while performing root canal therapy at a Turkish university, using a survey to identify students’ answers to difficulties and to make a dissertation by the educators about possible resolutions. Materials and Methods: One hundred and six undergraduates who had experienced endodontic theoretical and preclinical education before clinical procedures enlisted in endodontics at the College of Dentistry at Biruni University were involved in this survey in 2018. All of the undergraduates who had experienced the same clinical procedures answered the survey based on problems at particular stages of root canal therapy. A Chi-squared test was used to determine statistical significance between different parameters (P < 0.05). Results: For the first 13 parameters, students had the most difficulty in radiography (50.9%), root canal identification (67%), and obturation (54.7%) procedures. For these parameters, respondents mostly did not report any trouble; especially, in irrigation (87.7%) and intracanal medication (89.6%) procedures. Conclusion: Assessment of the major undergraduate difficulties during endodontic treatment may assist the development of teaching methods during preclinical and clinical teaching.

Kök kanal sisteminin apikal bölümdeki dentin-sement birleşiminden koronal bölümdeki giriş kavitesine kadar doku dostu bir materyal ile doldurulmasına kök kanal dolumu adı verilir. Günümüzde birçok kök kanal dolum tekniği mevcuttur. En sık kullanılanlardan olan soğuk ve sıcak gütaperka teknikleri kendi içlerinde de ayrıca sınıflandırılır. Soğuk güta-perka teknikleri tek kon, lateral kondansasyon ve bunların diğer varyasyonları şeklinde sınıflandırılırken, sıcak güta-perka tekniği vertikal ve lateral olmak üzere iki gruba ayrılır. Isıdan yararlanılarak uygulanan dolum teknikleri ise devamlı ısı ile kondansasyon tekniği, termoplastik güta-perka enjeksiyon teknikleri, kor taşıyıcı teknikler ve termomekanik kondansasyon teknikleri olarak isimlendirilmektedir. Bunların yanısıra, kök kanallarının dolumda kullanılan vakum ve monoblok teknikleri de güncel kök kanal dolum teknikleri arasında yerini almıştır. Günümüze kadar kullanılan tüm dolum tekniklerin kendine özgü avantaj ve dezavantajları mevcut olduğu için, uygulanacak dolum tekniği vakaya göre değerlendirilmektedir. Endodontik tedavinin bitiminde amaç üç boyutlu tıkaçlama sağlayarak mikroorganizma ve ürünlerinin geçişine izin vermeyen bir kök kanal dolumu oluşturmaktır., Obturation of root canal system with tissue-friendly material from cemento-dentinal junction in the apical to the access cavity in the coronal is called root canal obturation. Today, there are many root canal obturation techniques. Usually, cold and warm lateral condensation techniques are practiced and also they have their own variations. There are single cone, lateral condensation and variations in cold gutta-percha technique while there are vertical and lateral condensation in warm guta-percha technique. Continuous wave compaction, thermoplasticized gutta-percha injection, carrier-based gutta-percha and thermomechanical compaction are the other techniques which benefit from heat. Vacuum and monoblock techniques are also other actual root canal obturation techniques. Since all obturation techniques used up to date have their own advantages and disadvantages, the technique to be used should be evaluated according to the case. The aim of finishing the endothermic treatment must be three dimensional sealing of the root canal with no microorganisms.

ÖZETBaşarısız Endodontik Tedavilerde Dijital Periapikal Radyografi ve Konik Işınlı Bilgisayarlı Tomografi Görüntülerinin KarşılaştırılmasıTuna Kaplan, Danışman: Prof. Dr. Hesna Sazak Öveçoğlu, Marmara Üniversitesi Endodonti Anabilim DalıAmaç:Bu retrospektif çalışmanın amacı; daha önceden dijital periapikal radyografi ve konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi kullanılarak alınmış görüntüleri yorumlayarak, başarısız endodontik tedavilerin nedenlerini araştırmak ve bu iki tekniği karşılaştırmaktır.Gereç ve Yöntem:Endodontik tedavi uygulandığı belirlenmiş ve bu dişlerinde semptom gösteren 60 hastanın daha önceden alınmış dijital periapikal radyografi ve konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi görüntülerindeki periapikal lezyon, taşkın dolum, eksik dolum, tespit edilememiş kanal ve vertikal kök kırığı bulgularının varlık veya yokluğu değerlendirildi. Veriler istatistiksel olarak analiz edildi.Bulgular:Başarısız kök kanal tedavilerinin nedenlerinin periapikal lezyon, eksik dolum, taşkın dolum, tespit edilememiş kanal ve vertikal kök kırığı şeklinde sıralandığı tespit edilmiştir.Sonuçlar:Bu çalışmanın sınırlılıkları doğrultusunda, hem dijital periapikal radyografi hem de konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografinin etkin teşhis araçları olduğu, özellikle periapikal lezyon ve taşkın dolum tespitinde, iki ve üç köklü dişlerin tespit edilememiş kanal mevcudiyetinde, tek ve üç köklü dişlerdeki vertikal kök kırığı şüphesi durumlarında ise konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografinin üstünlüğünün olduğu görülmüştür.Anahtar kelimeler: başarısız kanal tedavisi, dijital periapikal radyografi, konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi, periapikal lezyonABSTRACTComparison of Digital Periapical Radiography and Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Failed Root Canal TreatmentTuna Kaplan, Advisor: Prof. Dr. Hesna Sazak Öveçoğlu, Marmara University, Department of EndodonticsAim:The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate and compare the previously taken digital periapical radiography and cone beam computed tomography images and investigate the causes of failed root canal treatment.Materials and Methods:Digital periapical radiography and cone beam computed tomography images taken from 60 patients who had symptomatic endodontically treated teeth was used. Radiography and tomography images was compared due to the presence or absence of periapical lesion, overfilled obturation, underfilled obturation, unidentified root canals and vertical root fractures.Results:It has been shown that failed root canal treatments are caused by periapical lesion, underfilled obturation, overfilled obturation, unidentified root canals and vertical root fractures respectively.Conclusion:Within the limits of the current study, digital periapical radiography and cone beam computed tomography are both efficient in diagnosis. Especially in diagnosis of periapical lesion and overfilled obturation, presence of unidentified canals in two and three rooted teeth, uncertainty of vertical fractures in single and three rooted teeth, cone beam computed tomography has been found more efficient.Key words: failed root canal treatment, digital periapical radiography, cone beam computed tomography, periapical lesion

The aim of this study was in vitro evaluation and comparison ofpH levels and surface tension of calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2]paste prepared with different vehicles such as distilled water,citanest, glycerin, and procaine.Forty extracted human maxillary incisors were used for pHanalysis in the study. Teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups asfollows: Group I: Ca(OH)2 and distilled water paste; Group II:Ca(OH)2 and glycerin paste; Group III: Ca(OH)2 and citanest pasteand Group IV: Ca(OH)2 and procaine paste. In all groups, pHmeasurements were performed at the 15th, 30th and 45th minutes;2nd, 24th and 48th hours, and 7th and 14th days.The powder of Ca(OH)2 and liquids were mixed to the weight ratio3:2 (3 ml liquid and 2 g powder) for the surface tensionmeasurements. The surface tension of Ca(OH)2 mixtures wasmeasured using a tensiometer device. All measurements wererepeated five times for each sample and by arithmetic means werecalculated. The data were recorded and statistical analysis wasperformed with a significance level set at p